The 4 AUN/SEED - Net Regional Conference on … ASPEN-HYSYS PROCESS SIMULATOR ... DIETHANOLAMINE...

The 4th AUN/SEED - Net Regional Conference on Chemical Engineering

1

The 4th AUN/SEED-Net

Regional Conference on Chemical Engineering

Cost Savings Towards High Value Added Research in

Chemical Engineering among ASEAN Countries

Organised by:

February 9 -10, 2012, Armada Hotel,

Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia


1

The 4th AUN/SEED-Net

Regional Conference on Chemical Engineering

Cost Savings Towards High Value Added Research in

Chemical Engineering among ASEAN Countries

Organised by:

February 9 -10, 2012, Armada Hotel,

Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia


i

CONTENTS

NO TITLE PAGES

PLENARY SPEAKER

1 ACCIDENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN JAPAN AND A ROLE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FOR ITS RESTORATION

1

2 TRANSFORMING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE INTO APPLICATION

2

3 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF MICRO-CHEMICAL PLANTS 3

4 THE BENEFITS OF BASF “VERBUND” CONCEPT TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

4

5 UTILIZATION OF LAKE SLUDGE AS HEAVY METAL ADSORPTION 5

6 ONSITE WASTEWATER DIFFERENTIABLE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

6


ii

NO TITLE PAPER ID PAGES

BIOFUEL / BIOPROCESS

1 A SYSTEMATIC STRATEGY FOR THE CO-LOCATING OF A NEW BIO-REFINERY INTO AN EXISTING OIL REFINERY USING MILP MODEL

BIO 01 8

2 A STUDY ON THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF POTENTIAL IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY USING LOCAL SEWAGE SLUDGE IN MALAYSIA

BIO 02 9

3 ETHANOLYSIS OF WASTE FISH FAT TO FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTER USING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST NaOH/NaY IN LIQUID PHASE

BIO 03 10

4 STUDY ON THE ETHANOLYSIS OF BEEF TALLOW IN VIETNAM TO BIOFUEL USING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST NaOH/NaY IN BATCH PROCESS

BIO 04 12

5 USING WOOD WASTES FROM PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

BIO 05 14

6 EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GAS HOLD-UP, BUBBLE RISING SPEED AND MASS TRANSFER IN SPLIT-CYLINDRICAL AIRLIFT BIOREACTOR

BIO 06 16

MATERIAL SCIENCE

7 SURFACE-MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE PARTICLES BY DODECYL BENZENE SULFONIC ACID (DDBS) AND STEARIC ACID (SA)

MAT 01 18

8 FABRICATION PARAMETERS OF TIO2/ TIO2-V2O5 FILMS FOR ANTI-CORROSION

MAT 02 20

9 ORDERED MESOPOROUS METAL OXIDES SYNTHESIZED BY NANOCASTING STRATEGY FOR GAS SENSOR APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW

MAT 03 22

10

COMPOSITE OF 3D TIO2 NANOSTRUCTURE AND REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE FOR PHOTODEGRADATION OF ANTIBIOTIC

MAT 06

24


iii


11 DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF SnO2 - CATALYTIC FILM IN DETECTION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

MAT 07 25

12 PREPARATIVE TECHNIQUES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGELS

MAT 08 26

REACTION ENGINEERING

13 CHARACTERIZATION AND ADSORPTION KINETICS STUDY OF IMMOBILIZED CANDIDA RUGOSA LIPASE ONTO PURE SBA-15 MESOPOROUS SUPPORT

REA 02 28

14 RECYCLING OF MANGANESE DIOXIDE FROM SPENT ZN–MNO2 CELLS

REA 03 30

15 DECOLORIZATION OF ACID RED B BY PHOTO-FENTON PROCESS USING LOCAL CLAY AS CATALYST

REA 04 31

16 POLYANILINE-TITANIUM DIOXIDE HYBRID CATALYTIC PELLET FOR DETECTION OF ACETONE

REA 06 32

17 SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS NANOCRYSTAL ZSM-5 APPLIED FOR THE CATALYTIC CRACKING OF USED VEGETABLE OIL IN VIETNAM FOR GREEN DIESEL

REA 07 34

18 THE EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF COCONUT SHELL-BASED ACTIVATED CARBON ON METHOMYL ADSORPTION

REA 08 37

19 THE EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE ITDI ACTIVATED CARBON FOR THE THERMOCATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF METHANE

REA 09 39

20 MG/HYDROXYAPATITE CATALYST FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION OF PALM (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS) OIL

REA 10 40

21 A KINETIC STUDY ON THE ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE YELLOW 145 (RY 145) DYE ONTO ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM THEOBROMA CACAO PODS

REA 11 41

22 ACID-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION OF WASTE EDIBLE OIL (WEO) ASSISTED BY MICROWAVE HEATING

REA 12 43

23 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DIURON ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

REA 13 44


iv


ENVIRONMENT

24 FORECASTING OF AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL FOR A SELECTED REGION IN MALAYSIA

ENV 01 46

25 REMOVAL OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW-COST ADSORBENT

ENV 02 48

26 REMOVAL OF REACTIVE BLUE 19 DYE FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING CHEMICAL-ACTIVATED HEAT-TREATED FLY ASH

ENV 03 49

27

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED ELECTRO-FENTON DEGRADATION OF REACTIVE YELLOW 145 DYE IN SIMULATED WASTEWATER: USE OF RUO2/IRO2-COATED PLATE ELECTRODES

ENV 04 51

28 MODELING OF COOLING OF HOT VOLCANIC DEBRIS TO IMPROVE RESCUE PLAN DURING MERAPI ERUPTION

ENV 05 53

29 BIODEGRADATION OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

ENV 06 55

30 ARSENIC ADSORPTION IN A FIXED BED COLUMN USING A CHEMICALLY-TREATED ITDI COCONUT SHELL-BASED ACTIVATED CARBON

ENV 07 56

31 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN AN URBAN WATERWAY USING GIS: THE CASE OF ESTERO DE VALENCIA, MANILA, PHILIPPINES

ENV 08 58

32 INPUT SELECTION FOR RIVER WATER QUALITY PREDICTION USING CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS

ENV 09 60

33 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIAL STORAGE IN A PROCESS PLANT

ENV 10 61

34 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF CASSAVA STARCH PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR

ENV 11 63

PROCESS SYSTEM ENGINEERING

35

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION COLUMN FOR THE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIODIESEL IN A PROCESSING PLANT USING ASPEN-HYSYS PROCESS SIMULATOR

MOD 01 64


v


36 PERSPECTIVES ON MULTISCALE MODELLING IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS

MOD 02 66

37 RUN-TO-RUN ITERATIVE LEARNING CONTROL WITH UPDATED MODELS APPLIED IN BAKER’S YEAST FED-BATCH FERMENTATION PROCESS

MOD 03

67

38

SIMPLIFIED MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF STILLAGE AND COW MANURE

MOD 04 69

39 SIMULATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS BETWEEN PALM OIL AND DIMETHYL CARBONATE

MOD 05 71

40 A COMBINED MODEL CONSIDERING PORE BLOCKAGE AND COMPRESSIVE CAKE LAYER FOR ULTRA FILTRATION OF DAIRY WHEY SUSPENSION

MOD 06 72

41 A PROCESS DESIGN LOGIC FOR RATIONALIZATION OF A CONTROL SYSTEM

MOD 07 73

42 IMPROVED HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF PROPYLENE HOM OPOLYMERIZATION IN A GAS-PHASE FLUIDIZED BED REAC REACTOR

MOD 09 75

43 MODEL REDUCTION FOR PASSIVITY BASED CONTROL OFPA OF PARABOLIC PDEs - HEAT CONDUCTION CASE

MOD 10 77

44 NONLINEARITY STUDIES OF CONTINUOUS BIOETHANOL FERMENTATION PROCESS

MOD 11 78

45

OPTIMIZATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC DECOLORIZATION OF LIGNIN IN WATER MATRIX USING IMMOBILIZED NANOTiO2 CATALYST BY BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

MOD 12 79

46 SIMULATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF METHYL MYRISTATE AND ISOPROPANOL IN SEMIBATCH REACTIVE DISTILLATION COLUMN

MOD 13 81

47 REVIEW ON GAS-LIQUID MIXING ANALYSIS IN MULTISCALE STIRRED VESSEL USING CFD

MOD 15 82

48 ADAPTIVE FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED ON HYBRID ANFIS MODEL FOR PH NEUTRALIZATION

MOD 16 84


vi


49 A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MIXING MODEL FOR SEMIBATCH POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

MOD 17 85

50 LONG TERM DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS REACTOR IN THE FACE OF CATALYST DEACTIVATION

MOD 18 87

51 A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ADDITION ON CHEMICAL KINETICS OF HYDROGEN-HYDROCARBON FLAMES

MOD 19 88

52 A REVIEW ON MODELING AND CONTROL SYSTEM OF FLUIDIZATION BED GAS PHASE REACTOR FOR POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTION

MOD 20 89

53 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS (MECS) IN BATCH REACTOR FOR BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION: PRELIMINARY STUDY

MOD 21 90

54 BUBBLE SIZE MEASUREMENT USING BORESCOPIC IMAGING TECHNIQUE

MOD 22 91

SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY

55 pH EFFECT ON CHIRAL SEPARATION OF PHENYLALANINE USING P(AA-CO-AN) MEMBRANE IMPRINTED BY INSITUIMPLANTATION OF D-PHENYLALANINE

SEP 01 92

56 RECALTRAN CIBACRON RED DYE ADSORPTION BY LOCALLY SOURCED DOLOMITE ADSORBENT

SEP 02 94

57 EFFECT OF MICROWAVE ASSISTANT ON SOLVENT EXTRACTION YIELD OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES

SEP 03 96

58 ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION FROM GINGER USING FOCUSED MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION

SEP 04 98

59

IDENTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM CARBON DIOXIDE INDUCED DEGRADATION OF DIETHANOLAMINE DURING SOUR GAS SWEETENING PROCESS

SEP 05 99

60 THE POTENTIAL OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF QUERCUS INFECTORIA (MANJAKANI) GALLS EXTRACT

SEP 06 100


vii


MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

61 FOULING MECHANISMS DURING ULTRAFILTRATION OF POLYPHENOLS FROM PINK GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA) FRUIT PROCESSING RESIDUE

MEM 01 102

62 MODIFICATION OF MICROFILTRATION POLYAMIDE MEMBRANE AS MEMBRANE CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR PROTEIN SEPARATION

MEM 02 104

63 MODIFICATION OF POLYSULFONE ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES WITH PVA AND TiO2 FOR BETTER ANTIFOULING

MEM 03 105

64

SYNTHESIS AND PERFORMANCE OF THIN FILM COMPOSITE NANOFILTRATION POLYESTER MEMBRANE FOR REMOVAL OF NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER SUBSTANCES

MEM 04 106

65 BATIK INDUSTRY SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING NANO FILTRATION

MEM 05 107

66 A COMPARISON OF CARBON MOLECULAR SIEVE (CMS) MEMBRANES WITH POLYMER BLEND CMS MEMBRANES FOR THE GAS PERMEATION APPLICATION

MEM 06

108

67 A REVIEW OF PARAMETRIC DETERMINATION FOR SIMULTENEOUS FACILITATED TRANSPORT BY HFSLM SYSTEM-CASE STUDIES

MEM 07

110

OTHER DISCIPLINES

68 DEVOLATILIZATION OF PHILIPPINE COAL IN INERT GAS ATMOSPHERE USING A THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZER

OTH 01 112

69 NITROGEN ISOTOPE SEPARATION IN LOW PRESSURE GLOW DISCHARGE (LPGD) AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GLOW DISCHARGE (APGD)

OTH 02

113

70 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF MICROENCAPSULATED COCONUT OIL AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FOR COOLING LOAD REDUCTION

OTH 03

114

71 MICROENCAPSULATION OF PHYTASE BY SPRAY DRYING: DIFFERENT FORMULATION OF FEED LIQUID

OTH 04

116


viii


72 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

OTH 05 118

73

PREDICTION HEAT OF VAPORIZATION FOR ANTIFREEZE AGENT BASED ON THREE-PARAMETER LAW OF CORRESPONDING STATES FOR FUEL, COOLANT AND REFRIGERANT SYSTEMS

OTH 06

120

74 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER IN TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A TUBE WITH PERFORATED RECTANGULAR STRIP INSERTS

OTH 07 122

75 REVIEW OF FENTON OXIDATION TECHNICAL LIMITATION SLUDGE GENERATION AND MINERALISATION EFFECIENCY

OTH 08 124

76 INVESTIGATION OF SOME PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND SOME BIOACTIVITIES OF CYDONIA CATHAYENSIS HEMSL AND TRACHYCARPUS FORTUNEI WENDL

OTH 09 125

77 NANOEMULSION TECHNOLOGY - LET’S THE NATURE DO THE WORK

OTH 10 127


1

PLENARY SPEAKER

ACCIDENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN JAPAN AND

A ROLE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FOR ITS RESTORATION

Masaaki Suzuki

Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Time-series of nuclear accident, which happened on March 2011 in Fukushima,

Japan, is reviewed and a role of chemical engineering for restoration from now on is

discussed. The accidents occurred by attack of the big tsunami over safety guideline

following the huge earthquake. Nuclear power plants lost all of emergent electric

generators and their heat decay was not removed at last. Finally, lots of radioactive

material was released and peoples, who live near the plant site, had to be evacuated.

Currently, fuels melt down in the three reactors have been cooled below 100 degree

C and are going toward safety end. From now on, Japan has to make big effort to

recover them bringing together the essence of the latest technologies. Of course, the

chemical engineering technologies can play important roles in the following

subjects, the land decontamination process for residence peoples, the processing and

manage of huge amount of contaminated rubbles and water, clearance of damaged

nuclear plant, and processing of the damaged nuclear fuel.

Keywords: Radioactive material, damaged nuclear fuel, safety, nuclear accident.


2

TRANSFORMING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE INTO

APPLICATION

Adam Zakaria

PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions

Abstract

Knowledge is Power. Advancement of IT has further enhanced chemical

engineering application technologies. Even though it may be a small percentage,

incremental improvement of chemical processes has usually been translated into a

significant improvement of profitability, hence cost competitiveness. While

identification of improvement opportunities should continuously happen, the ability

to make sound engineering judgment with the focus on delivering added value to our

national resources is equally essential. Thus, chemical engineering research

resources should also be balanced with the ability to further develop the research

outcome into a useful application, assist operations to make sound technical and

business decision."

Keywords: Improvement, chemical processes, chemical engineering research,

business decision.


3

DESIGN AND CONTROL OF MICRO-CHEMICAL PLANTS

Shinji Hasebe

Department of Chemical Engineering

Kyoto University

Abstract

The production of high value-added products requires the precise control of

temperature, flow pattern and residence time. It is difficult for conventional plants to

satisfy these requirements. Many researchers have discussed the availability of the

micro-systems for production. In this lecture, the design and control problems of

micro chemical plants are discussed from the viewpoint of process systems

engineering.

One of the dominant characteristics of the design problem of micro devices is that

the shape of the device should be included in the design variables in addition to the

volume of the device. Three types of systematic shape design methods will be

explained using case studies. Because of the difference of the characteristic size,

micro chemical plants require different instrumentation and control systems from

conventional chemical plants. Some control systems, which are suitable for the

micro chemical plants are demonstrated. In real micro chemical plants, the blockage

of the channels is the crucial problem for long stable operation. In the presentation,

the latest blockage detection system for parallelized micro process is explained.

Keywords: Flow pattern, micro chemical plants, latest blockage detection system,

micro devices.


4

THE BENEFITS OF BASF “VERBUND” CONCEPT TOWARDS A

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT:

A CASE STUDY FROM THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Dato’ Ir. Jeffrey Khor Chooi Beng,

DIMP, SMP, CEng, FIChemE,

B.Sc. Hons in Chemical Engineering,

University of Surrey, England,

General Manager,

Operations Technical,

Kuantan, Pahang.

Abstract

The problem that we are facing nowadays here in Malaysia and the rest of the

developing world is that growth and development is so fast and furious that

sometimes the issue of sustainable development and environment is not given top

priority and this leads to the degradation of natural resources and environment. Take

this analogy, it is so easy to chop off a tree that takes 10 – 20 years to grow, in

seconds, but how many people replant the tree upon completion of the development

project? Therefore, the challenge for sustainable development is to be balanced in

term of securing positive growth while protecting the social, sustainable

development and environmental well-being.

Sustainable development starts with us. We must change our attitude that we have

today and not to take for granted the fresh air we breathe in and the abundance of

water resources we need or the nice 30 degree C temperature here in Malaysia we

enjoy.

With this in mind it is fitting that we share with you our best practice of BASF

Integrated or “Verbund” Concept towards a sustainable development and a cleaner

environment. It's a show case of our manufacturing facilities located in Gebeng

Industrial Site, Kuantan, Pahang.

Keywords: Sustainable development, growth, development, environment, BASF,

Gebeng


5

UTILIZATION OF LAKE SLUDGE AS HEAVY METAL ADSORPTION

Yna Shao, Chris Salim and Hirofumi Hinode

Department of International Development Engineering,

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Abstract

Nowadays, water pollution is becoming a serious environmental problem. Some of

the water sources are river, lake and groundwater. Here, we focused on lake because

it is a closed water system where pollutants could be accumulated easily. Generally,

the sludge is dredged to remove the pollutants and then disposed by landfilling.

There are some problems such as the formation of soft-ground and the shortages of

landfilling site. Therefore, an effective use of the dredged lake sludge must be

considered.

The main components of lake sludge are silica and alumina, which are the same as

those of zeolites, Previous studies[1,2] showed that coal fly ash containing silica and

alumina could be converted into zeolite using hydrothermal treatment in NaOH

medium. Other study also reported that zeolites could be synthesized from lake

sludge using hydrothermal treatment in sodium hydroxide solution media [3]

In this study, the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite from lake sludge in alkali

solutions at various Si/Al ratios were carried out and the effect of reaction conditions

were investigated. Furthermore, the application of the synthesized zeolites was also

investigated.

Keywords: Hydrothermal synthesis, lake, sludge, zeolite, alkali.

References:

1. X. Querol et al., “Synthesis of zeolites from coal fly ash: a overview”, Int. J.

Coal Geology, 50,413-423 (2002)

2. M. Inada et al., “Synthesis of zeolite from coal fly ashes with different

silica–alumina composition”, Fuel, 84, 299-304 (2005)

3. Y. Shao et al., “Synthesis of zeolites from lake sludge”,Water and

Environment Technology. Conference 2010, 25-1B-06, (2010)


6

ONSITE WASTEWATER DIFFERENTIABLE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

Muhammad Masoom Pahore

1*, Riyusei Ito

2, Naoyuki Funamizu

3

*1Ph.D, Div. of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,

Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8628,

Japan., Email: [email protected] 2Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Div. of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School,

of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo-shi,

Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, Email: ryuusei @eng.hokudai.ac.jp 3Dr. Eng., Professor, Div. of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of,

Engineering,, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo-shi,

Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, Email: [email protected]

Abstracts

An onsite wastewater differentiable treatment system, OWDTS is proposed for

differentiable management and treatment of household wastewater. Four fractions of

household wastewater have been separated, reduced volume urine, faeces, higher

load graywater and lower load graywater. Based on this differentiation different

treatment process for each fraction have been adopted. The OWDTS seems to be a

new approach with higher potential for improvement of conventional decentralized

wastewater treatment system by dry ecological sanitation, recycling of nutrients and

conservation of water resources. For treatment of faeces, aerobic biodegradation of

using saw-dust as a matrix in a separate reactor is an essential treatment process.

Membrane technology seems to be the most effective process to treat higher load

graywater. Although, lower load gray water does not contain much of the organic

matter, however, may be considered for treatment using sand filtration in view of the

emerging pollutants from personal care products. Urine requires its volume

reduction to concentrate nutrients using an onsite volume reduction system for its

easy transportation to the farmland to be applied as natural fertilizer. For this

purpose, study was carried out to assess whether the onsite volume reduction system

can be set up with a reasonably small size requiring an adequate area of vertical

gauze sheet to reduce 80% volume of urine per day in various climate conditions.

