The 2nd Workshop on Air Quality Modeling Challenges

Chemical Composition of Aerosols in the VMAP Network over Japan during the ACE-Asia Field Campaign 2001:What we need from modeling studies

Mitsuo Uematsu ¤⁄ ‹›Center for International Cooperation

Ocean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo

Nakano, Tokyo Japan

At Tsukuba Convention Center Epochal, Tsukuba, Japan

10 March 2003

SeaWiFS image (19 March 2002)

Volcanic PlumeFrom Miyake Is.

Region with High Marine Productivity

Biomass Burning

Biomass Burning

Asian Dust Storm

With Anthropogenic substances

Western NorthPacific Region

Rishiri

Sado

Hachijo

Chichijima

Seoul

Kosan

Amami

30oN

40oN

20oN

10oN

50oN

60oN

160oE100oE 140oE120oE 180o

Midway

ACE-Asia Ground Station Network over East Asia

Fukue

Tango

Hong Kong

Beijing

Qingdao

Linan

Zhenbeitai

Lan-yu

Dunhuang

Rishiri45.12˚N, 141.20˚E

Sado38.25˚N, 138.40˚E

Hachijo33.15˚N, 139.75˚E

Chichi-jima27.07˚N, 142.22˚E

VMAP Ground Measurement Network

･Determine the latitudinal (along the 140˚E line) and the seasonal variability of chemical composition of aerosol from the Asian continent to the western North Pacific region.

･Determine the interaction among natural aerosols, anthropogenic aerosols and gasses during transport over the marginal seas and the western North Pacific region.

･ Reproduce the observation data by a regional chemical transport model (CFORS). Then estimate the outflow fluxes to eastward (AQPMS).

Measurements

Aerosol PM2.5 OC/ECFine &Coarse Major IonsFine &Coarse Trace ElementsBulk Organic CompoundsBlack CarbonAerosol Number ConcentrationOzoneCOSO2RadonParticle Mass PM2.5 or 10 TEOMWeather Condition(Temp, Humid, Pres, Wind D&S, Ppt)

Rishiri

●●●

●○○

○△● 　

Sado

●●(2001.11-)●(2001.11-)

△

●△△ 　

Hachijo

●●●○○○●

●○●● 　

Chichi-jima

●●●○○●○

○△●

● (in operation by ORI); ○ (by others); △ (from EANET)

Instruments information

(1) Organic Carbon/Elemental Carbon (Series 5400 Ambient Carbon Particulate Monitor R&P Co. Inc.)

(2) Number concentration of particles (KC-01, KC-18, Rion Co. Ltd.; TS-400 Hitachi Co.)

(3) Mass concentration of particles (Series 1400 TEOM, R&P Co. Inc.)

(4) Soluble ions and trace metals in particles (ACS21, AS9, Kimoto Electric Co Ltd.)

(5) Black Carbon (Aethalometer, Magee Scientific Co.)

(6) Ozone (Model1150, Dylec, Inc.)

(7) Sulfur dioxide (SA-631, Kimoto Electric Co Ltd.)

(8) Radon (Spectrum Analyzer)

(9) Dimethylsulfide (GC with cryo-trap system)

(10) Meteorological data

Present Status until June 2003

HVDVI( High Volume Dichotomous Virtual Impactor)