This feasibility assessment was carried out using the existing design procedures

based on results of our laboratory scale experiments. The estimation for a family

mailto:[email protected]


7

comprising 10 members showed that for 80% volume reduction of 10 L urine per

day, adequately small size of 2547, 9245, 5051 and 14099 cm2 of vertical gauze

sheet was required if this system is to be installed in areas located in the dry,

tropical, temperate and continental climates.

Keywords: Urine source-separation, volume reduction, evaporation rate, effective

evaporation area.


8

BIOFUEL / BIOPROCESS

PAPER ID: BIO 01

A SYSTEMATIC STRATEGY FOR THE CO-LOCATING OF A NEW BIO-

REFINERY INTO AN EXISTING OIL REFINERY USING MILP MODEL

Mahmoud and M. Shuhaimi

Process Development group, Chemical Engineering Department,

Universiti Teknologi Petronas,

Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia

E-mail: : [email protected]

Abstract

The production of transportation fuels from a bio-refinery that convert biomass into

gasoline and diesel via fast pyrolysis technique followed by up-grading processes is

an attractive, clean, carbon neutral and sustainable process. Although this process

scheme produces fuel components that are compatible with the conventional

petroleum fuel, the high-investment cost associated with the construction of a stand-

alone bio-refinery is not economically attractive. In this work, two options of

operational scenarios are studied and compared. The first option is to consider the

bio-refinery and an existing oil refinery as stand-alone plants. The second option is

to co-locate the bio-refinery into an existing oil refinery as an enterprise plant. The

enterprise plant is represented in a superstructure, which is modeled as an MILP

problem. The optimized model shows that, the investment cost of the bio-refinery

stand alone plant is reduced by 42.6% as a result of the proposed co-location

strategy. Furthermore, sharing oil refinery facilities to upgrade bio-refinery

intermediates and final products resulted in 2.17% increase in the enterprise profit as

compared to the combined profits of the stand-alone plants. Savings in the bio-

refinery investment cost, as well as the increase in the profit due to the proposed co-

location strategy significantly reduces the payback time of the bio-refinery

construction from 4.3 to 0.88 years.

Keywords: Bio-refinery, oil refinery, enterprise, co-location, transportation fuels.



9

PAPER ID: BIO 02

A STUDY ON THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION POTENTIAL IN BIOGAS

PRODUCTION BY USING LOCAL SEWAGE SLUDGE IN MALAYSIA

Nina Farhana Mohd Jamaludina,b

, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Ishaka,b

aCentre For Earth Resources Research &Management,Universiti Malaysia Pahang,

Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang,Malaysia bFaculty Of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia,

Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang,Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Enhancement of biogas generation from existing municipal waste treatment plant is

crucial in order to fully utilize the sewage sludge by anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic

Digestion (AD) is a conventional bio-treatment method for treating sewage sludge

as this method are capable to stabilize the sludge, kill pathogens, and reduce solids.

Evaluation of samples were taken from local water treatment plant and tested for

characterizations in term of the pH, alkalinity (AL), chemical oxygen demand

(COD), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), total solid

(TS), ammonium nitrate (AN), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphate (TP) also total

organic carbon (TOC). The substrates have been put in sterile conical flask of 250

ml and shake constantly at low speed and readings of biogas volume is taken every

1-2 hour in 2.5 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT). All conical flasks with

medium is purging with nitrogen gas to create anaerobic environment. The seed

sludge was acclimated until no significant amount of biogas was produced. It can be

concluded that by using the substrate that is low in TS value (<1%), and COD

below 10,000 mg/L, the rate of biogas production increased up to 21-43 % after the

acclimatization process, and thus increase the biogas production potential.

However, the sewage sludge are perhaps the most variable feedstock as the biogas

yield value depends not only on the sorting method, but also on the location from

which the material was sourced and the time of year of collection. The available

potential bio-energy activity will be significant for rural development impact and

important environmental benefits in Malaysia.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste, characterization, anaerobic digestion, biogas

production.


10

PAPER ID: BIO 03

ETHANOLYSIS OF WASTE FISH FAT TO FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTER

USING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST NaOH/NaY IN LIQUID PHASE

Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong©1, Dinh Thi Ngo

1,

1Hanoi university of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering

©: Corresponding author, [email protected] , School of Chemical

Engineering, C4-306, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hano, Vietnam

Abstract

Currently, many countries in the world have focused on research and development

of bio-fuels and bio-solvens from available raw materials in their countries,

including Viet Nam. There have been several researches on the synthesis of alkyl

ester from domestic materials such as non-edible crude vegetable oils, waste

vegetable oils and have obtained good results. However, in this research we focused

on converting of Yellowtail catfish and Shutchi catfish fat that usually be discarded

as a waste and very cheap in Vietnam, to ethyl ester. The fish fat is normally very

difficult to handle due to high freezing point, easily rancid and high acid number.

As a result, the conversion of fish fat to alkyl ester is very hard.

In this study we focused on the synthesis of heterogeneous catalyst for the

transesterification of fatty fish to alkyl ester using ethanol as the reagent in

continuous process. We studied on the characterization and composition of fish fat

feedstock to suggest solutions for the treatment of raw material with high acid

number. Refined fish fats are used as raw materials for the transesterifications.

We reported the optimal conditions to synthesize heterogeneous catalyst

NaOH/NaY which have high yield of ethyl ester of over 90%. We have established

a quick method to identify quickly and precisely the efficiency of the reaction by

determining the viscosity of the product.

The transesterification was carried out in continuous liquid phase process to have

higher product yield. Besides, this process can be considered as “green process” as

using green reagent as ethanol which renewable, easily biodegradable and easily

produced from biomass in Viet Nam.


11

The fatty acid ethyl ester obtained in this process has good quality, meets required

standard for the blending of biofuel or bio-solvent.

Keywords: Ethanolysis, NaOH/NaY, fatty acid ethyl ester, bio-diesel, bio-solvent,

continuous process.


12

PAPER ID: BIO 04

STUDY ON THE ETHANOLYSIS OF BEEF TALLOW IN VIETNAM TO

BIOFUEL USING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST NaOH/NaY IN BATCH

PROCESS

Dinh Thi Ngo©1, Nguyen Dang Toan

1, Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong

1

1Hanoi university of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering

©: Corresponding author, [email protected], School of Chemical

Engineering, C4-306, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi,

Vietnam

Abstract

Transesterification, among other processes used for biodiesel production, has been

the most common way to produce biodiesel [1]. The alkali-catalyzed biodiesel

production process is commercially preferable in the case of high free fatty acid

contents of the feedstock; acid catalysis can be used as an alternative process route

however, in this case, the conversion rate of the transesterification process is slow.

The use of enzymes as catalysts is tolerable for the free acid content but expensive

and unable to provide the degree of reaction completion [2]. The continuous

transesterification process has been used in few companies with severe conditions

such as 200oC, 50 atm and acid–based catalyst or homogeneous base such as

NaOH, KOH...[3] which has bring many disadvantages for reaction progress such

as the saponification, product separation, catalyst recycle and environmental

effects.

This research focuses on a method to produce biofuel from the ethanolysis of

animal fat such as beef tallow using NaOH/NaY heterogeneous catalyst system.

This process is environmental friendly which is carried out in batch process with

mild reation conditions. The as-prepared catalyst system shows high activity and

selectivity, very easy to separate from products and can be reusable and recycle

many times. Moreover, zeolite NaY has a large surface area up to 400 m2/g with

high thermal and hydrothermal stability, facilitating for a large amount of NaOH

supported on its pore and surface without being peel off during the ethanolysis. As

a result, using this catalyst system, the saponification is hardy occurred.


13

The reaction is carried out in batch process with mild conditions at 75oC and

atmospheric pressure. Thus, the energy provided for this process is lower than the

continuous process, decreasing the cost for commercial biodiesel production.

Besides, the feedstock of the transesterification is waste beeftallow. In Viet Nam, a

large amount of this resource is taken from slaughterhouses with low cost compared

with vegetable oil. Normally, they are released as a waste after using in food

processing, leading to negative impacts to the environment. The ethanolysis of

waste beef tallow is considered as an economic and safe-for-environment method

as ethanol is non-toxic, agricultural renewable compared with conventional

methanolysis [4].

Keywords: Ethanolysis, NaOH/NaY, beef tallow, biodiesel, batch process.

References:

1. C. Dalla Rosa, M.B. Morandim, J.L. Ninow, D. Oliveira, H. Treichel, J.

Vladimir Oliveira, Continuous lipase-catalyzed production of fatty acid

ethyl esters from soybean oilin compressed fluids, Bioresource Technology,

100, 5818-5826, 2009.

2. Sevilay Taravus, Hakan Temur, Ahmet Yartasi, Alkali-Catalyzed Biodiesel

Production from Mixtures of SunflowerOil and Beef Tallow, 23, 4112–

4115, 2009.

3. Bacovsky, D., Körbitz, W., Mittelbach, M., Wörgetter, M., Biodiesel

Production: Technologies and European Providers, IEA, Task 39 Report

T39-B6, 104, 2007.

4. J.M. Encinar, J.F. González, A. Rodríguez-Reinares, Ethanolysis of used

frying oil. Biodiesel preparation and characterization, 88, 513-522, 2007.


14

PAPER ID: BIO 05

USING WOOD WASTES FROM PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY FOR

BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Doan T. H1, Le Q. D.

1, Nguyen D. B.

1, Nguyen T. M. P.

1, Nguyen T. H.

1, Vuong T.

T. T.1, Tran D. M.

2 and Nguyen T. T.

2

1Ha Noi University of Science and Technology (HUST)

2Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)

Corresponding Author E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Ethanol is an important product in fuel market. The market grew from 55 billion

litres in 2008 (growth rate was 29% compared to 2007) and is expected to reach

100 billion litres in 2015. Bioethanol is now produced from two major groups of

resources: sugars and starchy materials, but lignocellulosic materials can be

expected to be major feedstock for ethanol production in the future.

Pulp and Paper Industry and Wood Exporters in Vietnam used around four million

tonnes of wood annually. The main wood species are Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus

spp. During wood harvesting process, the residues were consisted of around 20%

of wood timber. Woody wastes from chipping process may account for 4 - 5% of

the timber wood. This amount of lignocellulosic materials was being used

inefficiently and can be served for bio-ethanol production.

In order to convert lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars for ethanol

production, two processes are being developed: “acid-based” and “enzyme-based”

processes. This study was focused on “acid-based” process. The acid-based

process was used industrially in the 1940s, but was not economically competitive

afterward. However, intensive research and technology development during last

three decades may revive the process in large scale once again to meet the ethanol

market demand.

Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus urophylla wood rejects from the chipping

process were used as feedstock for dilute acid hydrolysis. In order to avoid

degradation of monosaccharides at high temperature and formation of the


15

inhibitors, the process was carried out in several stages. The wood wastes were

hydrolyzed in 0.5 – 2.0% sulfuric acid at 145 – 200C for approximately 2 – 10

minutes. The sugar yield was 40 – 48% odw (oven dried wood). The hydrolysates

were treated to increase the fermentable sugar content. Treatment of acid

hydrolysates with alkali in the form of overliming to pH 10 has been used as the

detoxification measure to improve fermentability.

The treated hydrolysates containing pentoses and hexoses were then ethanol

fermented by Saccharomyces sereviciae and Pichia stipitis.

This research is sponsored by “Biofuel Development Program of Vietnam toward

2015 with a Vision to 2025” (Grant No. 04.09/NLSH)

Keywords: Sugars , lignocellulosic, acid-based, enzyme-based, Acacia mangium,

Eucalyptus urophylla, Saccharomyces sereviciae , Pichia stipites.


16

PAPER ID: BIO 06

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GAS HOLD-UP, BUBBLE RISING SPEED

AND MASS TRANSFER IN SPLIT-CYLINDRICAL AIRLIFT

BIOREACTOR

Baharak Sajjadi, A.R. Abdul Aziz*, Shaliza Ibrahim

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering

University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala L,umpur, Malaysia

e-mail: [email protected],

Tel no: 603-79675300, Fax no: 603-79675319

Abstract

The airlift reactor (ALR) is s one of the best two-phase contactor and is it could

treat the contaminated air streams through biochemical reactions. Therefore this

reactor is used increasingly for applications in biochemical processes and biological

waste water treatment processes. In the airlift reactor where purification or

treatment of wastewater containing salt is done, salinity plays an important role in

altering gas hold-up, mass transfer and other hydrodynamic characteristics. In this

work, the effect of salinity on gas hold-up () and bubble rising velocity (Vg) and

flow regime as hydrodynamics parameters and volumetric mass transfer coefficient

(kLa) were studied in aqueous solutions for five types of salts. The salts used were

NaCl (analytical type), NaCl (table salt), KCl, Na2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 at

concentrations of 0.059, 0.118, 0.354 and 1.00 of C/Ct where Ct is the transition

concentration when bubbles coalescence occurs in asplit-cylindrical airlift reactor

sparged with air. The experiments were conducted in a 16-liter reactor with

compressed air as a gas phase. The superficial gas velocities were maintained in

between 0.2-1 cm/s. The gas hold-up was determined using manometric method

and expressed as gas volume fraction. The volumetric mass transfer was measured

by using dissolved oxygen probe after deoxygenation using Nitrogen sparging. The

rising velocity was determined using the steady state bubbles diameter size which

was measured with photographic technique by a digital camera. The flow regime

was estimated based on the ratio of superficial gas velocity to the gas hold-up.The

study confirmed that the effect of salinity on gas hold-up, kLa and Vg, are dependent

on the types of salt used. This is due to the variations in liquid bulk properties

namely surface tension and rheological properties. Generally the bubble diameter


17

decreases with increase in the salt concentration until the transition concentration is

reached where at this critical point the value decreased drastically. This is due to

change in the liquid bulk properties and elimination of Laplace and repulsive

pressure balances (which indicate the coalescence and breakup rate in electrolyte

systems) and increasing the bubbles breaking up rate. Since, gas hold up is

dependent on the bubble size distribution the value decreases until the transition

concentration. Beyond the critical concentration the value increases. This

phenomenon affects the bubble raising speed in the liquid phase. Since buoyancy

force is related to the liquid density and bubble volume so it strongly acts in bigger

bubbles and increases bubbles rising velocity. Thus after C/Ct=1 bubbles rising

velocity decreased sharply. The gas liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient

(kLa) increased with increasing the salts concentrations however in transition region

(C/Ct=1) the slope of kLa was sharper. It was also confirmed that the anion base

with a smaller size or higher charge creates a stronger influence on interfacial

properties due to anions accumulation in interface. So KCl has the highest effect

and Na2SO4 has the least effect on all values.

A suitable correlation based on dimensionless numbers was investigated to consider

the effects of the various salts concentrations on gas hold-up and the interfacial

volumetric mass transfer coefficient, which have shown a good agreement with the

experimental data.

Keywords: Airlift bioreactor, Salinity, Gas hold-up, Bubble velocity speed, Mass

transfer coefficient, Dimensionless number.


18

MATERIAL SCIENCE

PAPER ID: MAT OI

SURFACE-MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE PARTICLESBY

DODECYL BENZENE

SULFONIC ACID (DDBS) AND STEARIC ACID (SA)

1Mekhalfi Hamoudi, E-mail: [email protected] 2Bahloul Ahmed, E-mail: [email protected]

1,2Laboratoire des Matériaux et Systèmes Electroniques, Centre Universitaire El

Bachir El Ibrahimi, 34000 Bordj Bou Arréridj, Algeria

Abstract

Algeria produces and markets significant quantities of natural calcium carbonate

fillers. Notwithstanding, a lot of works must be studied on the improvement and

the optimization of filler’s properties for the application in polymers. It is very

relevant to define the important characteristics and assays, as a function of the

filler’s application, when one tries to foresee or to improve the material’s

performance characteristics. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of

several surface treatments of local filler with CaCO3 based in dry blend PVC

compounds and mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride composites. The

conventional surface treatment for calcium carbonate is stearic acid (SA), which

improves the hydrophobicity and wettability of the filler; furthermore dodecyl

benzene sulfonic acid (DDBS) has been experimented to modify filler surface

properties." Dry point” has been experimented by noting peak power amperage of

the powder in the "Haak mixer". The mix will appear to change from a damp,

sluggish mass into a free-flowing powder. Typical temperature ranges at the dry

point are 70° to 90°C for phthalate plasticizers, Calcium carbonate fillers were

initially prepared and characterized and then incorporated into PVC samples,

using a "Haak mixer" and semi-industrial roll-mill to produce the sheet samples.

Experimental essays included TGA analysis, TDA analysis, laser particle size

analysis dry blend rheological and impact, traction essays. The obtained results

showed the effect of each Surfactant on CaCO3 mineral filler studied on the PVC

particulate composites. The phenomena were quantified and explanations were




19

proposed. Results have also been satisfactory in the forecasting of the material’s

high loading..

Keywords: Filler, calcium carbonate, surfactant, Dry blend, surface-modification.


20

PAPER ID: MAT 02

FABRICATION PARAMETERS OF TIO2/ TIO2-V2O5 FILMS FOR ANTI-

CORROSION

Nuttavut Choomkasin, Pailin Ngaotrakanwiwat and Vissanu MeeyooDepartment of

Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University Long-Hard

Bangsean Road, Bangsaen, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand

Abstract

Corrosion is of great attention due to its harmful disadvantages. One of effective

ways to prevent corrosion is cathodic protection. The basic strategy of cathodic

protection is to supply the metal with enough electrons to shift its potential to the

corrosion immunity region. Typically, the sources of electrons could be an external

power supply or sacrificial anode which needs the maintenance periodically. Based

on this concept, the electron supply is developed by using the photogenerated

electrons of TiO2 under UV irradiation; hence, TiO2 film is known as the non-

scarified anode for cathodic protection. However, this functional TiO2 is inactive in

the dark and thus the energy storage photocatalyst has been proposed to overcome

the problem.

Recently, this energy storage system has been developed by the alternative energy

storage materials (i.e., WO3, PWA) that could be coupled with TiO2. The most

effective coupling materials could possess the highest electron storage or capacity.

The TiO2-V2O5 compound, one of coupling materials, was developed by our group

and it demonstrated higher film capacity 1.7-times compared to WO3 under

electrochemically charging by the potentiostat. Therefore, the charging behavior of

compound by TiO2 exposed in UV irradiation has been conducted. The fabrication

parameters of TiO2/ TiO2-V2O5 bilayer films are investigated i.e., annealing

temperature and fabricating process of TiO2. The TiO2 layer annealed at 350°C

illustrated the excellent electron generation source that brings about the highest

film capacity and initial charging rate. Also, the good contact between the

compound and TiO2 synthesized by the TiO2 sol shows the enhancement of energy

storage ability which is 4-times higher than the film fabricated with TiO2 powder.


21

Keywords: Cathodic protection, photogenerated electrons, energy storage

photocatalyst, charging behavior.


22

PAPER ID: MAT 03

ORDERED MESOPOROUS METAL OXIDES SYNTHESIZED BY

NANOCASTING STRATEGY FOR GAS SENSOR APPLICATIONS: A

REVIEW

Jusliha Juhari, Mohamad Zailani Abu Bakar*,Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang

Malaysia

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Tel: +6-04-5996402, Fax: +6-04-5991013

Abstract

Ordered mesoporous metal oxides with large surface-to-volume ratios, narrow

pore size distributions and controllable morphologies have attracted great interest

in a wide range of applications such fields as heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption,

separation, optics or gas sensing. Due to its huge applications, many approaches

have been developed to synthesis ordered mesoporous metal oxides. Recently,

among the wet chemical routes, conventional sol-gel method is the most popular

route to produce the mesoporous metal oxides. In spite of its wide utilizations, this

synthesis route usually exhibited rather poor thermal stability. To date, several

preparative approaches utilizing self-assembled supramolecular aggregates of

amphiphilic species, such as surfactants or block co-polymers, as structure

directing agents have been reported for the preparation of mesoporous metal

oxides. This type of synthesis also calls as soft template method. However, upon

removal of the surfactant/ block co-polymer, the mesoporous structure has

destroyed or has somewhat disordered. Moreover, direct synthesis of these types

of mesoporous materials using surfactants/ block co-polymers is often difficult;

compared with silica, the surfactant/ block co-polymer-oxide precursors are often

more susceptible to a lack of condensation, redox reactions or phase transitions

accompanied by thermal breakdown of the structural integrity. An alternative way

to synthesis the mesoporous metal oxides is a nanocasting (structure replication)

method where the pre-synthesized mesoporous silica or carbon materials are used

as the hard templates. The concept of using hard templates for the synthesis of

mesoporous metal oxides offers a number of substantial advantages over


23

conventional sol-gel and soft template methods. However, the nanocasting method

still has yet to be explored widely. This review describes recent conceptual

developments in the field of nanocasting and summarizes the large number of

publications on ordered mesoporous metal oxides prepared by these methods.

Special attention is paid to the use of porous materials such as mesostructured

silica, carbonaceous materials and colloidal crystal materials as hard templates for

the preparation of ordered mesoporous metal oxides. Others porous materials such

as mesoporous carbon, noble metals, metal sulfides and polymers that are created

by nanocasting procedures are also discussed. Outlooks on the potential

applications of mesoporous materials synthesized by nanocasting strategy for gas

sensors are presented as well.

Keywords: Mesoporous material, metal oxide, nanocasting, gas sensor,

structure replication, hard-template.


24

PAPER ID: MAT 06

COMPOSITE OF 3D TIO2 NANOSTRUCTURE AND REDUCED

GRAPHENE OXIDE FOR PHOTODEGRADATION OF ANTIBIOTIC

Phuong T.N. NGUYEN, Salim CHRIS, Hirofumi HINODE

Department of International Development Engineering, Tokyo Institute of

Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The occurrences of pharmaceutical compounds, namely antibiotics, at low

concentration in aquatic ecosystems have been recently reported due to the

increase use of antibacterial agents. The major source of these antibiotics in

surface and drinking water worldwide are possibly from hospital effluents.

Although regulations of antibiotics level in water system have not been

established yet, continuous supply of antibiotics into the environment, even at

very small amount, may facilitate the generation of resistant bacteria. This study

investigated the synthesis of 3D TiO2 nanostructure/reduced graphene oxide

composite for photodegradation of norfloxacin, one of common antibiotics -

fluoroquinolones. The composite of hierarchical TiO2 nanostructures and reduced

graphene oxide was synthesized using hydrothermal method. Catalyst

characterization was carried out using SEM, XRD, FTIR and TG; norfloxacin in

water before and after treatment were analyzed by UV spectrometer.

Photodegradation of norfloxacin was conducted under UV-VIS to test the

photocatalytic activity. The possible use of visible light could broaden the

economic value in treatment of pharmaceutical compounds in water using

heterogeneous photocatalysis.

Keywords: Hierarchical TiO2, reduced graphene oxide, photodegradation,

antibiotics.





25

PAPER ID: MAT 07

DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF SnO2 - CATALYTIC FILM

IN DETECTION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Syazwina Mohammed Sharif and Prof. Madya Dr. Mohamad Zailani Abu Bakar

University Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kejuruteraan,Seberang Perai Selatan,

14300 Nibong Tebal,Pulau Pinang.

e-mail: [email protected]

No. fax: 04-5941013

Abstract

This paper aims are to develop a SnO2 catalytic film to detect volatile organic

compounds, VOCs like acetone that are more feasible, simple and cheaper to

synthesized. VOCs are toxic that can cause water and air pollution resulting in

severe health problems to human if exposed to high concentration. VOCs are

easily found whether in chemical industry or any daily activities so precautions

should be taken by monitoring and detecting VOCs concentration in environment.

Chemical semiconducting sensor is one of the reliable methods to monitor VOCs

in evnvironment. SnO2 catalytic film is chosen due to easy to synthesized and

higher sensitivity in detection VOCs. Film is synthesized by using sol-gel method

and deposited on alumina substrate by using dip coating method. Layers deposited

on substrate are varies ranging from 3 to 15 layers and calcined at 550°C for 2

hours and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum and Scanning

Electron Microscopy (SEM). Sensors are tested by using sensors measurement rig

and exposed to different operating temperature ranging from 300 to 600°C.

Different concentrations of acetone ranging from 100 to 500ppm are exposed to

substrate and sensitivity, response and recovery time are measured. The results

showed that different thickness of film gives high sensitivities but decreasing once

the films are too thick. Response and recovery time also shorten with decreasing

sensitivity. The films show highest sensitivity at optimum operating temperature

at 400°C and decreasing at higher temperature. Films are also tested at different

concentration of acetone and the sensitivity increase with increasing concentration

while response and recovery time are also shorten compared to lower

concentration.

Keywords: Tin oxide, Gas sensor, Acetone, Dip coating.


26

PAPER ID: MAT 08

PREPARATIVE TECHNIQUES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF

POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGELS

Ali Karimi, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud *

Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya

[email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract

Layered silicates provide much higher surface area for polymer/filler interaction

than conventional composites depending on the strength of interfacial interactions

between the layered silicate and polymer matrix (modified or unmodified), there

are three different types of polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites:

Intercalated, Flocculated and Exfoliated nanocomposites.Poly(vinyl alcohol)–clay

nanocomposite hydrogels can be obtained in various ways such as; chemical

cross-linking that mostly using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, cross-

linking by irradiation, UV radiation, and by use of successive freezing/thawing

cycles.This work focusses on materials, preparation techniques and

Characterization of polyvinyl alcohol – clay nanocomposite. In this work, the

structure and properties of Montmorillonite nano-clay is used in the

manufacturing of polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites and different techniques for

making polyvinyl alcohol nano composite hydrogels is studied. The Properties of

polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite hydrogels such as morphology, swelling,

mechanical, barrier, optical and thermal properties is investigated. In the case of

swelling, factors affecting swelling of hydrogels , Equilibrium degree of swelling

and equilibrium water content of PVA–clay nanocomposite hydrogel is studied.

The effect of nanoclay concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties

such as; elongation, hardness, barrier properties, crystallinity, glass transition

temperature are studied. To measuring these properties the characterization

techniques such as swelling measurement by gravimetrical techniques, Elongation

and tensile strength by tensile instrument and DMA, thermal properties and

crystalinity by TGA, DSC, and XRD, the morphological properties by SEM, TEM

and AFM techniques are studied.


27

PVA–clay nanocomposites exhibits remarkable improvements of properties when

compared with the matrix polymers alone or conventional micro- and macro-

composite materials. Improvements can include increase in elongation at break,

tensile modulus and hardness but decease the water vapor transmission rates and

increase in the biodegradability rate of nanocomposite hydrogels. Intermolecular

bonds (mostly hydrogen bonds), which form during the freezing/thawing process

of PVA water solutions, act as efficient cross-links.

Keywords: Poly(vinyl alcohol), Nanocomposite, Hydrogel, Montmorillonite.


28

REACTION ENGINEERING

PAPER ID: REA 02

CHARACTERIZATION AND ADSORPTION KINETICS STUDY OF

IMMOBILIZED CANDIDA RUGOSA LIPASE ONTO PURE SBA-15

MESOPOROUS SUPPORT

Yasmin Che Ani, 1Azlina Harun @ Kamaruddin and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah

School ofChemicalEngineering, EngineeringCampus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Sri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia 1Corresponding author. Phone: +604-5996401, Fax: +604-5941013

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Recently, mesoporous materials (MPs) haveshowntobe exciting candidates in

bioimmobilization compared with conventional materials. In the present study,

the pure SBA-15 mesoporous material has been chosen as a support for

immobilized enzyme due to its larger pore size and better thermal and

hydrothermal stability. Pure SBA-15 was prepared using non-ionic surfactant

template; Pluronic P123 triblock copolymer (EO20-PO70-EO20) (TCP)

underacidicconditions. Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) has been used as a silica

source. The process parameters involve in MPs synthesis such as reaction

temperature (25 - 45oC), concentration of HCl (1 – 3M) and molar ratio

TEOS/TCP (1.79 – 3.04) were investigated. The optimized conditions were at

temperature 40oC, HCl molar ratio 2.5 and 1.79 molar ratio TEOS/TCP which

gives the highest BET surface area of 644.14 m2/g, 661.17 m

2/g and 641.35 m

2/g

respectively. Furthermore, the pure SBA-15 mesoporous support was

immobilized with Candida Rugosa Lipase (CRL) due to its reusability,

itsoperational flexibility, easeofproductrecoveryfromthe enzyme compared to free

CRL. The type of immobilization involve will be the adsorption method as it is

the simplest method approach. The optimized conditions to immobilize pure

SBA-15 mesoporous support with CRL were at enzyme unit activity of 19530,

initial pH buffer 8.0 and at temperature 35oC which gives the highest percentage

amount enzyme adsorbed of 98.9%, 98.4% and 98.9% respectively. The


29

morphologies of the mesoporous support are known to play an important role in

the performance of the immobilized enzyme. Therefore, the characterization of

immobilized CRL on pure SBA-15 mesoporous support has been investigated.

FT-IR, XRD, XRF, Nitrogen adsorption, SEM, TEM and TGA have been used to

characterize pure SBA-15 mesoporous support before and after immobilized with

CRL. The kinetic of immobilized pure SBA-15 mesoporous support with CRL

also studied to investigate the mechanism of immobilized CRL on pure SBA-15

mesoporous support. Thus, the adsorption rate constant can be determined at 35oC

and pH 8.0 using pseudo first order kinetic model of Lagergren, pseudo-second

order model and intraparticle diffusion model. The results showed that

intraparticle diffusion was found to be the rate limiting step for immobilized CRL

on pure SBA-15 mesoporous support.

Keywords: Candida rugosa, mesoporous support, immobilized enzyme, SBA-15,

kinetic.


30

PAPER ID: REA 03

RECYCLING OF MANGANESE DIOXIDE FROM SPENT ZN–MNO2

CELLS

1Hamoudi Mekhalfi,

2Nacer Chelali,

3Mohamed Oussama Laib

1Hamoudi Mekhalfi: [email protected]

2Nacer Chelali: [email protected]

1,2Laboratoire des Matériaux et Systèmes Electroniques, Centre Universitaire El

Bachir El Ibrahimi, 34000 Bordj Bou Arréridj, Algeria. 3Mohamed Oussama Laib:Centre Universitaire El Bachir El Ibrahimi, 34000

Bordj Bou Arréridj, Algeria, e-mail : [email protected]

Abstract

Manganese dioxide is most suitable as the positive active material in Zn–MnO2

cells. Primary Zn–MnO2 cells are used in short applications that need low energy

and useful life. As the Zn– MnO2 cells industry is continuing to grow world-wide,

its sales are expected to reach 34% share of the global battery market [2, 3].

Recycling of manganese dioxide from the used Zn–MnO2 cells is an important

technological and environmental interest. In this work, MnO2 from the spent Zn–

MnO2 cells was recycled by chemical methods, the used MnO2 was oxidized

using H2O2 and have been characterised by different methods including cyclic

voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and X ray diffraction.

The positive electrodes with this blends prepared have tested in Zn–MnO2 cells.

Good discharge performance was obtained with MnO2 recycled.

Keywords: Manganese oxides, XRD, Impedance spectroscopy, Batteries

discharge.

References:

1. K. V. Kordesch, Batteries, Marcel Dekker, New York vol.1, 1974.

2. D. Linden, T.B. Reddy, Handbook of Batteries, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill,

2002.

3. K. V. Kordesch and M. Weissenbacher, J. Power Sources 51 (1994) 61.




31

PAPER ID: REA 04

DECOLORIZATION OF ACID RED B BY PHOTO-FENTON PROCESS

USING LOCALLY CLAY AS CATALYST

N. H. M. Azmi, V. M. Vadivelu, B.H. Hameed*

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus

University of Science Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang

*Corresponding author: [email protected] (B. H. Hameed)

Fax: +0645941013

Abstract

In this study, Fe-Ipoh clay (Fe-IC) was successfully developed by impregnation

method for photo-Fenton process on decolorization of Acid Red B (ARB) under

UV light irradiation. 100% ARB decolorization was achieved within 30 min

reaction under optimum conditions. The UV irradiation was used to increase the

decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into the hydroxyl radical in the present of Fe

(II) by accelerating the reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and hence increased the

decolorization rate of ARB. The effects of different parameters such as pH

solution, intial H2O2 concentration and catalyst dosage on decolorization effiency

were studied. The best operation conditions were found to be pH 3, 6 mM of intial

H2O2 concentartion and 1.0 g/L catalyst dosage for 50 mg/L ARB at 30 °C. The

Fe-IC exhibited a slightly deactivation catalytic activity in second runs with 100%

decolorization within the same reaction time. The concentration of iron ions in the

solution after the ARB decolorization at 30 min reaction was measured and the

result showed almost negligible (0.0047 mg/L) of iron ions leached from the

catalyst. This behavior indicated that the active phases are strongly fixed to the

support. These characteristics make possible for the Fe-IC to have good long-term

stability.

Keywords: Decolorization, Fenton process, Clay, Acid Red B, Ion leaching.



32

PAPER ID: REA 06

POLYANILINE-TITANIUM DIOXIDE HYBRID CATALYTIC PELLET

FOR DETECTION OF ACETONE

Raihana Bahru and Mohamad Zailani Abu Bakar and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia


Fax no.: +604 – 5941013

Abstract

Recently, the development of semiconductor gas sensor has grown due to the

increase of toxic gas exposures. Volatile organic compound was such large sources

to the toxic exposure which causes most critical environmental health, diseases,

and trouble lifestyle. Acetone which group as volatile organic compound has been

monitored the exposure to the atmosphere throughout application of

semiconductor gas sensor. Semiconductor gas sensors can be classified into two

main types; organic and inorganic materials. Most of the works in semiconductor

gas sensor focus on the optimum performance and good response between gas

sensing elements with the selected sensing materials. Inorganic materials such as

titanium dioxide (TiO2) is known to have the optimum performance at high

operating temperature. Hence, further improvement to the sensor is needed

especially to bring down the optimum operating temperature as low as possible.

This article focuses on the possibility to lower down the optimum operating

temperature of titanium dioxide gas sensor with the addition of organic materials

as dopants. Polyaniline (PANi) was chosen as organic material due to the ease of

the synthesis, chemical stability and environmental friendly. Hybridization of

TiO2/PANi was prepared using in-situ chemical polymerization method at room

temperature with aniline monomer as precursor. The nanocomposite powder was

formed into catalytic pellet and tested with acetone vapour. The hybrid gas sensor

showed that the gas sensor performance at low operating temperature as low as

room temperature, 300K with high sensitivity. As lowering the operating

temperature, it will reduce the energy usage besides reduce the costs of materials

by increased the long lifetime of the sensor. In additions, the developed sensor also

showed good response and recovery times as increasing the gas concentration. The

structural properties of catalytic pellets have been analysed using scanning

electron miscroscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) for optimizing hybrid



33

sensor improvement as approaching green technologies requirement.

Keywords: Acetone, Catalytic pellet, Gas sensor, Polyaniline, Titanium dioxide.


34

PAPER ID: REA 07

SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS NANOCRYSTAL ZSM-5 APPLIED FOR

THE CATALYTIC CRACKING OF USED VEGETABLE OIL IN

VIETNAM FOR GREEN DIESEL

Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong©1, Le Thi Hong Ngan

1, Dinh Thi Ngo

1

1: Hanoi university of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering.

©: Corresponding author, [email protected], School of Chemical

Engineering, C4-306, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi,

Vietnam

Mobile: +84.906102617, Fax: 84.43.8680070

Abstract

Zeolites are crystalline microporous materials that have high acidity, and

extremely high stability, but their microporous properties prohibit the diffusion

rate of bulky molecules in the reaction, hence prevent their catalytic applications

[1]. Mesoporous materials discovered by Mobil’s scientists [2] have an ordered

mesopore system, and large surface area, which offered a novel route to solve the

above problem. However, due to their amorphous charater, which results in

comparison with microporous zeolites in lower acidity and hydrothermal stability

[2,3].

To overcome these drawbacks, much effort has been done to combine the

mesoporosity of mesoporous aluminosilicates with the acidity and stability of the

microporous zeolites [3]. The mesopores in zeolite crystals can be created by

post-treatment of the synthesized zeolite, or templating method during the zeolite

crystalation [4]. Recently many studies focus on the synthesis and application of

mesoporous ZSM-5, a well-known crystalline microporous alumino-silicates that

possess three-dimensional framework that, a promissing catalyst for the catalytic

cracking and hydrocracking. But only few studies were caried out in Viet Nam.

Annually, there is a large amount of vegetable oil used for cooking and food

processing such as fried instant noodles, fried snacks, fried in restaurant, fast food

shops, and households in VietNam. Unscrupulous cooking suppliers will normally

regenerate vegetable oil by bleaching the used vegetable oil and blend it as new.

They usually supply the reused vegetable oil to small and medium enterprises or

general consumers. Street food venders are customers of these suppliers and buy


35

the reused vegetable oil because it is cheaper than fresh vegetable oil. The used

vegetable oil has a significant impact on pulic health and environment while its

potential as a liquid fuel through physical and chemical convertion remains highly

interesting. This situation brought us an idea of converting the used harmful waste

vegetable oil to green fuel by using effective catalyst such as mesoporous

nanocrystal ZSM-5. The green fuels obtained by catalytic cracking have great

advantages compared with transestered biodiesel due to its high cetane number,

high heat value and ability to be straightly used without blending with fossil fuel.

In this paper, we report the results of using one-post method with dual- templates

to prepare mesoporous nanocrystal ZSM-5. This catalyst was sucessfully

synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization during 24h, at 130°C with CTAB and

TPABr as the templates. Characterization by morden techniques as XRD, SEM,

TEM and TPD-NH3 has showed that the as-synthesized catalyst is highly

crystalline with uniformly nano crystal size. This material has mesoporous sieves

which are neatly ordered with diameters around 30Å, high BET surface area of

495m2/g and great acidity. These advantages give the mesoporous nanocrystal

ZSM-5 the applicability in the process of cracking waste oil for green fuel due to

the shape - selective advantage for large size molecules in waste vegetable oil.

The obtained green diesel has good quality, meets the technical and

environmental standards as commercial diesel.

Keywords: Nanocrystal, mesoporous, ZSM-5, cracking, green diesel, used

vegetable oil.

References:

1. Guodong Chen, L.J, Lingzhi Wang, Jinlong Zhang, Synthesis of mesoporous

ZSM-5 by one-pot method in the presence of polyethylene glycol.

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2010. 134: p. 189-194.

2. LifengWang, C.Y, Zhichao Shan, Sen Liu, Yunchen Du, Feng-Shou Xiao.,

Bread-template synthesis of hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite with

hydrothermally stable mesoporosity. Colloids and Surfaces A:

Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2009. 340: p. 126-130.

3. Marli Lansoni Goncalves, L.D.D, Maura Hebling Jorda˜o, Martin Wallau,

Ernesto A. Urquieta-Gonza´lez, Synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 by

crystallisation of aged gels in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium

cations. Catalysis Today, 2008. 133(135): p. 69-79.


36

4. So` nia Abello´, A.B, Javier Pe´rez-Ramı´rez Mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite

catalysts prepared by desilication with organic hydroxides and comparison

with NaOH leaching. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2009. 364: p. 191–198.