air

Filter

To pump

Ambient Carbon Particulate Monitor

Flow Schematic

With or without Denuder

Particulate Org. Cor Reactive Org. C

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

filter_coarse

Na_C_tef

K_C_tef

Mg_C_tef

Ca_C_tef

Cl_C_tef

NO3_C_tef

SO4_C_tef

C_what

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

fine

Na_f_tef

NH4_f_tef

K_f_tef

Mg2_f_tef

Ca2_f_tef

Cl_f_tef

NO3_f_tef

SO42_f_tef

f_whatWhatman 41 Filter

Tef

lon

Fil

ter

Tef

lon

Fil

ter

Whatman 41 FilterCoarse Particles Fine Particles

Urban Aerosol in Tokyo

-2

0

2

4

6

8

4/1 4/11 4/21 5/1 5/11 5/21 6/1

HachijoChichi-jima

-2

0

2

4

6

8

4/1 4/11 4/21 5/1 5/11 5/21 6/1

RishiriSado

Co-variation of EC Concentration

in the Spring of 2001

Uno et al., in press, JGR

Effect of Biomass Burning

Assuming nss-SO42- from biomass burning is negligible compared with f

ossil fuel combusion

[EC]measured = [EC]fossil + [EC]biomass

[EC]fossil = [EC/ nss-SO42- ] Episode 1, 2, 4 x [nss-SO4

2- ]measured

[EC]biomass = [EC]measured - [EC]fossil

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

4/1 4/3 4/5 4/7 4/9 4/11 4/13 4/15 4/17 4/19 4/21 4/23 4/25 4/27 4/29

EC Conc. (µgC/m3)

biomassfossil fuel

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 2 4 6 8 10

Episode1Episode2Episode4.17Episode3Episode4

nss-SO4

2- Conc. (µg/m3)

58-71% of OC and 66-76% of EC are contributed by biomass burning during Episodes at Rishiri

0

2

4

6

8

TC Conc.(

µ

gC/m

3)

0

2

4

6

8

TC Conc.(

µ

gC/m

3)

0

2

4

6

8

TC Conc.(

µ

gC/m

3)

0

2

4

6

8

TC Conc.(

µ

gC/m

3)

Carbonaceous Aerosol Concetrations in the VMAP Network Through One Year From 2001

Rishiri

Sado

Hachijo

Chichi-jima

4/1 6/1 8/1 10/1 12/1 2/1 4/1

-2

0

2

4

6

8

7/1 7/11 7/21 8/1 8/11 8/21 9/1

RishiriSado

Co-variation of EC Concentration

in the Summer of 2001

Al and nss-Ca Concentration in the VMAP NetworkRishiri

Hachijo

Chichi-jima

Al C

onc.

[μ

g/m

3]

nss-Ca Conc. [μg/m3]

〔 R1〕

〔 R2〕〔 R3〕〔 R4〕

〔 R5〕

〔 H1〕

Coarse Al

Coarse nss-Ca

Size Distribution and Variability of Enrichment Factor at Rishiri

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÅkR1Ål ÅkR2Ål ÅkR3Ål ÅkR4Ål ÅkR5Ål

AlCo

arse

/Al To

tal

0

0.5

1

1.5

ÅkR1ÅlÅkR2ÅlÅkR3ÅlÅkR4ÅlÅkR5Ål

Coarse FeEnri

chm

ent

Fact

ors

Takla MakanDesert

Mongolia

Mu- us DesertTenggerDesert

JunggarDesert

China

Comparison of Enrichment Factors of Ca in the Sources and Aerosols at Rishiri an Hachijo

Takla Makan-Gobi

Ocher Plateau

[Kanamori et al., 1991]

（〔 R1〕除く）（〔 H1〕除く）

Atmospheric Al Concentration over East Asia

[Makra et al., 2002] [Zhang et al., 2002]

[Ho et al., 2003] [Orlic et al., 1999]

[Yin et al., 2003]

Takla Makan

Singapore

Hong Kong

XiAn

Beijing

Atmospheric Al Concentration Around Japan

Rishiri

Okushiri

Hachijo

Chichi- jima

Wajima

Isumo

Onna

Rishiri

Okushiri

Hachijo

Chichi- jima

Wajima

Isumo

Onna

[Tsunogai et al., 1985] spring period 1981 and 1982

Results of VMAP observations

The 2002 IOC Western Pacific Cruise

Western N. PacCentral N. Pac

Subtropical N. Pac

Midway

Enewetak

Fanning

Oahu

Shemya

Western N. PacCentral N. Pac

Subtropical N. Pac

Midway

Enewetak

Fanning

Oahu

Shemya

Results of IOC2002 Cruise

Over the North Pacific

[Uematsu et al.,1983]

Event 1: May 4~8Event 2: May 12~14Event 3: May 17~19

May 16-17 2002

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

IOC1IOC2IOC3IOC4IOC5IOC6IOC7IOC8IOC9IOC10IOC11IOC12IOC13IOC14IOC15IOC16IOC17IOC18IOC19IOC20IOC21IOC22IOC23IOC24IOC25IOC26IOC27IOC28

Al conc. [µg m

-3]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

NO

3- conc. [µg m

-3]