37

PAPER ID: REA 08

THE EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF COCONUT SHELL-

BASED ACTIVATED CARBON ON METHOMYL ADSORPTION

Francis A. Tañala1, and Dr. Susan M. Gallardo

1

1Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila, 1004

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Water quality is becoming a disturbing problem in the world today. According to

UNICEF (2009), the number of Filipinos that have no access to safe drinking

water is approximately 17 million. Some of these Filipinos belong to communities

in the town of Nagcarlan, Laguna. The domestic water requirement of Nagcarlan

in Laguna is not a problem since its water supply came from six water springs

along the slope of Mt. Banahaw. However, there is an uncontrolled application of

pesticides by several farmers planting on the top of Mt. Banahaw. The presence of

pesticides in water is the main result of this poor situation in Nagcarlan’s water

system. Activated carbon (AC) adsorption is selected as the method in the

removal of contaminants from Nagcarlan water since has been proven to be

reliable and efficient method in the removal of dissolved organic pesticides in

aqueous solutions. In this study, ITDI-AC, which is an activated carbon prepared

from physical activation of coconut shells in steam atmosphere, was used. The

Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) of the Department of Science

& Technology (DOST) prepared this type of AC using their designed activation

reactor. In addition, methomyl was selected as the pesticide to be used as

adsorbate due to its high persistency and solubility in water. The main problem

with activated carbons derived from agricultural materials, such as the ITDI-AC,

is their performance when compared with commercial ACs. There is also a

research gap that exists in the studies of methomyl adsorption on modified

activated carbon in the liquid phase. This study aims to modify the surface of the

ITDI-AC through thermal treatment in air at 250°C (ACA), nitrogen at 600°C

(ACNT), and hydrogen at 600°C (ACHT). The resulting modified samples were

characterized through BET, SEM-EDX, TGA, FTIR, and PZC. Equilibrium time,

kinetic behavior, and rate-controlling step were also determined from the batch


38

kinetic adsorption data of methomyl adsorption on ITDI-AC.

Characterization results showed that thermal treatment improves the surface and

pore properties of ITDI-AC. The increase in the presence of basic groups was

found using hydrogen and nitrogen atmosphere while the surface chemistry was

not altered when using air atmosphere. The adsorption kinetic data followed the

pseudo-second order kinetic model while external diffusion is the rate-controlling

step. The best AC sample was determined to be ACHT based from the adsorption

capacity for methomyl derived from the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms using

the batch adsorption data. The batch adsorption data was found to be predicted the

both isotherm models. The highest adsorption capacity of ACHT among the

modified AC samples can be due to the joint contribution of macropore

rearrangement, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and dispersive

interaction. The effect of pH, initial methomyl concentration, and temperature on

adsorption capacity was also determined from batch adsorption tests using the

ACHT sample. It was found out that initial methomyl concentration is the most

significant factor at 95% confidence interval while both initial concentration and

temperature were significant at 90% confidence interval. The adsorption of

methomyl on ACHT was found to be spontaneous and endothermic, and classified

as physical adsorption. This study also showed that surface chemistry is more

dominant in affecting the adsorption capacity than surface physical properties.

Keywords: Coconut-shell based activated carbon, thermal treatment, methomyl,

adsorption, isotherm, kinetics.


39

PAPER ID: REA 09

THE EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE ITDI ACTIVATED

CARBON FOR THE THERMOCATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF

METHANE

Tam N. Dao1, Leonila C. Abella

1, Teddy Monroy

1, Hirofumi Hinode

2

1Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, De La Salle

University 2Department of International Development Engineering, Tokyo Institute of

Technology

Abstract

Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane is the focus of this study because of

its environmental considerations. It was reported that the addition of palladium

into nickel catalyst could improve the catalytic activity and life time for methane

decomposition into hydrogen and carbon fibers. This study determined the effect

of thermal treatment on the ITDI-AC (Industrial Technology Development

Institute-Activated carbon) for the thermocatalytic decomposition of methane.

The temperature for thermal treatment of activated carbon was varied. Catalyst

surface area, morphology, surface elemental composition, total composition and

crystal structure were determined using BET, SEM, AAS, and XRD respectively.

Activity test of the catalyst for thermocatalytic decomposition of the methane was

conducted to determine methane conversion and the hydrogen yield. BET results

revealed that surface area of activated carbon decreased with an increase in the

temperature for thermal treatment. SEM results revealed that there was a

formation of carbon fiber at reaction temperatures of 750 and 950oC. This

formation increased as reaction temperature increased. XRD results revealed that

there was only Ni and Pd in the catalyst and there was a formation of Pd-Ni alloy

at 950oC. The catalyst (sample code PdNi/AC700) which included palladium

nickel over activated carbon thermally treated at 700oC showed a higher catalytic

activity at 950oC than the others with hydrogen yield of 0.4057 and methane

conversion of 36.62%. PdNi/AC700 also showed high stability at 950oC with

hydrogen yield of 0.0276 after 24h.

Keywords: Pd-Ni, catalyst, activated carbon, thermocatalytic decomposition.


40

PAPER ID: REA 10

MG/HYDROXYAPATITE CATALYST FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION

OF PALM (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS) OIL

N. A. A. Rahman, J. C. Chan, B. H. Hameed*

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus,

University of Science Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: Fax: +6045941013

E-mail address: [email protected] (B. H. Hameed)

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is main component of bones and teeth, was widely used as

a support catalyst for many reaction. In this work, a solid base hydroxyapatite

loaded with MgNO3 catalyst was studied with transesterification of palm oil to

methyl ester. The catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation and impregnation

method. 35% of MgNO3 was loaded into hydroxyapatite and the catalytic

efficiency of the prepared catalyst was evaluated by varying parameters such as

calcination temperature, reaction temperature and reaction time. It was found that

MgNO3/HAp have potential as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of methyl

ester and the catalyst can be easily recovered. The catalyst thermally treated at

600 °C for 5 h was chosen for further studied in the transesterification reaction of

palm oil. Under the conditions of molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, catalyst

loading of 2.55 wt%, reaction time of 5 h and reaction temperature of 170 °C, the

methyl ester content of 76.0 % was achieved. The catalytic performance of

MgNO3/HAp was then compare to HAp and magnesium oxide catalysts. The

results showed that MgNO3/HAp catalyst is comparable to the magnesium oxide

catalyst and better than that of HAp catalyst. Further studied on the

characterization and stability of the catalyst will be carried out.

Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, Transesterification, Palm Oils, Catalyst.


41

PAPER ID: REA 11

A KINETIC STUDY ON THE ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE YELLOW

145 (RY 145) DYE ONTO ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM

THEOBROMA CACAO PODS

Mario Jose R. SumalinogII1, Renato O. Arazo

1, Mark Daniel G. de Luna

1,2

1Environmental Engineering Graduate Program,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines 2Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Kinetics studies are important in the design of adsorption columns for wastewater

treatment plants. From these, the reaction order and the rate of adsorption process,

which controls the equilibrium time, are known. Whether the adsorption columns

should be arranged in series or parallel sequences depend greatly on the outcomes

of these studies. A well-designed adsorption column can bring about high-quality

treatment effluent at a lower cost.

Dye wastewaters have been attracting attention in recent years because of their

high chemical and biological oxygen demands and high suspended-solids content.

In addition, dye compounds are known to be toxic, persistent and non-

biodegradable. The high cost of commercially-available activated carbon deters

the application of adsorption processes for dye removal. Hence, research

initiatives have shifted to the potential application of indigenous waste materials

from agricultural residues as low-cost alternatives to commercial adsorbents.

In this study, batch experiments have been conducted to determine the adsorption

kinetic model that best describes the adsorption of reactive yellow 145 (RY 145)

onto activated carbon prepared from Theobroma cacao. Synthetic wastewater was

prepared by dissolving RY 145 dye in deionized water. Adsorbent preparation

was carried out initially by washing cocoa pods with deionized water to remove

debris prior to sun-drying. Moisture was further removed from the pods before

milling and sieving. The powdered biomass was soaked in dilute nitric acid


42

solution for 24 hours at room temperature prior to physical activation. In this

study, RY 145 removal by adsorption was optimized using central composite

design (CCD) and the effects of the adsorption parameters namely: adsorbent

dose, initial dye concentration and contact time on dye removal were investigated.

Pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich

equations were applied in the kinetic studies.

Results showed that adsorption followed the pseudo second-order model (R2 =

0.999) suggesting that the dominant adsorption mechanism was chemisorption.

Increasing initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time until

optimum conditions, improved dye removals efficiencies beyond which, a gradual

decrease was observed.

Keywords: Kinetic Study, Adsorption, Reactive Yellow 145, Dye wastewater.

.


43

PAPER ID: REA 12

ACID-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION OF WASTE EDIBLE OIL

(WEO) ASSISTED BY MICROWAVE HEATING

Amie Thant1, Susan A. Roces1, Florinda T. Bacani

1, Raymond R. Tan

1, Masatoshi

Kubouchi2, and Piyachat Yimsiri

3

1De La Salle University, Chemical Engineering Department, 2401 Taft Ave.,

1200, Philippines, [email protected]

2Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 152-

8552, Japan

3Burapha University, T. Saensuk A. Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand

Abstract

The WEO samples from three fast food restaurants near De La Salle University,

Manila, in the Philippines, were classified as high-, medium-, and low-FFA

WEOs with acid value measured at 6.71 mgKOH/g, 3.92 mgKOH/g and 1.67

mgKOH/g, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of these WEOs were

analyzed by gas chromatography using the AOAC Method 969.33. Esterification

of free fatty acids (FFAs) in waste cooking oil catalyzed by sulfuric acid and

assisted by microwave heating was studied as a pre-treatment step for biodiesel

production. The five important parameters that were investigated in relation to

FFA reduction were acid value (6.71 mgKOH/g, 1.67 mgKOH/g), reaction time

(5 min, 8 min), methanol-to-oil ratio (30:1, 45:1), catalyst concentration (1 wt%, 4

wt%), and temperature (50°C, 60°C). Software (MINITAB 14) was used to

analyze statistically the effect of these variable parameters on the reduction of

FFA. The FFA was successfully reduced for all type of WEOs to acceptable value

via acid catalyzed esterification by microwave assisted heating. Results revealed

that the acid value and reaction time had a significant effect on % FFA reduction.

The calculated optimum % FFA reduction was obtained at 84.95 % by using 3.92

mgKOH/g acid value, 2.5 wt% sulfuric acid catalyst, 37.5:1 methanol-to-oil

molar ratio, 55°C reaction temperature, and 8 min reaction time. Thereby, acid

value was reduced from 3.92 mgKOH/g to 0.59 ±0.11mgKOH/g.

Keywords: Waste Edible Oil, Esterification, Acid Value, Free-Fatty Acid.


44

PAPER ID: REA 13

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF

DIURON ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND ZINC OXIDE

NANOPARTICLES

Wannipa Pradittakan 1, Esara Sadudeewong

2, Kamonrat Apichatsanee

1, Alisa S.

Vangnai 3,4

and Varong Pavarajarn 1,4

,*

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND 2 International School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND 4 National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste

Management,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Diuron [3-(3,4-dicholorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea] is a phenylurea herbicide

commonly used in agricultural. It is a carcinogenic and genotoxic compound, yet

chemically stable and bio-recalcitrant, that can widely contaminate ground water

and soil. In this work, photocatalytic degradations of diuron on titanium dioxide

(TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were investigated and compared. The

photocatalyst were synthesized by sol-gel method. The average crystallite size of

the synthesized TiO2 and ZnO were found to be 16 and 49 nm, respectively. The

photocatalytic degradation of 10 ppm-diuron aqueous solution was conducted in a

batch photo-reactor, using TiO2 or ZnO as the photocatalyst. The decrease in

concentration of diuron as well as the total organic carbon as a result of

mineralization of diuron was observed during the degradation process.

Nevertheless, ZnO exhibited higher activity toward photodegradation and

mineralization of diuron than TiO2, despite the fact that ZnO had much smaller

surface area. Kinetics studies revealed that the degradation on the synthesized

ZnO was consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, while that on the


45

synthesized TiO2 was not. Several degradation intermediates were also detected

and identified using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Comparison of the intermediates formed using different photocatalysts revealed

common intermediates such as 3,4-dichloroaniline; 3,4-dichlorophenyl acetamide

and 3,4-dichlorophenyl methyl urea, as well as different intermediates. The results

indicated that the dissimilarity in the degradation mechanism arose from the

difference in interaction between the catalyst surface and the adsorbed diuron.

Keywords: Diuron, Photodegradation, Zinc oxide, Titanium dioxide, Reaction

intermediates.


46

ENVIRONMENT

PAPER ID: ENV 01

FORECASTING OF AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL FOR A SELECTED

REGION IN MALAYSIA

Brahim Si Ali 1; Nik Meriam Sulaiman

1; Romina Hayati

1,2,

1Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering University Malaya

[email protected],

D-25-5, Sri Putramas Condo.1, Jln Sri Putramas 1, Off Jln Kuching, 52100 KL,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Air pollution forecasting study is carried out in Klang Valley-Malaysia utilizing

continuously measured surface and upper air meteorological data collected from

two stations. The data stretch from January to December 2009 and the stations are

Sepang weather station near to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and

PJ weather station at center of Malaysia Meteorological Department in Petaling

Jaya. Correlation between API and meteorological factors; wind speed,

temperature, rainfall and calculated vertical stability, shows that API is mostly

affected by temperature. A meteorological air pollution potential index (MPI)

based on Joukoff and Malet (1982) model is calculated and evaluated using 24 hrs

average surface temperature, 24 hrs average wind speed and computed vertical

stability factor using upper air data. An attempt is also made to develop a model

for forecasting air pollution potential considering most effective factor for the

application in Malaysia. According to the current study, meteorological base

model for Malaysia and probably for the regions with similar climate and

geography is different with the models used for four seasons countries. Since the

variables involved in the model used by Joukoff and Malet (1982) do not play an

important role for predicting the potential of air pollution in Malaysia, MPI is not

suggested to be used for predicting the potential of air pollution. A new model [

MPIreg ] using linear regression between MPI and surface temperature has been

developed and tested by time series analysis and result is more satisfactory but


47

still needs further improvement.

Keywords: Air Pollution Potential, Forecasting Model, Air Pollution,

Meteorological factors, Klang Valley-Malaysia.


48

PAPER ID: ENV 02

REMOVAL OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT FROM WASTEWATER

USING LOW-COST ADSORBENT

A. Deepatana*, H. Jidtungtong and P. Srichai

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha,

University, Chonburi 20131 Thailand.


Abstract

The removal of anionic surfactant from wastewater of detergent plant by

adsorption process using low-cost adsorbent (sand) was studied. Sodium dodecyl

sulfate (SDS), a representative of anionic surfactant (AS) which is a major class

of surfactant in detergent formulations, was used in this investigation. Batch

equilibrium adsorption was conducted as a function of solution pH (4.0-7.0),

shaking speed (120-180 rpm), particle sizes (250, 355 and 500 micron) and

adsorbent usage (1-4 grams) under room temperature for 2 hours in which the

adsorption equilibrium was obtained. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to

the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It was shown that adsorption of

SDS on sand follows the Freundlich isotherm. The observed adsorption capacity

was found to be 55 mg SDS per gram of sands at the solution pH of 5.0. Findings

from this study showed that natural low-cost sand is a promising adsorbent for

removal SDS from wastewater.

Keywords: Adsorption, Surfactant, Sand.


49

PAPER ID: ENV 03

REMOVAL OF REACTIVE BLUE 19 DYE FROM SYNTHETIC

WASTEWATER USING CHEMICAL-ACTIVATED HEAT-TREATED

FLY ASH

Mark Daniel G. de Luna a,b

, Carol M. Batocong a, Ednalyn D. Pagulayan

a,

Arthur A. Gonzales III b,*, Oliver Dan G. de Luna

c, Florencio C. Ballesteros

a,b

a Environmental Engineering Graduate Program,

University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Philippines b Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Philippines c Department of Mathematics and Mechanics,

Mapua Institute of Technology, 1002 Philippines

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Colored wastewaters from textile, pulp and paper, food processing and plastic

industries are posing a serious threat to the environment. These effluents can

significantly affect the nature of the recipient waters by hindering sunlight

penetration and impeding photosynthetic reaction. They may also be toxic to

certain forms of aquatic life due to the presence of substituent metals and

chlorine. The removal of dyes from wastewaters can be effected through

adsorption, a process by which dye molecules in the bulk solution are attached to

a solid material prior to solid-liquid separation. One of the most effective and

widely used adsorbents is commercially available activated carbon. Due to its

high cost, its industrial application is impractical especially for developing

countries. Fly ash, considered a solid waste from coal combustion in energy

production, is a low-cost and highly available adsorbent media. Its adsorption

capability has been studied by many researchers and has been proven effective for

the removal of dyes in wastewater.In this study, reactive blue 19 (RB 19) in dye

wastewater was removed through fly ash adsorption. Raw fly ash (75-μm) was

chemical-activated and dried at 140oC for 24 hours. Synthetic wastewater was

prepared by dissolving RB 19 dye in deionized water. The pH of the dye solution

was adjusted to near neutral (7.5) after addition of the ensuing adsorbent. Central

composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the operating parameters for dye


50

removal namely: initial dye concentration, contact time and adsorbent dose. The

quadratic response-surface model had a variance (R2) of 0.998. Verification

experiments at optimum conditions ([RB 19] = 100 ppm) resulted in RB 19

removal of 94.89%. The experimental data fit both the Langmuir and the

Freundlich adsorption isotherms (R2 = 0.999). The performance of acid-activated

heat-treated fly ash exceeded those of the alkaline-treated and untreated fly ash.

Keywords: Fly Ash, Reactive Blue 19, Adsorption, Optimization, Dye

Wastewater.


51

PAPER ID: ENV 04

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED ELECTRO-FENTON DEGRADATION OF

REACTIVE YELLOW 145 DYE IN SIMULATED WASTEWATER: USE

OF RUO2/IRO2-COATED PLATE ELECTRODES

Mark Daniel G. de Luna 1,2

, Rachell C. Araja 2, Nadygne D. Macato

2, Analiza P.

Rollon 1,2

1Environmental Engineering Graduate Program,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines 2Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Reactive dyes comprise a class of colorants that are widely-used in dyeing

processes primarily because of their notable features such as vibrant shade, simple

application techniques and low energy consumption These substances are

essential in textile, leather, rubber, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paper and

printing industries. Reactive dyes eventually become part of the effluent because

of their low fixation even if the bond between the dye molecule and the fiber is

covalent. Typical dye concentrations in dye baths range from 10 to 1,000 mg/L

depending on the strength of the dye and the type of process. Spent reactive dyes

exist in a hydrolyzed state rendering them incapable of being reused. Hence, dye

recovery is never an option. Conventional treatment technologies offer very

limited dye-removal capabilities. Complete dye degradation and mineralization

can be realized only with the application of advanced oxidation processes

(AOPs). At the core of AOPs is a class of powerful non-selective oxidants that

exceed the oxidizing potential of ozone by 40 percent. These chemical species

called hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are generated even at ambient temperatures. Their

very dynamic and highly reactive nature allows them to convert organic

compounds into simpler molecules at a very short time. The rate and extent of

pollutant degradation depends on the concentration of hydroxyl radicals generated

by the AOP at any given time and the mass transfer of these species to the target

molecules. This study employed sonoelectro-Fenton (SEF) process to degrade

Reactive Yellow 145 (RY 145) dye in synthetic wastewater. The batch reactor


52

used was equipped with RuO2/IrO2–coated plate electrodes and a 20-kHz probe-

type ultrasonic processor. Initial dye concentration, H2O2 dosage, Fe2+ dosage

and current density constituted the operating parameters investigated in this study.

Maximum dye removal of 99 % was obtained in 20 minutes ([RY145] = 0.49

mM). Pseudo second-order reaction kinetics best describes the behavior of RY

145 degradation within the range of parameters investigated. In this study, SEF

was found to significantly exceed electro-Fenton (EF) process in the ability to

degrade RY 145 dye in aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Sonication, Electro-Fenton, Kinetics, Dye wastewater, Reactive

Yellow 145.


53

PAPER ID: ENV 05

MODELING OF COOLING OF HOT VOLCANIC DEBRIS TO IMPROVE

RESCUE PLAN DURING MERAPI ERUPTION

Mohammad Fahrurrozi*, Joko Wintoko, and Ayu A. Utami

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada,

University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia


Fax: +62-274-902170

Abstract

Merapi is the most active volcano in Indonesia. Surrounded by relatively highly

populated area in the border of Yogyakarta and Central Java Provinces, Merapi

eruption often caused a high casualties in the forms of loss of human lives and

property damages caused by exposure to hot materials from debris avalanche. The

last Merapi eruption (October-November 2010) that lasted for almost two weeks

caused more than 300 death and around 350,000 people had to be evacuated.

During the eruptions, the hot debris very quickly moving from the summit of the

volcano and covering villages located on its way. During the time of disaster,

promptness of rescue process would be able to reduce human casualties. Cooling

rate of hot volcanic material depends on many factors such as weather and

intensity of rain. Without rain, cooling process could take many days. Rescue

workers, however, did not have any information on how long they had to wait

before entering the affected villages. This situation could, many times, risk the life

of the rescue workers. Applying knowledge of heat transfer, chemical engineers

will be able to estimate minimum waiting time before starting the evacuation. This

paper presents modelling of cooling of hot volcanic materials under various

weather scenarios. For the purpose of quick calculation under an emergency

condition, the presented models are only one dimension. The cooling of the hot

volcanic dust involves various heat transfer mechanisms depending on the session

in which the eruption occur. During dry session, the cooling mechanism is due to

heat conduction through the grounds and interphase heat transfer to the air. Thus,

it might take a few hours or even days to reach a reasonable temperature for rescue

process. Cooling will be quicker during a rainy day due to convective transport

facilitated by the water and even phase change of the water. Utilizing heat transfer


54

modelling, we are able to improve standard operating procedure for the rescue

worker to minimize the risk to the workers to the exposure to hot materials.

Keywords: Volcanic, cooling, modeling, rescue, Merapi.


55

PAPER ID: ENV 06

BIODEGRADATION OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT BY

FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

NOORBAIZURA J., ROSHANIDA A.R*

Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering,

UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai Johor.

*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) has been identified as one of the major aquatic

pollution in Malaysia. Since POME has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and

total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, this property coupled with its high

organic loading and low pH makes it not only highly polluted but also difficult to

be fully treated by conventional methods. Therefore, an alternative method that

capable in treating this wastewater from the point it is generated in the mill

(before entering any ponding system) in conventional treatment system is

required. Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the potential of two

different fungi namely Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma virens in degrading

fresh POME aerobically. 2% v/v of each fungus was added to 0.5% w/w of fresh

POME. The analysis on the biodegradation process was done in terms of total

suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Aspergillus niger showed to be a better strain compared to Trichoderma virens,

which exhibit strong capability in reducing 74% of TSS, which ultimately results

in 93% removal of turbidity and 73% removal of COD. Meanwhile, 83% removal

of turbidity and 70% removal of COD obtained in the supernatant treated by

Trichoderma virens with 58% removal of TSS.

Keywords: Palm Oil mill Effluent (POME), biodegradation, Aspergillus niger,

Trichoderma virens.



56

PAPER ID: ENV 07

ARSENIC ADSORPTION IN A FIXED BED COLUMN USING A

CHEMICALLY-TREATED ITDI COCONUT SHELL-BASED

ACTIVATED CARBON

Tam N. Dao1,Leonila C. Abella

1, Teddy Monroy

1, Hirofumi Hinode

2

1Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, De La Salle

University 2 Department of International Development Engineering, Tokyo Institute of

Technology

Abstract

Arsenic is one of the heavy metals that is widely distributed in the environment.

Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal which tends to bio-accumulate and therefore

becomes hazardous to human health and aquatic life. Its presence in groundwater

is a serious predicament of the environment. Adsorption using activated carbon is

a technology gaining popularity in the removal of arsenic using agricultural waste

materials. Coconut which is abundant in the Philippines was used as base material

for the activated carbon adsorbent. The activated carbon was treated using three

nitric acid to sulphuric acid ratios (1:0; 1:1; 3:1), to study its effect on the arsenic

adsorption capacity of ITDI-AC. The untreated and treated ITDI-AC have high

porosity and low surface iron content (0.33%) based on SEM/EDX analyses.

Magnetite was found present using XRD analysis while carboxylic acid and

phenol groups were the functional groups revealed through FTIR. Following the

pH drift tests, the treated carbons were found acidic (pHPZC 1.88, 2.18, 2.11)

while the untreated ITDI-AC is almost neutral (7.17). Batch adsorption was

carried out by varying the initial arsenic concentration (1.25, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00,

6.25, 7.50, 8.75, and 10.00 mg/L) while the temperature, shaking speed, and pH

were held constant at 25oC, 150 rpm, and 7.8, respectively. Arsenic adsorption

fitted well in both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. Nitric acid-treated

carbon (ACNA) has the maximum adsorption capacity at 0.0269mg/g. However

the highest percent arsenic removal was observed in the untreated ITDI-AC. Up-

flow fixed bed column was utilized to investigate arsenic removal using the best

treated ACNA. The effect of varying initial arsenic concentration and pH was

investigated at constant flow rate of 5ml/min and 10cm bed height. Highest

percent arsenic removal of 68% was observed at pH 8 and 0.3mg/L initial arsenic


57

concentration after one hour of contact.

Keywords: ITDI-AC, activated carbon, nitric acid-treated carbon .


58

PAPER ID: ENV 08

SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN AN URBAN

WATERWAY USING GIS: THE CASE OF ESTERO DE VALENCIA,

MANILA, PHILIPPINES

Danet Hak*, Ariel C. Blanco

**, Edgardo Macatulad

**, John

Dill Macapagal**

, Ricajay Dimalibot***

* Department of Food Technology and Chemical Engineering,

Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

(E-mail:[email protected])

**Department of Geodetic Engineering, College of

Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon

City, Philippines

(E-mail: [email protected];[email protected] ;

[email protected])

*** Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, Quezon City,

Philippines (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract

The primary aim of this study is to characterize factors affecting water quality and

to uncover the relationship between catchment-based control factors and the

observed water quality variations through a GIS-based spatio-temporal analysis

and statistical analysis.The result of this study reveal that the concentration of the

water quality parameters, including BOD, COD, Nutrients and some heavy metals

were higher in the downstream than that in the upstream area. DO concentration

along the estero was on the average ranged from 1.5 mg/l to 2 mg/l and it was

relatively higher in the upstream than that in the downstream area. Oxidation

Reduction Potential (ORP) along the estero was, on the average, in range of -81

mV to -210 mV. Spatially, the absolute value of ORP tended to be lower in the

upstream station and progressively increased toward the downstream stations.

This agreed with the variation trend of DO and others waters quality parameters

that estero water quality was more polluted in the downstream area. The

concentrations of most water quality parameters were low during wet season

indicating the dilution effect of rain water on pollutant concentration in the estero.

However, degradation of water quality was detected during the first few months

of rainy season indicating the negative effect of first-flush on estero water quality.


59

In diurnal time scale, water quality of the Estero de Valencia was found better

from midnight to early morning and during certain hours of the day time when the

activities of the nearby community were much less. This indicated that the

discharge from the surrounding community have a remarkable negative effect on

estero water quality. Based on the Multiple Factor Analysis of the relationship

between the catchment characteristics and water quality variations, the following

catchment-based control factors were identified to have negative influence on

water quality: number of population, population density, number of buildings,

building density, road length, and catchment area. On the other hand, drainage

density and open space area have positive influence on water quality. In

conclusion, human activities strongly influenced the degradation of water quality

in the estero, and through targeted catchment-based remedial measures,

improvement of water quality can be achieved and sustained.

Keywords: Catchment-based, COD, GIS, Multiple Factory Analysis,

Water Quality.


60

PAPER ID: ENV 09

INPUT SELECTION FOR RIVER WATER QUALITY PREDICTION

USING CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS

Rahim N.A., Ahmad Z.*

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains,

Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.

*Email: [email protected]

Tel: 04-5996462

Abstract

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) is a mutivariate statistical technique

that were applied to the ecological datasets in order to summarize the data and

thus evaluating and clarifying the expected relationships among them. This study

was carried out using water quality data collected from Sungai Perak from 2000

through 2004 with 29 monitoring parameters for each testing. The representative

variables were analyzed with CCA to determine for relative effect of each

variables to the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand

(COD) and water quality index (WQI) as they represent the river water conditions.

After pointing out the key assumptions underlying CCA, the paper focuses on the

interpretation of CCA ordination diagrams. Furthermore, CCA constructs linear

combinations of environmental variables, along with the distributions of the

species are maximally separated and that separation will be measure by the

eigenvalues produced. The results showed that DO, pH, T, and NH3-NL are the

key aquatic environmental factors affecting the ecosystem health of streams. This

paper closes with the analysis of input variables influence after the satisfying

prediction results are obtained. Ultimately, the applications indicate that CCA can

be used for detecting species-environment relations as well as giving the better

predition on water quality and thus prove its ability as an option of input selection

technique.

Keywords: Canonical correspondence analysis, multivariate statistical technique,

water quality.



61

PAPER ID: ENV 10

QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR HAZARDOUS

MATERIAL STORAGE IN A PROCESS PLANT

Shahabaldin Baesi, Che Rosmani Che Hassan and Dr. Bahman

Abdolhamidzadeh,

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Contact Details:

Email: [email protected] , HP No.: +60-14-7256646.

Abstract

One of the industries which plays a major role in our lives is the Chemical Process

Industry. Almost all raw materials and final products in this industry are either

flammable, explosive or highly toxic hydrocarbons. Hence, this industry has a

high potential for catastrophic incidents. Therefore, it is essential to identify, rank

and remove (or limit) the hazards in this industry in order to prevent damages.

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is one of the best methods to identify and

quantify the hazards in process installations. In this study a QRA is conducted for

the storage tanks of an Olefin Unit at Amir Kabir Petrochemical Complex in Iran.

This unit includes five storage tanks containing Ethylene and Propylene. These

materials are highly flammable, volatile and, consequently have a high potential to

cause substantial damages upon accidental release. The results of the study are

presented as individual and societal risks. These results and the conclusion of this

study are useful to evaluate the extent of safety adhered at the mentioned complex.

PHAST software is used in this study for precise modeling of hydrocarbon release

and dispersion and calculating the physical load of fire (thermal radiation) and

explosion (overpressure).

The results of the study indicate that the obtained individual risk counters are

almost consistent with the intended criteria (UK HSE criteria). For industrial

zones (the petrochemical complex), the risk magnitude does not exceed /yr

and, for public areas (main roads around the petrochemical complex), the risk

magnitude does not exceed /yr, except for a short distance of 160 meters at



62

the southern main road. Measures such as those recommended in this study should

be taken to resolve this issue. On the other hand, the societal risk results are fairly

consistent with the intended criteria. The F-N curve is located in the tolerable

(ALARP) region and does not cross the higher tolerability limit.

Keywords: Process Safety, Hazard Identification, Quantitative Risk Assessment,

Individual Risk, Societal Risk.


63

PAPER ID: ENV 11

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF CASSAVA STARCH PRODUCTION IN

LAO PDR

Davone Keomany*, Panya Simonkhoun

Faculty of Engineering, National University of Laos,

Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR.

E-mail: *[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

This paper presents the life cycle assessment of cassava starch production in Lao

PDR. A functional unit is specified as 1 ton of cassava starch production. System

boundary covers cassava plantation, transportation and cassava starch processing

of factory. The case studies of this research were collected at Lao – Indochina

tapioca factory, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. The impact assessment focused on

global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photo oxidant formation and human

toxicity using the CML Baseline 2000 method. In the cassava plantation sector, 1

ton of cassava starch generates 4.19E+01 kg CO2 eq. of global warming potential,

5.24E-01 kg SO2 eq. of acidification, 6.09E-02kg PO43- eq. of eutrophication,

1.48E-02 kg ethylene eq. of photo oxidant formation and 5.51E-01 kg 1,4 DCB

eq. of human toxicity. In addition, in the transportation sector,1 ton of cassava

starch generates 5.91E+01 kg CO2 eq. of global warming potential, 1.05E-01 kg

SO2 eq. of acidification, 8.28E-03 kg PO43- eq. of eutrophication, 4.37E-03 kg

ethylene eq. of photo oxidant formation and 6.62E-02 kg 1,4 DCB eq. of human

toxicity.

Keywords: Life cycle assessment (LCA), cassava starch, Lao PDR.


64

PROCESS SYSTEM ENGINEERING

PAPER ID: MOD 01

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION

COLUMN FOR THE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF

BIODIESEL IN A PROCESSING PLANT USING ASPEN-HYSYS

PROCESS SIMULATOR

O. B. Ayodele a, b*

, J.K. Lim a,

a School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus,

University of Science Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. b Process and Product Design Unit,

National Engineering Design Development Institute, Nnewi, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author: Tel: +60196802287

E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

A pilot plant multi-component distillation column (MDC) was design for the

separation of biodiesel produced in continuous flow reactor (CRF) from the

glycerol by-product and unconverted oil. The MDC designed was simulated using

Aspen-Hysys process simulator to study the effect of different operational

parameter that affects the separation and purification process. The simulation

results showed that increase in the feed rate from 200 to 1000 kgmole/h increases

the reboiler and condenser duty, as well as stripped vapor and liquid, but the

purity of the top, side and bottom streams was unaffected, also, the number of

trays and feed stages were unaffected. Variation in the value of condenser

pressure with the simulation range does not really affect the process efficiency as

only minimal changes were observed in the number of stages, feed stage and

minimum reflux ratio, the external reflux ratio was unaffected throughout. The

effect of increasing the reflux ratio appears to be the most significant parameter as

it drastically reduces the number of trays and mildly reduces the feed stage.

Increase in reboiler pressure from 1 to 7.2 atm reflected in increase in reboiler

temperature, condenser pressure and temperature and external reflux ratio. The

best simulation result based on 37.45 kgmole/h feed rate gave more than 92%



65

glycerol in the bottom and over 95% combined esters (biodiesel) at the top, with a

total of 14 actual trays, the feed stage is on tray 8. The reboiler temperature and

pressure were 140 and 150 kPa, respectively, while the column height and

diameter was 5.5 and 0.76 m, respectively. The best tray type observed is sieve is

the sieve type with 2747 holes.

Keywords: Multi-component distillation, Reflux ratio, glycerol, esters.


66

PAPER ID: MOD 02

PERSPECTIVES ON MULTISCALE MODELLING IN MICROBIAL

FUEL CELLS

Noor Fazliani Shoparwe, Suhairi Abdul Sata*


Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal,

Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected]

Tel: +6-04-5996461, Fax: +6-04-5991013

Abstract

The use of mathematical modelling to predict the performance and power output

of microbial fuel cells is receiving considerable interest, with the intention of

replacing traditional time-intensive challenge studies. A microbial fuel cells

process usually involves multidisciplinary phenomena ranging from biology to

engineering, with different scales of size and time including microscale,

mesoscale and macroscale. These can be linked and integrated in order to improve

our understanding and the prediction process of complex phenomena, thus

instigating a global multiscale analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide the

framework towards developing the microbial fuel cells research perspective in

this promising new field of multiscale modelling. In this paper, literature on

microbial fuel cells modelling technique is reviewed and the necessities of

developing multiscale models for MFCs are outlined. Hopefully this approach can

forge ahead new insights and give deeper understanding in the development of

microbial fuel cells technology.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cell, mathematical modelling, multiscale modeling.


67

PAPER ID: MOD 03

RUN-TO-RUN ITERATIVE LEARNING CONTROL WITH UPDATED

MODELS APPLIED IN BAKER’S YEAST FED-BATCH

FERMENTATION PROCESS

J. Jewaratnam 1, J. Zhang

1, A. Hussain

2 and J. Morris

1

1School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Material, Newcastle University,

Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK

Tel. +44 (0)191 222 7266, Fax. +44 (0)191 222 5292 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty,

University of Malaya,50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Tel. +603-79675206, Fax: +603-7967-5319

Abstract

Batch or fed-batch processing has been vital in manufacturing high value added

pharmaceutical and biochemical products for many years but it is not well-

documented. At present, control policy (feed rate) to obtain desired product

quality in a batch process is calculated offline. Due to model-plant mismatches

and the presence of unknown disturbances, off-line calculated control policy may

not be optimal when implemented to the real process. The repetitive nature of

batch process allows information from previous batches being used in modifying

the control policy of the next batch in the framework of iterative learning control

(ILC). ILC exploits every possibility to incorporate past control information into

construction of present control action through memory based learning. This work

presents batch-to-batch ILC of a fed-batch fermentation process using batch wise

linearised models identified from current and previous process operation data. In

order to cope with nonlinear behaviour of batch fermentation processes, the model

is linearised using the immediate previous batch as a reference batch and the

model is updated from batch to batch. In such a way, the model is a batch wise

linearised model and is updated after each batch. The newly obtained process

operation data after each batch is added to the historical data base and an updated

linearised model is re-identified. The new model is used to compute control

policy for the next trial. Initially, multiple linear regression (MLR) is used to

generate the model parameter. The control policy (feed rates) at different batch



68

stages are generally correlated as the overall control policy is obtained to

maximize the amount of product at the end of a batch. To address the colinearity

issue, principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression

(PLS) are used in estimating the linearised model parameters. Application results

on a simulated industrial scale fed-batch Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known as

baker’s yeast, fermentation process demonstrate that the proposed strategy is

effective. Further work was continued by incorporating model prediction

confidence bound into the optimization objective function to develop a reliable

ILC law. The modified objective function facilitates significant improvement in

the MLR.

Keywords: Batch to batch Control, Iterative Learning Control, Principal

Component Regression, Partial Least Squares Regression, Multiple Linear

Regression.


69

PAPER ID: MOD 04

SIMPLIFIED MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR QUANTITATIVE

ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION

OF STILLAGE AND COW MANURE

Wiratni Budhijanto and Muhammad Awqi Gibran

Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,

Gadjah Mada University

Jl. Grafika 2 Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia

Ph./Fax. +622746492170


Abstract

Stillage is the bottom product of an alcohol distillation column, which is harmful

to the environment. Every liter of the 95% ethanol produced will emit about 20

liters of stillage. However, stillage can be advantageous for the ethanol plant if it

is efficiently converted into biogas that could be used as an additional energy

sources for the plant itself. The problem associated with the anaerobic digestion

of stillage is the inhibition effect of the acidic components in the stillage. One of

the ways to overcome the instability caused by the inhibitory effects imposed by

the stillage is co-digesting the stillage with other wastes which can quickly

neutralize any disturbance effects from the stillage. Cow manure is the best choice

for the co-digestion process with stillage because it contains an ideal C/N ratio

and naturally rich with a population of syntropic microorganisms required to

maintain a well balanced anaerobic digestion. This research was conducted to

develop a mathematical model that would help in determining the appropriate

composition of the stillage and other additional substrates that prevent the

inhibition effect to the methanogenic microorganism. A sufficiently good model

can greatly reduce the time and cost of experiments that have been the main

hindrance to enhance the development and commercialization of bioprocess

technology, especially in developing countries.

The mathematical model was developed by simplifying a published mechanism of

anaerobic digestion. The simplifications were taken based on the unique

characteristics of the stillage and the data from the preliminary experiments. The



70

model was fitted using experimental data obtained from batch digestions

conducted in seven Erlenmeyer flasks. Each flask was filled with varied

compositions of stillage, cow manure, and the effluent from an active digester as

the starter. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), pH, and volatile fatty acids

(VFA), biogas production rate, and methane content in the biogas were used as

the main parameters to represent the performance of each digestion mixture.

The mathematical model developed in this research was reasonably good to

represent the anaerobic co-digestion process with the stillage VS levels ranged

between 1-5%. The simulation using the developed model suggested that the

optimum VS concentration to produce the maximum amount of methane in the

biogas was 3%. Verification using experimental data confirmed the optimum VS

concentration between 3-4% VS with the addition of cow manure as much as 5

kg/liter stillage and the use of the effluent of an active digester as the starter as

much as 2.5 kg/liter stillage. At an appropriate composition of the stillage

mixture, the co-digestion process of stillage and cow manure can produce more

biogas than the conventional digestion using only cow manure as the intake

material.