CoarseAl FineAl CoarseNO3- FineNO3-

Aluminum and Nitrate

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

IOC1IOC2IOC3IOC4IOC5IOC6IOC7IOC8IOC9IOC10IOC11IOC12IOC13IOC14IOC15IOC16IOC17IOC18IOC19IOC20IOC21IOC22IOC23IOC24IOC25IOC26IOC27IOC28

Al conc. [µg m

-3]

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

nss-SO

42- conc. [µg m

-3]

CoarseAl FineAl Coarsenss-SO42- Fine nss-SO42-

Aluminum and Sulfate

ng m -3 Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine

Event 1 762 108 125 106 635 295 269 2354Fine (%)Event 2 263 43 10 53 221 156 143 1739Fine (%)Event 3 105 65 32 49 330 110 265 1861Fine (%)Normal 39 28 6 20 123 41 104 523

Fine (%)

Al

12

38

NO3- nss-SO 4

2-nss-Ca 2+

32 90

14 84 41 92

46

25 88

42 77 25 83

60

Average Concentrations of Each Event

Prospero et al., J. G. R. (2002)

Midway Is.

SO4

NO3

Mineral

MSA

Anth-SO4 in Mar.With Dust.65% of Total SO4

Nat-SO4 in May75% of Total SO4

NO3 background conc. =0.20µg m-3

Anth-SO4

Nat-SO4

NO3

Sakai, Osaka: (1986-1995): Ito and Mizohata (2000)

nssSO4: From 4.0 to 5.6 µg m-3 (x 1.4) NO3: From 2.16 to 2.57 µg m-3 (x 1.2)

Midway: (1981-1995): Prospero et al., (2002)

Anthro SO4: From 0.24 to 0.65 µg m-3 (x 2.7) Total NO3: From 0.38 to 0.58 µg m-3 (x 1.5)

Japan to Midway:

nssSO4: 6%-12% remained at Midway NO3:18%-23%

What we need from modeling studies

•Identify new emission sources for aerosols •How to model sporadic events•Volcanic emission and its effects•Nitrate distribution and its deposition flux•Biogenic sulfur emission from sea surface•Long term trends of aerosol distribution•Reproduce rain events•Regional Models vs Global Models

●

●

7/8

Case1

Case1 利尻島 , 佐渡島 低濃度

7/31 8/1

●

●

●

●

Case3

Case3 利尻島 低濃度　　 佐渡島 高濃度　

Case2

7/127/11

●

●

●

●

Case2 利尻島 , 佐渡島 高濃度

地上天気図

3. 炭素質エアロソルの発生源< 利尻島 >

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140130120 150 160

30

40

50 SIB

CHI

OKH

PAC-JPN

Longitude (ºE)

Lati

tude (

ºN)

0

10

20

30

40

Frequency (%)

OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPNTrajectory Pathway

規格化濃度 (N): N = (mi - Mi) / Mi

(mi: 各セクターの成分 i の平均濃度 , Mi: 成分 I の平均濃度 )

Trajectory Pathway Trajectory Pathway

OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN

OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN OKH SIB CHI PAC-JPN

OC EC

Particle Number O3

利尻島における輸送経路と濃度の関係

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140130120 150 160

40

30

20

Longitude (ºE)

Lati

tud

e (

ºN)

PAC

JPN

S-CHI

CHI-JPN

< 八丈島 >

0

20

40

60

80

Frequency (%)

PAC CHI-JPN JPN S-CHITrajectory Pathway

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

Normalized Conc.

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

-0.5

0

0.5

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

Normalized Conc.

Trajectory Pathway Trajectory Pathway

OC EC

Particle Number O3

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

PAC CHI-JPN JPN

八丈島における輸送経路と濃度の関係

EC = 0.21NO3 + 0.06R2 = 0.49

EC= 0.04SO42- + 0.04

R2 = 0.82

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Fine NO3-, SO4

2- [µg m-3]

EC [µg m

-3]

FineNO3- Fine nss-SO42- N S

y = 0.14 x - 1.05R2 = 0.65

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 20 40 60 80

Total Acid (Bulk NO3- + Bulk nss-SO4

2-) [neq m-3]

Total Soluble nss-Ca neq [neq m

-3]