Keywords: Stillage, anaerobic digestion, codigestion, cow manure, bioethanol,

waste treatment.


71

PAPER ID: MOD 05

SIMULATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS BETWEEN

PALM OIL AND DIMETHYL CARBONATE

N.A. Ali and N. Aziz*

School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus

14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia

*Tel: +604-5996457; Fax: +604-6941013; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Biodiesel is an emergency expenditure, since petroleum is start depleting and

exponential rise in price. Transesterification of vegetable oil is the most common

process in biodiesel production. Palm oil has high opportunity to produce better

quality of biodiesel which is known as palm methyl ester (PME). Instead of

commonly used methanol, here the dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is used which

could provide higher conversion of PME. DMC is a versatile compound due to its

eco-friendliness of chemical reactivity and physical properties. Besides that,

DMC is non-toxic, non-irritating, biodegradable, stable and easy to handle. DMC

can act as solvent which can enhance the mass transfer in transesterification

reaction. Using DMC, the byproduct produced is glycerol carbonate which has

commercial value in production of detergent, cosmetic, dermatologic and etc. In

this work, simulation of transesterification process is carried out using ASPEN

PLUS® software in order to assess the economic feasibility and to evaluate the

interactions among selected input and output variables. The result of this work

can be used to determine feasible model to be embedded in advanced control

strategy.

Keywords: Simulation, Sensitivity Analysis, Transesterification, Dimethyl

Cabonate, Palm methyl ester.



72

PAPER ID: MOD 06

A COMBINED MODEL CONSIDERING PORE BLOCKAGE AND

COMPRESSIVE CAKE LAYER FOR ULTRA FILTRATION OF DAIRY

WHEY SUSPENSION

Tuan-Anh NGUYEN, Shiro YOSHIKAWA *

Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and

Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku,

Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

* Corresponding author, Tel: +81 3 5734 3278; fax: +81 3 5734 3278.

E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Yoshikawa).

Abstract

Cross-flow ultrafiltration is a pressure driven membrane process for the separation

of large molecular suspension, and it is widely utilized in dairy industry such as

separation of protein suspension. One of the key factors in the cross-flow filtration

process is the steady state permeate flux. Because the long time filtration is

required to attain the steady state, this value is difficult to determine by using only

experiment. Therefore, in this study, a combined model which sequentially

considers pore blockage and compressive yield stress is developed to predict the

permeate flux during filtration. Re-constituted whey protein concentrate

suspension was used as the test liquid in this work. Cross-flow ultrafiltration

system with generated cellulose membrane (molecular weight cut off 5000) was

used in all the experiments. The concentration of protein suspension was kept

constant while varying the trans-membrane pressure and feed flow rate. The

model is validated by comparison between calculation results and experimental

data. After validation, the steady state permeate flux is obtained from the model.

Some statistical analysis is employed in order to relate the steady state permeate

flux to operating parameters. Detail statistical analysis shows that only feed flow

rate is the major factor in the cross-flow filtration at the steady state. The feed

flow rate has a positive effect to the steady state permeate flux, meaning that

when the feed flow rate increases, the steady state permeate flux also increases.

Keywords: Ultrafiltration, membrane, separation, combined model, pore

blockage, compressive yield stress.


73

PAPER ID: MOD 07

A PROCESS DESIGN LOGIC FOR RATIONALIZATION OF A

CONTROL SYSTEM

Trung Kim Nguyen and Tetsuo Fuchino

Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan


Abstract

In the current approach, after finishing process design, a process flowsheet was

given to control designers for designing a control structure. This approach is

simple and easy to implement but it is difficult for control designers to understand

the original ideals and intentions of process designers with only the information

from the process flowsheet. Therefore, sometimes, control designers

misunderstood the process design and considered the process flowsheet to be

uncontrollable. In some cases, control structures were designed by intentions

which are different from the intentions of process designers. These differences

could cause some troubles in operation of the process. Moreover, by lack of

information from process design, control design had to uneconomically repeat

some activities which have been done by process design such as sensitivity

analysis and determination of the degree of freedom. Therefore, it is important to

clarify the information which needs to be transfer to control design stage. This

information should be the rationale of process which is determined from the logic

of process design and the intentions of process designers. If the rationale and the

logic of process design had been clarified, it would have been possible to design a

rational control system. Moreover, during the life cycle of a process, it would also

have been easy to follow the design logic and the intentions of process designers

to modify the process for adapting the changing situations such as alternation of

feedstock or product line.

This study aims to construct a process design logic which enables to design a

rationalized control structure. During process design activities, the rationale of

process design was clarified to support control design in selecting controlled

variables, manipulated variables and coupling between them. The rationale of


74

process design has not been well-defined to date; therefore, this study suggested

using the severity of variables as the rationale of process design. The severity of a

variable was based on the effect of that variable on the production rate of process.

To represent the process design logic, the IDEF0, a hierarchical diagram, was

used instead of work-flow diagram which has been commonly used in the

previous studies. A hierarchical diagram may be more suitable for the hierarchical

basis of the process design than a work-flow diagram which is usually used to

represent unidirectional relations.

Keywords: Rationalized Control System, Integration, Process Control, Process

Design Logic.


75

PAPER ID: MOD 09

IMPROVED HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF PROPYLENE

HOMOPOLYMERIZATION IN A GAS-PHASE FLUIDIZED BED

REACTOR

Ahmad Shamiria, Mohamed Azlan Hussain

a, Farouq Sabri Mjalli

a,

Navid Mostoufib,

aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. bProcess Design and Simulation Research Center, School of Chemical

Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box

11155/4563, Tehran, Iran.


Abstract

A comparative simulation study was carried out using the improved well-mixed,

constant bubble size and well mixed models. These fluidized bed reactor models,

combined with comprehensive kinetics for propylene homo-polymerization in the

presence of a multiple active site Ziegler-Natta catalyst, were used to investigate

the effect of mixing, operating conditions and kinetic and hydrodynamic

parameters on the reactor performance. In the improved model, the effect of the

presence of particles in the bubbles and the excess gas in the emulsion phase was

taken into account to improve the quantitative understanding of the actual

fluidized bed process. The superficial gas velocity and catalyst feed rate have a

strong effect on the hydrodynamics and reaction rate, which results in a greater

variation in the polymer production rate and reactor temperature. It was shown

that the improved well mixed model predicts the monomer conversion per pass

through the bed can vary from 0.28 to 5.57% within the practical ranges of

superficial gas velocity and catalyst feed rate. At typical operating conditions the

improved well mixed and well mixed models were in good agreement. While the

constant bubble size model was found to over-predict the emulsion phase

temperature and underpredict propylene concentration. All three models were

shown to provide similar dynamic behavior at the start-up as well as grade

transition. It was shown that injecting a very low level of carbon monoxide to the

reactor when the reactor reaches the maximum safe bed operation temperature


76

reduces the risks of particle melting, agglomeration and subsequent reactor

shutdown by bringing back the temperature of the bed below the safe limit very

quickly.

Keywords: Fluidized-Bed Modeling, Propylene Homopolymerization, Ziegler-

Natta catalyst.


77

PAPER ID: MOD 10

MODEL REDUCTION FOR PASSIVITY BASED CONTROL OF

PARABOLIC PDEs - HEAT CONDUCTION CASE

Hoang Ngoc Ha1, Phan Dinh Tuan

2

1Department of Chemical Engineering,

2Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biomass Research,

Hochiminh City University of Technology

Abstract

This paper proposes a passivity based approach for control of temperature in a

homogeneous metal bar with heat conduction in one spatial dimension described

by parabolic PDEs. More precisely, this approach is motivated by an appropriate

model reduction schema to discretize and write the original parabolic PDEs into a

Port Hamiltonian representation. The boundary control input is then synthesized

using passive tools to stabilize the temperature of the bar at a desired reference

value. Some numerical simulations are given to validate our theoretical results.

Keywords: Port Hamiltonian framework, passivity, boundary control, model

reduction.


78

PAPER ID: MOD 11

NONLINEARITY STUDIES OF CONTINUOUS BIOETHANOL

FERMENTATION PROCESS

N. Mohd and N. Aziz*

School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Engineering Campus


*Phone: +604-5996457; Fax: +604-6941013; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Ethanol produced by fermentation from crops is known as bioethanol. Bioethanol

fermentation has received a great interest among researchers due to its high

potential as the alternative fuel to fossil fuels, transportation fuel, fuel extender

and oxygenate, and improve knocking resistance. Moreover it is environmental

friendly and burn with smokeless blue flame, with RON 113. However,

bioethanol fermentation process has complicated dynamics; therefore its control

is very challenging. It is inherently concerned with nonlinearity and non-

stationarity, which make modeling and parameters estimation is difficult. As a

result, study on modeling and advanced control strategy of this process has

received a great interest during the recent years. In this work, simulation of the

continuous bioethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeast, Saccharomyces

cerevisiae is carried out. Then, a degree of the process nonlinearity is evaluated

by examining the interaction between selected input and output variables. The

inputs variables involved in this study are substrate feed flowrate, rate of recycle

flow from separation unit, rate of recycle from yeast treatment unit, input

temperature and input substrate concentration. While the output variables involve

are the output product concentration, substrate concentration, active and dead

biomass concentration, and temperature. This study will be carried out in

MATLAB Simulink environment. The output of this study can give an insight

for rational selection of controller design strategies in the future.

Keywords: Bioethanol, fermentation, simulation, nonlinearity.


79

PAPER ID: MOD 12

OPTIMIZATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC DECOLORIZATION OF

LIGNIN IN WATER MATRIX USING IMMOBILIZED NANOTiO2

CATALYST BY BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Beatriz Avellana-Belmonte1, Carl Renan Estrellan

1, and Susan Gallardo

1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft,

Avenue, Manila, Philippines 1004


Abstract

Wood in paper manufacturing consists of lignin which is hard to biodegrade and

responsible for the intense brown color of the wastewater. The objective of the

study is to optimize the operational parameters which would result in the highest

photocatalytic efficiency for the decolorization of lignin in water using

nanotitania catalyst immobilized on microscopy glass plates. Three-variable and

three-level Box-Behnken design is the optimization technique that was employed.

The different variables investigated were initial pH of the solution (x1: 3, 5, 7),

initial lignin concentration (x2: 60, 80, 100 ppm), and oxygen flowrate (x3: 20,

50, 80 mL/min). The response is the photocatalytic efficiency which was

expressed as the amount of lignin decolorized per unit weight of catalyst per unit

time (ppm/mgcat-hr). The catalyst loading and irradiation time were fixed at

0.13g/L and 6 hours respectively. The Design-Expert software was used to

determine the optimum conditions of the variables which would result in the most

desirable response value. The optimum parameters were found to be 3 for initial

pH, 100 ppm for initial lignin concentration and 80 mL/min for oxygen flowrate.

The response is 0.116 ppm/mgcat-hr. The experimental data obtained were

analyzed by the response surface regression procedure with the aid of Design-

Expert software and a fitted linear model that represents the relationship between

the response and the input variables was generated. When the optimum values of

the parameters were applied to actual lignin-containing wastewater from a partner

recycling paper mill, the values of the experimental and predicted response were

in good agreement. Furthermore, the post characterization of the catalyst in terms

of surface morphology, elemental composition, crystallite phase and size, and

surface area revealed that the good properties of the immobilized nanotitania


80

catalyst were preserved after its utilization to the photocatalytic treatment of

lignin in actual wastewater.

Keywords: Lignin, NanoTiO2, Immobilization, Photocatalytic Efficiency, Box-

Behnken.


81

PAPER ID: MOD 13

SIMULATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF METHYL

MYRISTATE AND ISOPROPANOL IN SEMIBATCH REACTIVE

DISTILLATION COLUMN

1N.A.A Bashah,

2M.R. Othman and *

2N. Aziz

1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara,

13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia 2School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering

Campus


*Phone: +604-5996457; Fax: +604-6941013; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Parameter sensitivity analysis is important for large and complex process

model. The information from the analysis can be used for optimization and

control system. In this work, the transesterification of methyl myristate (MM)

and isopropanol (IPM) using batch reactive distillation is simulated using

ASPEN PLUS. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of parameters

interaction among input and output variables in the process under consideration.

The inputs variable involve in this study are the amount of isopropanol (nIP,ο),

methyl myristate (nMM,ο), and methanol (nM,ο) in initial batch charge, feed

flow rate (F), reflux ratio (RR), distillate rate (D), and reboiler duty(Qb). While

the evaluated output are the liquid composition in the reboiler (xMM, xIP,

xIPM, xM), temperature at stage 15(T15), 31(T31) and 32(T32) and batch time

(t). Nonparametric test was conducted to evaluate the overall mean sensitivity in

individual input variables to output parameters based on their rank. The result

obtained showed that the Qb is at the highest rank followed by nIP,ο, nMM,ο,

RR, F, D and nM,ο. The effects are grouped to high, mild and low sensitivity in

term of IPM productivity. The IPM produced by each group ranging from 0.4-

0.96 kmol/kmol, 0.68-0.98 kmol/kmol and 0.8-0.87 kmol/kmol respectively. In

addition, temperature profiles in stage 32 also have a great influence to the

change of process variables.

Keywords: Semibatch reactive distillation, simulation, input-output interaction,

transesterification.


82

PAPER ID: MOD 15

REVIEW ON GAS-LIQUID MIXING ANALYSIS IN MULTISCALE

STIRRED VESSEL USING CFD.

Baharak Sajjadi, A.R. Abdul Aziz*, Shaliza Ibrahim


University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected],

Tel no: 603-79675300, Fax no: 603-79675319

Abstract

The liquid-gas operations in the stirred vessels can be a complex system to

analyze because of the presence numerous parameters and operational conditions

that effect its performance. Since the past decades, CFD analysis is gaining

popularity and even replacing the need for extensive experimentation. The

objective of this review is to establish the approaches and equations commonly

used in CFD analysis for gas-liquid mixing operation and investigation of their

strength and weaknesses. Upon review, it was found that researchers either used

Eulerian-Eulerian (E-E) or Eulerian-Lagrangian (E-L) approaches to investigate

multi-phase flows. It is concluded that E-L approaches for dispersed multi-phase

flows simulate detailed flow structures with a much higher spatial resolution if

powerful computing is available.Within these approaches turbulency is another

important factor for the study of fluid dynamics.Common turbulence models

such as standard, realizable and RNG k-ε RSM, SST k-ε direct numerical

simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) are described and compared

for their respective limitations and advantages. Literature confirmed that k-ε is

the most widely used turbulence model. However it suffers from some inherent

shortcoming due to the assumption of the isotropy of turbulence and

homogenous mixing which is suitable for very high Reynolds number in

unbaffled stirred reactors. Therefore LES have been proven to be able to

overcome k-ε limitations but it needs a rather intense CPU time.In the

applications of CFD simulations for gas–liquid stirred vessels, bubble size

distribution is the most important parameter; hence, different techniques for the

formulation of the bubble size equations that involves source/sink terms for the

coalescence or breakup have been investigated. The techniques include


83

Quadrature of moments, Direct Quadrature of Moments, Classes Method bubble

number density, multiple size group model, parallel parent and daughter classes

and the Monte Carlo method for solving population. These techniques provide a

framework in which the population balance method together with the

coalescence and break up models can be unified into three-dimensional CFD

calculations. Sliding mesh (SM), multiple reference frame (MRF) and inner–

outer (IO) aspects were also investigated as the three widely used approaches for

simulation of flow field in modeling problems.

The simulations performed indicate that the type of numerical grids applied did

not significantly influence the numerical results. Meanwhile the grid density has

a considerable effect on the numerical results especially in Lagrangian

simulations where the particles are investigated individually and also for MRF

framework where stationary and moving domanis are coupled. In addition, the

most common simplification assumptions which have resulted in the major error

during simulation are also summarized and factors that contribute to lack of

fundamental knowledge on CFD analysis for multiphase flows in stirred reactors

are also explored.

Keywords: Stirred tank, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multi-fluid

models, Turbulence, Population balances, impeller motion models and frame

grid.


84

PAPER ID: MOD 16

ADAPTIVE FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED ON HYBRID ANFIS

MODEL FOR PH NEUTRALIZATION

M.F. Zanil a,b, A.M. NorHuda

b, M.A. Hussain

a,b

a UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC),

Level 4, Engineering Tower b Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

This study proposed the Adaptive Fuzzy Logic controller by using ANFIS model.

The adaptive mechanic is to guarantee the controller input bounded and stable to

variation of disturbances. The adaptive mechanic extended the Fuzzy Logic

controller robustness properties by introducing adjusting gain that compensates

the uncertain affect in pH neutralization experiment. In this study, ANFIS acted

as a reference model to detect the existing of un-model signals. Calculation of

adjusting gain happens when there are differences between the model and

process-variable. Thus, the ANFIS model forced the control action to adjust its

output until plant achieves the reference value. The key to this control strategy is

to hold the accurate model for pH neutralization. The ANFIS identification is

able to reproduce the on-line plant dynamic precisely. The experiment setup

consists of pH electrode, control valve, 100-liter mixing tank, and on-line-

computer with data-acquisition. In this experiment, Hydrochloric Acid flow rate

acted as disturbance while Caustic Soda flow rate as a manipulated variable. The

control objective is to keep the pH at neutralization condition (pH = 7).

According to this need, the ANFIS model should mirror the open loop input-

output dataset during the experiment. The study collected 1500 input-output pair

signals meant for training and checking the ANFIS model. The study conducted

an on-line experimental work to test the proposed controller. The result shows the

comparison on set-point tracking and disturbance rejection among PID, Fuzzy

Logic, and Adaptive Fuzzy Logic controller. The study found that the adaptive

strategy inside Fuzzy Logic could increase the controller performance in the pH

neutralization.

Keywords: Adaptive controller, Fuzzy Logic Control, pH neutralization.


85

PAPER ID: MOD 17

A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MIXING MODEL FOR SEMIBATCH

POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

Nur Azura Rosli, Suhairi A. Sata* , WJN Fernando

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia,

14300 Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang

*Correspondent author: [email protected]

Fax no. : +604 – 5941013

Abstract

A segregated feed model (SFM) is used as a simple mathematical mixing model.

The model is used in predicting the influence of the macro and micro

characteristic in mixing process. They mainly describe macromixing patterns

inside the reactor when the material transport between different zones is only by

convection. The degree of micromixing was represented by diffusion between

different zones in the model. The mixing conditions in the model are described in

terms of the time constants tm, tx for convective and diffusion mixing

respectively. In order to generalized the model, the overall model has been

reformulated with dimensionless variables to avoid using specific values and it

makes the time constant become θm and θx for convective and diffusion mixing

respectively. The segregated feed model proposed by Villermaux (1989), consists

of three different zones. The two zones represent the semisegregated feed zones

that received feed flows and exchange mass by the mass transfer mechanism in

the zone three. The feed zones may be thought as fluid portions retaining

something of the feed composition and convected throughout the reactor while in

zone three, the diffusion between fluid occurred. In relating the segregated feed

model with polymerization, the chemical reaction rate has been specified. The

means of a kinetic model for the free radical addition polymerization have been

provided as a chemical reaction rate. Initiator, monomer, propagation and the

moment of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) are the chemical reaction

rate used, substituted in the mixing model.The purpose in relating polymerization

and mixing model are to determine the effect of mixing towards the number-

(DPn) and weight (DPw)-average degree of polymerization, calculated from the

moments of the MWD, to mixing conditions expressed in terms of the time


86

constant of the mixing model. In the present research, the comparison between

ideal and nonideal mixing are shown as well by indicates the polydispersity, Zp

(DPw/DPn).

Keywords: Mixing, mixing model, number average degree of polymerization,

weight averagedegree of polymerization, polydispersity.


87

PAPER ID: MOD 18

LONG TERM DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS

REACTOR IN THE FACE OF CATALYST DEACTIVATION

Mohd Nazri Mohd Fuad a, Mohd Azlan Hussain

a, Adam Zakaria

b

a Chemical Engineering Department

University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603 b PETRONAS Group Technology Solutions

PETRONAS Research & Technology Division, Kuala Lumpur 50050

Abstract

In this study, we formulate a mathematical model of the fixed-bed methanol

synthesis reactor in the face of long-term catalyst deactivation. This model is

represented as a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) that requires

special solution methodology. Numerical solution is accomplished by using

symmetric orthogonal collocation points along the tube radial direction and finite

difference methods along the tube axial direction, rendering the PDE system into

a system of differential and algebraic equations (DAE) that is readily solved by

using general-purpose DAE solver. This model is subsequently solved to simulate

the operating behavior of the methanol synthesis reactor system in the face of

long-term catalyst deactivation. Furthermore, parametric studies are conducted to

study the effect of the reactor’s coolant temperature on the long-term operating

performance of the reactor system. Clearly, the optimization of the reactor’s

coolant temperature is crucial to ensure that the reactor system is operated

optimally in the face of long-term catalyst deactivation.

Keywords: Fixed-bed reactor, methanol synthesis, catalyst deactivation, dynamic

simulation.


88

PAPER ID: MOD 19

A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN

ADDITION ON CHEMICAL KINETICS OF HYDROGEN-

HYDROCARBON FLAMES

Mahar Diana HAMID1, Yajue WU

2

1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield,

Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom

Abstract

In this paper, the effects of hydrogen concentration on the chemical kinetics of

hydrogen-hydrocarbon flames were investigated computationally. Methane

(CH4), ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) were the hydrocarbons employed in

order to assess the effects of hydrogen concentration on the mixtures’ chemical

kinetics according to the chemical structures of the hydrocarbons used.

Computational simulations of the hydrogen-hydrocarbon combustion processes

at various hydrogen concentrations had been performed using Konnov’s

detailed hydrocarbon combustion mechanism up to C3. The concentration profiles

of the OH, H and O free radical, and the adiabatic flame temperature of these

mixtures at different hydrogen concentrations had been obtained. The results

showed that a significant increase of the OH, O and H peak radical concentrations

of the hydrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures can be observed at around 40%, 60% and

80% of the hydrogen concentrations for hydrogen-methane, hydrogen-ethane and

hydrogen-propane mixture, respectively. Similar trend of the peak radical

concentrations and it corresponding laminar burning velocity suggests a strong

correlation between these two parameters. It was concluded that the chemical

kinetics of hydrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures improve as hydrogen is added to the

mixtures. However, hydrogen-hydrocarbon mixture with higher

carbon number would needs higher hydrogen concentration to produce similar

improvements as those produced by hydrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures with lower

carbon number.

Keywords: Hydrogen fuel, hydrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures, chemical kinetics,

free radicals.


89

PAPER ID: MOD 20

A REVIEW ON MODELING AND CONTROL SYSTEM OF

FLUIDIZATION BED GAS PHASE REACTOR FOR POLYETHYLENE

PRODUCTION

Mohammad Jakir Hossain Khan, Mohamed Azlan Hussain,

Muhammad Faisal Irfan


University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

In the present study recent developments in modeling and control system of

gas-phase catalyzed polyethylene polymerization fluidized-bed reactors (FBR) are

critically reviewed. The polymerization process along with a number of research

works have been taken under consideration. Essential developed equations,

proposed reaction behavior, limitation of research scope and significant findings

have been presented. For instance; particle size of monomer and catalysts,

molecular weight distribution, optimal grade transition, the branching density and

distribution, molecular weight distribution along with polydespersity, bubbling/

turbulent with slug flow, two/three phase and hybrid modeling conception have

been discussed. In order to describe to reactor fluid dynamics CFD

(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation in conjunction with electrostatics

effect and gas-solid flow field have also been illustrated.

Keywords: Polymerization, reactor fluid dynamics CFD, electrostatics effect, gas-

solid flow field.


90

PAPER ID: MOD 21

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS

CELLS (MECS) IN BATCH REACTOR FOR BIOHYDROGEN

PRODUCTION: PRELIMINARY STUDY

Azwar1,3

, A.K. Abdul-Wahab2 and M.A. Hussain

3

1Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Syiah Kuala, 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC),

Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract

A global reduction in CO2 emissions will require sustainable hydrogen production

based on renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomasses. Hydrogen

can be produced from certain forms of biomass by biological fermentation, but

still the yields are significantly low. This bio-electrochemically assisted microbial

system, when combined with the hydrogen fermentation process has the potential

to produce as much as 8 to 9 mole H2/ mol of glucose at energy cost equivalent of

1.2 mol H2/mole of glucose. Production of hydrogen by electrochemical process

is not limited only to carbohydrates, as in the fermentation process. Other

biodegradable dissolved organic matter can theoretically be used to generate

hydrogen from the complete oxidation of organic matter. Furthermore by

electrochemically increasing the cathode potential in a microbial fuel cell (MFC),

it is possible to continuously produce hydrogen electron exchange assisted by

bacteria. This method greatly decrease the amount of energy needed to produce

hydrogen from organic matter compared to hydrogen production from water via

electrolysis. In this work, preliminary study of mathematical modeling on the

hydrogen production from wastewater using electrochemical method in a batch

reactor is proposed. Therefore, this study can be extended in future to improve the

basic and current knowledge about the performance of electrochemical process in

producing hydrogen gas as future fuel.

Keywords: Hydrogen gas production, mathematical model, electrochemical,

batch reactor.


91

PAPER ID: MOD 22

BUBBLE SIZE MEASUREMENT USING BORESCOPIC IMAGING

TECHNIQUE

M I Hossain, and R Lau1

School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering,

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore


Fax: +65 6794 7553

Abstract

The measurement of bubble size distribution in a bubble column has always been

a challenge especially under high pressures. The rapid dynamic movements of

bubbles in the liquid phase and the irregularity of the bubble shape cause many

commonly used size measurement techniques to fail. In this study, a borescopic

imaging technique is developed to determine the bubble size distribution in a

bubble column under elevated pressures. Since bubbles appear randomly in the

three-dimensional space, the use of two-dimensional images is not sufficient to

determine the bubble size accurately. A statistical approach is adopted to account

for the probability of bubbles appearing at various distance from the borescope in

order to reconstruct a more accurate bubble size distribution than the one obtained

from the images directly. In addition, the effect of high gas holdup on the visual

penetration is also determined. The technique developed is verified by the size

measurement of solid particles whose size distribution is known. The bubble size

distribution determined over a range of superficial gas velocities and operating

pressures is compared with those reported in the literature under equivalent

experimental conditions. It is found that the proposed technique has invaluable

potential in an accurate measurement of bubble size distribution in a bubble

column.

Keywords: Size measurement technique, bubble size distribution, bubble column,

borescopic imaging.


92

SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY

PAPER ID: SEP 01

pH EFFECT ON CHIRAL SEPARATION OF PHENYLALANINE USING

P(AA-CO-AN) MEMBRANE IMPRINTED BY INSITU IMPLANTATION

OF D-PHENYLALANINE

Noaman Ul-Haq

School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME),

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

E-mail: [email protected],

School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME),

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad,

Pakistan,

Fax no. +92-51-90855106

Abstract

The remarkable molecularly imprinting technique was used for chiral resolution

of phenylalanine. The template is introduced during polymerization process and

after formation of polymer template is removed by leaving imprinted cavities in

the polymer matrix correspondence to template. Kobayashi et al. [1 – 3] was

pioneer of developing molecularly imprinted membranes by wet phase inversion

method. The solidification and precipitation of polymer was achieved by

replacement of solvent with non-solvent in coagulation bath. D-Phenylalanine (D-

Phe) was introduced in the polymer matrix of Poly Acrylic Acid-co-Acrylonitrile

P(AA-co-AN) membranes as template using non-covalent approach which is

more favorable for binding template and easy to break. The polymer P(AA-co-

AN) with template D-Phe was prepared using free radical polymerization. The

membranes were prepared by wet phase inversion method. Then D-Phe was

removed from the polymer matrix of membranes. The successive removal of

template created cavities in the polymeric matrix of membranes. The D-Phe

imprinted membrane selectively was observed by permeation experiments. The

D-Phe imprinted membrane selectively adsorbed D-Phe and facilitated

permeation of D-Phe. Selective rejection of solute was also observed. The


93

membrane showed relatively high adsorption selectivity. Membrane show

facilitated permeation. Continuous enantioselective transport with relatively high

selectivity was achieved. These results are the evidence of availability of chiral

environment in polymer matrix of membrane. The membrane found to be pH

sensitive. The chiral selectivity of membrane increased with the decrease in pH

which was not reported earlier. The 0.30 rejection selectivity, 2.40 adsorption

selectivity and 2.03 permselectivity were achieved when chiral separation of Phe

racemate solution was done at pH-2 using ultrafiltration technique.

The structure of membrane was studied by FT-IR and FE-SEM was used to study

morphology of membrane. The morphological studies reveal that membrane was

nano-porous and very thin.

Keywords: Chiral separation, facilitate permeation, imprinted membrane,

phenylalanine, rejection, ultrafiltration.

References:

1. H.Y. Wang, T. Kobayashi, N. Fujii, Molecular Imprint Membranes Prepared

by the Phase Inversion Precipitation Technique, Langmuir 12 (1996) 4850-

4856.

2. T. Kobayashi, H.Y. Wang, N. Fujii, Molecular imprinting of theophylline in

acrylonitrile–acrylic acid copolymer membrane, Chem. Lett. 10 (1995) 927-

928.

3. H.Y. Wang, T. Kobayashi, T,Fukaya, N. Fujii, Ion Complex Membranes of

Acrylonitrile Copolymers Having Methacrylic Acid and Amphiphilic

Quaternized Ammonium Groups for Uracil Molecular Imprinting, Langmuir

13 (1997) 5396-5400.


94

PAPER ID: SEP 02

RECALTRAN CIBACRON RED DYE ADSORPTION BY LOCALLY

SOURCED DOLOMITE ADSORBENT

M. Auta, B.H. Hameed*, M.A. Ahmad


University of Science Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] (B.H. Hameed)

Fax: +6045941013

Abstract

Living and non-living things all cohabit in the eco-system but man’s quest for a

better life through technological advancement is altering the sedate organic and

inevitable place of habour. Amongst irksome activities of man is his none

adherence to laws governing sustainable good environment by indiscriminate

discharge of poisonous substances such as dyes into the environment. Restorative

step towards serene environment collapse was attempted by harnessing potentials

of locally available dolomite material from Perak state in Malaysia. The dolomite

material was crushed, sieved and then calcined. The calcined dolomite’s

adsorptivity was tested on treatment of synthetic textile waste-waters containing

reactive Cibacron Red dye (CBD) through batch adsorption studies which yielded

a maximum adsorption capacity of 100 mg/g. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-

second-order kinetic models studies administered on the adsorption process data

revealed that both models described the process very well with pseudo-second-

order model having an edge over pseudo-first-order model. Langmuir and

Freundlich isotherms were suitable representation of the process more than

Temkin isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption

process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature; and also, entropy of the

process increased with increase in temperature of the system. Boundary layer and

intra-particle diffusion steps were necessary for the adsorption of CBD on the

adsorbent. The adsorbent was characterized for surface area, pore size and

morphological structure using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) analyzers, respectively. Point of neutrality described

by zero point of charge pHzpc of the adsorbent was found to be 9.4. Fourier

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for identification of functional


95

groups in the dolomite adsorbent. The locally sourced dolomite adsorbent was

found to be very good for removal of CBD from waste-waters and can be used

adequately as a cheaper alternative to expensive commercial activated carbon.

Keywords: Dolomite, Calcination, Adsorption, Cibacron Red dye,

Characterization.


96

PAPER ID: SEP 03

EFFECT OF MICROWAVE ASSISTANT ON SOLVENT EXTRACTION

YIELD OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES

Liza Md Salleh*, Norlisa Harruddin, Nur Syukriah Ab Rahman, Hasmida Mohd

Nasir*, Mohd Amzar Mohd Zahari, Ida Idayu Muhammad, Mohd Azizi Che

Yunus*,**

Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor

*Centre of Lipid Engineering Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor

**Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor

Abstract

Moringa Oleifera is widely known as a nutritious vegetable tree with a wide

variety of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics

compounds and more but its leaves are the most valuable part because its extracts

are traditionally used against fevers, bronchitis, eye and ear infections and

inflammation of the mucus membrane. Soxhlet extraction is the most common

method to extract bioactive compounds, but due to the long extraction time and

high temperature, this approach may affect the recovery of desired thermolabile

compounds. Hence, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is one of the

alternative methods to extract the bioactive compounds with promising fast

extraction time, less solvent consumption and protection to the thermolabile

compounds against high temperature. The study was performed in order to

determine the optimum parameters using (MAE) toward the extraction yield and

radical scavenging activity of Moringa Oleifera leaves. Hence, three parameters

has been investigated which are types of solvent (methanol and ethanol), power

(110, 330, 550, 770) Watt and irradiation time (2, 3, 4) minutes. The results

presented in this study shows that the optimum conditions of microwave for

gained high percentage yield is at 330W for 3 minutes and by using aqueous

methanol. While for antioxidant test, the extract was analyzed by using DPPH

radical scavenging and the optimum condition was observed at 330W for 2

minutes using aqueous ethanol. Therefore, all three parameters which are types

of solvent, irradiation time and power give significant effect on percentage


97

extraction yield and antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera leaves, bioactive compounds, microwave-assisted

extraction, types of solvent, irradiation time, microwave power, DPPH radical

scavenging activity.


98

PAPER ID: SEP 04

ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION FROM GINGER USING FOCUSED

MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION

Dr. Myo Min Win

Assistant Director,

Department of Technology Promotion and Coordination,

Ministry of Science and Technology

Abstract

In the present years, the use of microwave for extraction of constituents from

plant materials has been explored as a new effective way because conventional

techniques for the extraction of active constituents are time and solvent

consuming. In this research work, essential oil was extracted from the locally

available ginger matrix by focus microwave assisted extraction (FMAE).

Experimental set-up for extraction of essential oil (EO) was installed and three

different values of microwave power (230, 380, 540 Watts) were chosen to study

the influence of microwave power on the extraction process. Other important

parameters of weight by volume ratio of ginger matrix and solvent, moisture

content of ginger matrix and extraction time were also studied. The results

showed that FMAE was the excellent extraction process when compared with the

conventional Soxhlet extraction process due to its high product yield (3.791%)

and extremely shorter extraction time (15 min). Refractive index and specific

gravity of EO were measured and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

(FTIR) analysis for EO was also carried out.

Keywords: Essential oil, extraction, plant materials, Refractive index, specific

gravity.


99

PAPER ID: SEP 05

IDENTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM CARBON

DIOXIDE INDUCED DEGRADATION OF DIETHANOLAMINE

DURING SOUR GAS SWEETENING PROCESS

Md. Sakinul Islam, Brahim Si Ali, Rozita Yusoff, Mohammad Harun Chakrabarti


University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Alkanolamines are widely used in the purification of sour gas sweetening process.

During the sour gas sweetening process carbon dioxide highly degraded the

amine solvent and creates enormous problems during plant operation. In this

present work carbon dioxide induced degradation of diethanolamine (DEA) was

conducted in jacketed glass reactor under absorber and stripper conditions at

atmospheric pressure. Pure carbon dioxide was bubbled through the reactor till

saturation. The concentration of DEA used ranging from 2M to 4M. During the

degradation experiment there are six generic cycles were conducted for each run.

Each cycle configured with the absorption and desorption of carbon dioxide at 55

˚C and 100 ˚C respectively. Samples were collected after a predetermined

experimental time and analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) methods to identify

unknown degradation products. In the IC analysis three different columns were

used for Anion, Cation and Ion exclusion systems these are Metrosep A Supp 5

150/4.0, Metrosep C Supp 4 150/4.0 and Metrosep Organic Acids respectively.

The major degradation products identified in this work are nitrate, nitrite, acetate,

phosphate and ammonium.

Keywords: Degradation, diethanolamine, absorption, stripping, sweetening

process, chromatography.


100

PAPER ID: SEP 06

THE POTENTIAL OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL

ACTIVITY OF QUERCUS INFECTORIA (MANJAKANI) GALLS

EXTRACT

Liza Md Salleh, Nur Syukriah Ab Rahman, Ahmad Ramdan Ismail,

Hartati Ahmad Perseni and Hasmida Mohd Nasir

Department of Bioprocess Engineering,UTM Johor Bharu, Johor

Abstract

Quercus infectoria (manjakani) galls is one of the greatest medicine plant which is

widely used in traditional remedies. It contains several bioactive compounds

which are proven can treat many disease and pharmacologically documented to

possess astrigent, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal and more. Soxhlet extraction

is the most common method to extract bioactive compounds from biological

plants due to its simplicity, easy to handle and cheap. However, to date the

extraction of manjakani by using different types of solvents were not well-

documented. Hence, the study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of

using different types of solvents with different polarity toward the extraction yield

and the potential of the extracted constituents to possess antioxidant activity and

antimicrobial properties. Hence, six solvent were selected which are 100%

methanol, 70% methanol, 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 100% acetone and 100%

aqueous. The antioxidant activity of the samples were assess by using DPPH free

radical scavenging while antimicrobial properties were evaluated using disc

diffusion method. The result presented in this study shows that 100% distilled

water gives the highest extraction yield which is 80.03 % followed by 70%

methanol (76.34%),70% ethanol (71.44%),100% methanol(69.54%), 100%

ethanol(45.71%) and 100% acetone(43.57%). While for antioxidant test, all the

extracts were found to posses high scavenging activity varies from 94.55% until

92.60% with 100% distilled water gives the highest scavenging .For antimicrobial

activity, all the samples were tested against two gram negative bacteria

(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two gram positive bacteria

(Staphylococcus aereus and Bacillus subtilis).The antimicrobial activity of the

alcoholic and acetone extracts were superior compared to the aqueous extract and

out of four bacterial species tested, S.aereus showed the lowest inhibition zone.


101

However, all the extracted samples were comparable with the commercial

antibiotics and exhibited a good antimicrobial activity. Therefore, all the samples

extracted displayed similarities in their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and

as such, the galls of Quercus Infectoria are potentially good source of natural

antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Keywords: Quercus infectoria galls, manjakani, bioactive compounds, soxhlet

extraction, types of solvent, DPPH free radical scavenging.


102

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

PAPER ID: MEM 01

FOULING MECHANISMS DURING ULTRAFILTRATION OF

POLYPHENOLS FROM PINK GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA) FRUIT

PROCESSING RESIDUE

Chooi Kim Lam*, Prof. Madya Dr. Che Rosmani Che Hassan,

Prof. Dr. Nik Meriam Nik Sulaiman

Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur.

*Corresponding author. Tel: +86 017 473 4702; Fax: +86 03 7967 5319.

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Postal Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract

Concentration and recovery of valuable bioactive compounds have gained

interest of researchers in last several decades. Membrane separation is a

promising method for the extraction since the conventional extraction using

organic solvent had raised health concerns due to potential toxic effects from the

residual solvent. However, the performance of membrane processing is

significantly influenced by the declining permeate flux with time. Therefore,

investigation and understanding on the fouling mechanism is crucial before a

method to overcome the fouling is developed. In this study, tubular membrane

module with a total surface area of 0.0113 m2 was used for the ultrafiltration.

Two commercial polyesthersulfone (PES) membranes with different molecular

weight cut-off (4000MW and 9000MW) were used to study the membrane-solute

interactions (adsorptive fouling) and membrane-solute-solute interactions. Pure

water fluxes were measured to investigate the resistant for the cake formation,

reversible and irreversible fouling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was

used to illustrate the membrane surface morphology for the fouled membrane.

For adsorptive fouling study, it is observed that relative flux reduction (RFR) for

PES9000 was higher than PES4000 due to the pore constriction. Ultrafiltration


103

results show that reversible and irreversible fouling was contributed to the flux

decline and irreversible fouling is the predominant fouling mechanisms in

recovery of polyphenols. Several combinations of cleaning solution were used in

regenerating the fouled membrane and the cleaning efficiency of the solutions

was measured.

Keywords: Ultrafiltration, fouling, polyphenols, Psidium Guavaja.


104

PAPER ID: MEM 02

MODIFICATION OF MICROFILTRATION POLYAMIDE MEMBRANE

AS MEMBRANE CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR PROTEIN SEPARATION

N.I. Raslia and Syed M. Saufi

b

a*b Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LebuhrayaTun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang,

Malaysia a [email protected] b [email protected]

Hp: 0134650483

Fax: +609-549 2889

Abstract

Packed bed chromatography is a well-known technique for protein purification

due to its high specificity and efficiency. However it has a limitation in term of

productivity and the pressure drop across the column tend to increase over it

operation. Membranes chromatography has been introduced as alternative support

for chromatographic separations in order to overcome the limitation of packed

bed chromatography system. The objective of this research is to produce

membrane chromatography material by grafting methacrylic acid monomer onto

polyamide microfiltration membrane. Design of experiment approach will be

used to optimize the grafting parameters. This project is expected to be able to

control and optimize the crucial parameters in preparing the membrane

chromatography. High performance membrane chromatography material in term

of high protein binding capacity at reasonable flow through can reduce the overall

cost of the protein separation in bioproducts manufacturing.

Keywords: Protein separation, membrane chromatography, grafting, polyamide

membrane, design of experiment.


105

PAPER ID: MEM 03

MODIFICATION OF POLYSULFONE ULTRAFILTRATION

MEMBRANES WITH PVA AND TiO2 FOR BETTER ANTIFOULING

Mai Thanh Phong*, Cao Xuan Thang, Phan Dinh Tuan

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology,

Vietnam

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate anti-fouling property of modified

polysulfone ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Polysulfone UF membranes were

modified by coating a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), or a mixture of

polyvinyl alcohol and titanium dioxide (TiO2) on surface. Effects of curing

temperature on the coated membranes were also studied. The modified

membranes were tested with 0.5 g/L sodium alginate solution and industrial dye

wastewater. Curing temperature influenced remarkably flux and fouling property

of the membranes. Among experiments studied, 85 oC was the best curing

temperature. The PVA and PVA/TiO2-coated membranes reduced fouling

significantly. Dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles on membrane surface improved

considerably bacteria removal of the membranes.

Keywords: Ultrafiltration, fouling, polysulfone membrane, polyvinyl alcohol

(PVA), titanium dioxide (TiO2).


106

PAPER ID: MEM 04

SYNTHESIS AND PERFORMANCE OF NANOFILTRATION

POLYESTER MEMBRANE FOR REMOVAL OF NATURAL ORGANIC

MATTER SUBSTANCES

N.A. Jalanni a, M.N. Abu Seman

a, D.M.A. Bachok

a

aFaculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia

Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang,Malaysia

[email protected]

Fax: +609-549 2889

Abstract

Nanofiltration (NF) polyester thin-film composite (TFC) membranes have been

prepared by interfacial polymerization using commercial polyethersulfone

membrane support. At 6% (w/v) triethanolamine (TEAO) concentrations in the

aqueous solution and a range of interfacial polymerization times in the organic

solution containing trimesoyl chloride (TMC) were studied. Nanofiltration

membranes were produced with varying properties through interfacial

polymerization technique. The ability to use NF membranes with varying

properties will improve overall process efficiency. This study has shown that

through interfacial polymerization technique, the variation of reaction time as

well as can affect the performance of the membrane produced. As a result,

increasing the reaction time resulted in decreasing water permeabilities.

Polyester with some amide group produced after interfacial polymerization

occurred as shown by FT-IR spectra. Straight lines were obtained between Jw

and ΔP and the water flux of distilled water shown that flux is directly

proportional to transmembrane pressure (TMP). At low reaction time (5 min),

the water flux has no significant effect on water permeance. So, the reaction time

has a significant effect on the growth of thin film.

Keyword: Nanofiltration, thin-film composite, characteristics, humic acid.


107

PAPER ID: MEM 05

BATIK INDUSTRY SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

USING NANO FILTRATION

Hamidreza Rashidi, Research Assistant, PhD Student

(Environmental Engineering)

Chemical Engineering Department, University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected], Phone: +60123400433

Abstract

Batik industries are the biggest textile industry in the south east of Asia,

specifically in Malaysia. Many local families live with this industry. It is a well-

known fact in the textile industry that dyeing processes generates a lot of

harmful wastewater as well as consuming a lot of water. The most applicable

dye in Batik based on process condition (cold bath, pH…) is Remazol and Vinyl

Sulfun Fiber Reactive Dyes.

In this study, the performance of application of Nano membrane’s separation

process (NF TS80, Trisep,USA)was evaluated under three different Remazol

Fiber Reactive Dyes (Remazol Black Blue,Remazol Orange Fiest,Remazol

Yellow Lemon).

Each type of dye was tested in a 65 minute filtration process run and Flux were

recorded, also the Max absorption in Max wave length of each dyes before

and after each run was observed and the filtration efficiency and Rejection was

calculated. The flux for Remazol BB, Orange and yellow were between 0.005-

0.01( m3/m

2s). Relatively, the rejections were more than about 90% in all of the

dyes.

This study also illustrates that the application of nano membrane process is an

environmental and economical friendly technique for Reactive dyes filtration in

batik industries in local areas.

Keywords: Batik, nano membrane, filtration process, reactive dyes filtration.


108

PAPER ID: MEM 06

A COMPARISON OF CARBON MOLECULAR SIEVE (CMS)

MEMBRANES WITH POLYMER BLEND CMS MEMBRANES FOR

THE GAS PERMEATION APPLICATION

W.Z. Wan Nurul Huda, M.A.Ahmad*


Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Seri Ampangan 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang,

Malaysia.

*Corresponding author. Tel: +604-5996459; Fax:+604-5941013


Abstract

Carbon membrane pore structure can be modified by blending with appropriate

polymer. Carbonized cross-linked polymer blend which is a physical and

chemical mixture of more than two different types of polymers having different

thermal properties will lead to formation of porous structure. Polymer blends can

improve gas separation performance that not found in a single polymer. In this

work, polyetherimide (PEI) was used as a precursor to prepare carbon molecular

sieve (CMS) membranes coated on a porous α-alumina disk via inert pyrolysis

process. The PEI precursor was also modified by blending with polyethylene

glycol (PEG) and its effect on the gas transport property of carbon membrane

pyrolyzed at 773K was examined. The coating solution was prepared by PEI

diluted in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and coated onto support by dip-coating

technique. Uniform CMS membranes were obtained by repeated dip-coating and

pyrolysis of PEI. The structure and the single gas permeation properties of PEI-

based CMS membrane and PEI-blended based CMS membrane were

investigated. The gas permeation of the CMS membranes was tested using four

gases: methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen and performed at 298K.

The best performance was obtained by using PEI-blended based CMS

membrane, whereby CO2 permeability 2.516 x 10-8 mol/m2.s.Pa. The thermal

stability of CMS membranes prepared was determined by thermal gravimetric

analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Spectroscopy were also employed to study


109

the morphology of the resulting membranes. Elemental analysis shows that

although the CMS membrane structure consists mostly of carbon, it also still

contains hydrogen and nitrogen. In this analysis, the hydrogen and nitrogen

contents decreased and the carbon content increased significantly when it

converted into CMS membrane. Scanning electron microscopy of the cross

section of the carbon membrane showed that the carbonized layer lies essentially

within the mesoporous α-alumina intermediate layer. The result indicated that

the blending polymer improve gas diffusivity by increasing the micropore

volume.

Keywords: Carbon molecular sieve membrane, Polyetherimide, polymer blend,

gas permeation.


110

PAPER ID: MEM 07

A REVIEW OF PARAMETRIC DETERMINATION FOR

SIMULTENEOUS FACILITATED TRANSPORT BY HFSLM SYSTEM-

CASE STUDIES

A.W. Lothongkum and T. Prapasawat


King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand


Fax: +662 326 4424

Abstract

Separation processes can be classified as energy-intensive interphase mass

transfer processes and less energy- or less material-intensive intraphase mass

transfer processes. Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) system is

a promising method compared to other conventional separation methods such as

chemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction and so on. It contributes

outstanding characteristics of simultaneous extraction and stripping of a

relatively low concentration in ppm or ppb level of desired or undesired target

species in one single operation, non-equilibrium mass transfer, low energy and

chemicals (extractant and solvent) consumption. HFSLM consists of feed, liquid

membrane and stripping phases. Liquid membrane contains organic carriers or

extractants (acid, basic or neutral) to facilitate selective transport of the target

species. The extractant is generally dissolved in an organic solvent because

most hollow fibers are hydrophobic.

For high efficacy of extraction and stripping using the HFSLM system, it is of

great importance to consider the relevant parameters. Types and concentration

of single extractants or types and ratios of synergistic extractants, types of

organic solvents, pH of feed and stripping solutions, types and concentration of

stripping solutions, concentration of the target species in feed solution, flow

rates of feed and stripping solutions are extensively investigated. In addition, to

enhance the separation performance, flow patterns of feed and stripping

solutions, e.g., continuous and circulating flow patterns should be concerned. In

a large scale capacity or industrial scale, the hollow fiber modules are connected


111

consecutively in series or parallel. The most severe limitation of HFSLM

applications is fouling of suspended or dissolved substances and/or non-

dissolved substances on the surface of the hollow fibers or deposited inside the

pore mouths of the hollow fibers. Fouling leads to an increase in resistance

giving less active area and less mass-transfer flux. This article is a review of

parametric determination of the separation by HFSLM and offers the readers a

broad overview of using the HFSLM system. Detailed applications including

mathematical model were explained herein through our up-to-date case studies.

Keywords: Separation, supported liquid membrane, hollow fiber, facilitated

transport, fouling.


112

OTHER DISCIPLINES

PAPER ID: OTH 01

DEVOLATILIZATION OF PHILIPPINE COAL IN INERT GAS

ATMOSPHERE USING A THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZER

Nathaniel P. Dugos and Susan A. Roces

De La Salle University, Chemical Engineering Department, 2401 Taft Ave.,

1200, Philippines, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The effects of coal rank and temperature on the devolatilization of Philippine

coal in argon atmosphere using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer was investigated

and analyzed. Samples of Cagayan, Surigao , Samar and Zamboanga coal

representing coal of different ranks were pyrolyzed in argon atmosphere using a

Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The weight loss as a function of time and

yield of char were recorded at hold temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700oC.

The TGA results indicated that Cagayan coal exhibited the highest percentage

weight loss followed by Samar coal then Surigao coal and lastly Zamboanga

coal. This trend is consistent at hold temperatures of 400oC, 500

oC, and 600

oC.

However at 700oC, Surigao coal showed the lowest total weight loss instead of

Zamboanga coal but Cagayan coal still came out with the highest amount of

volatiles evolved. Moreover, Zamboanga coal showed a very minimal ultimate

percentage weight loss of 0.3, 2.0 and 3.3% at 400, 500 and 600oC but at 700

oC

a weight loss of 39.8% was observed.

Keywords: Thermogravimetric Analyzer, Cagayan, Surigao , Samar and

Zamboanga coal.


113

PAPER ID: OTH 02

NITROGEN ISOTOPE SEPARATION

IN LOW PRESSURE GLOW DISCHARGE (LPGD) AND

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GLOW DISCHARGE (APGD)

Thi Anh Nga NGUYEN, Shinsuke MORI, Masaaki SUZUKI

Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and

Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku,

Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

Abstract

The nitrogen isotope separation by plasma chemical reaction in the nitrogen-

oxygen direct current (DC) glow discharge has been studied in this thesis. The

nitrogen isotope separation process has been done in various discharge systems

including DC low pressure glow discharge (LPGD) with and without liquid

nitrogen cooling, and DC atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) without

liquid nitrogen cooling. In plasma discharge, the electron impact creates the

higher excited energy state of molecules. Then the V-V pumping occurs among

the molecules to give the molecules containing the heavier isotope a higher

vibrationally excited energy state because of their smaller vibrational level

spacing. In the LPGD with liquid nitrogen cooling, the high nitrogen separation

factor of 1.88 was observed at the conditions of 1.5 mA, 3.5 Torr, and 0.01% of

oxygen reactant inlet with liquid nitrogen temperature wall of discharge tube. In

APGD, the highest separation factor of 1.72 was obtained at the middle current

presenting diffuse mode (2.2 mA) and the lowest oxygen concentration (0.01

sccm). The comparison of DC LPGD system and DC APGD system for the

nitrogen isotope separation process with different traces of oxygen has also

been investigated in this thesis. The reaction mechanisms of nitrogen isotope

separation have also been used to explain for the comparation of the results in

LPGD and APGD. The results indicated the smaller trace of oxygen performed

the higher nitrogen isotope separation factor for both systems.

Keywords: Nitrogen isotope, isotope separation, low pressure glow discharge

(LPGD), atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD).


114

PAPER ID: OTH 03

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF MICROENCAPSULATED

COCONUT OIL AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FOR COOLING

LOAD REDUCTION

Hyacinth Mae G. Tambago, Thor Alexis S. Sazon, Gilbert S. Casuyon,

Al Christopher C. de Leon, Rizalinda L. de Leon, Ph. D.*

Department of Chemical Engineering,

Melchor Hall, University of the Philippines,

Diliman, Quezon City 1101,

Philippines

*E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

Solar gain through walls and windows is one of the major sources of heat input

that affect the required cooling load of spaces or rooms inside buildings. Higher

cooling load requirement implies greater energy consumption and hence greater

expenses. Phase change materials (PCMs) are thermal energy storage

substances that can release or absorb high amounts of energy to or from their

immediate environment during solid-liquid phase transition while maintaining

temperatures constant at their melting point. Cooling load requirements can be

reduced by incorporating microencapsulated phase change material in window

textile and composites to serve as thermal barrier. Coconut oil is a relatively

cheap and abundant natural material that can function as a buffering PCM.

With a melting temperature of 25-27°C slightly lower than ambient temperature

during the day, coconut oil can aid air conditioners in thermal regulation of

cooled spaces. Microcapsules of coconut oil as PCM were synthesized via in-

situ polymerization with melamine and formaldehyde as monomers of the shell

material and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant as emulsifier. Fourier

transform infrared (FTIR) results showed successful encapsulation of coconut

oil. Thermal properties of the microencapsulated coconut oil were measured by

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The microcapsules exhibited a melting

temperature of 24.61°C, which is within the range of comfort temperature. In

order to investigate the effect of surfactant concentration on latent heat of

fusion, particle size, size distribution, and mechanical strength, the


115

microcapsules were prepared at 1.25% and 3.00% surfactant concentration.

Microcapsules synthesized with the higher surfactant concentration exhibited

higher latent heat of fusion, indicating higher coconut oil content; the mean

value of the latent heat of fusion of microcapsules from 1.25% and 3.00% SDS

are 23.15 and 44.69 J/g, respectively. Smaller and more homogeneously sized

microcapsules were also obtained from the higher SDS concentration, but with

lower mechanical strength when subjected to centrifugal shear force.

Microcapsule size ranges from 3.43 to 55.98 µm, indicating potential of the

synthesized coconut oil microcapsules to be incorporated into textile and

composites for cooling load reduction.

Keywords: Coconut oil, phase change material, microencapsulation, in-situ

polymerization.


116

PAPER ID: OTH 04

MICROENCAPSULATION OF PHYTASE BY SPRAY DRYING:

DIFFERENT FORMULATION OF FEED LIQUID

Apinan Soottitanawat1*, Siriratch Klinkulabhiran

1, Tawatchai Charinpanitkul

1,

Uracha Ruktanonchai2, and Sutipa Tanapongpipat

3

1Center of Excellence in Particle Technology, Department of Chemical

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Payathai

Patumwan, Bangkok, THAILAND 2National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and

Technology Development Agency 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathumtani

THAILAND 3National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),

National Science and Technology Development Agency 113 Thailand Science

Park, Pathumtani THAILAND

* Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Phosphorus is the important for the growth of animal which is partially found in

grains and oil seeds in form of phytate, but the animals could not digest to

available phosphorus. Phytase enzyme can hydrolyze undigested phytate in

plants to get the free elements such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc or

ferrous which attach on the structure of phytate. Phytase enzyme will transform

the unavailable organics and inorganics phosphorus such as phytin and phytic

acid to available forms which animal can absorb. For this reason, phytase is used

to mix with animal feed. However, phytase enzyme is sensitive to heat and the

animal feed process requires high temperature, the enzyme should be protected

to avoid the denaturation from heat by using encapsulation technology in order

to protect it from the high stream temperature of the process of production.

Encapsulation technology is the process that one substance or mixture is called

core material is covered by wall material. The wall materials can protect the

core material from the effect of the operation of animal feed process, the storage

condition and prevent the loss of enzyme activity. The efficiency of

encapsulation is depends on the properties of wall materials, chemical


117

characteristics of core material, ratio of core to wall materials, preparation of

core material emulsion and condition of encapsulation process. The famous

process of encapsulation is spray drying because its low cost and simply to

produce. It transforms the emulsion or solution of enzyme to a dry powder in

one step. The substance properties and spray dry conditions have directly effect

to shape structure and properties of the powder.

In this study, the spray dried feed preparation methods between multiple

emulsion and solution to encapsulate phytase enzyme on the biodegradable

starch by spray drying were studied. The enzyme activity retention after spry

drying was determined comparing between two methods. Furthermore, the

stability of encapsulated enzyme form both of them was also investigated and

prepared with non-encapsulated phytase and commercial phytase. The

preparation methods of feed were prepared by either mix enzyme in starch

solution or multiple emulsion. There were three types of wall material in this

experiment which were maltodextrin DE10, maltodextrin DE17 and OSA-

modified starch. Two types of liquid feed were transformed to a dry powder at

inlet temperature of 373-413 K. The solid concentration in the feed solution was

controlled at 40 wt%. The encapsulation technology could reduce the

deactivation of enzyme in spray drying process. Size distribution of powder was

in a range of 20-29 μm. The stability of phytase powder to storage heat and pH

were compared with non-encapsulated phytase and commercial phytase. From

the results, the powder from multiple emulsion gave the highest total remaining

activity at inlet temperature 393 K. Furthermore, multiple emulsion feed was

more stable to storage and pH than solution but less stable towards heat at high

temperature.

Keywords: Encapsulation, Spray drying, Phytase, Enzyme activity.


118

PAPER ID: OTH 05

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL

TECHNOLOGY

S. A. Hajimolana, M. A. Hussain, W. M. A. Wan Daud

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract

Ever increasing energy consumption, rising public awareness for environmental

protection and higher prices of fossil fuels have motivated many to look for

alternative/renewable energy sources. Fossil fuel resources are limited and are

expected to end early in the next century. By 2015, the world fossil fluid fuel

demand will exceed the world fossil fluid fuel production, which is expected to

lead to an energy shortage crisis unless a sustainable alternative fuel will be

available by them. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have shown promise in the

electricity generating sector for stationary applications in the mid-term future.

This is due to the fact that the energy efficiency usually achieved in a SOFC is

much greater than that obtained from conventional heat engines or any other

types of fuel cells. Furthermore, additional efficiency may be gained by adding a

bottoming cycle to recover heat from exhaust gases from a SOFC. This paper

discusses and summarizes the SOFC’s features and provides an overview of this

technology’s potential applications and shows the recent works in the world on

the SOFC designing and developing. The advantages and disadvantages of two

types of SOFC will also be discussed. It will be shown that the electrical

resistance of tubular SOFCs is high, and specific power output (W/cm2) and

volumetric power density are (W/cm3) low. These low power densities make

tubular SOFCs suitable only for stationary power generation and not very

attractive for mobile applications. Planar SOFCs, in contrast, are capable of

achieving very high power densities. Additionally, sizeable cost reductions are

possible through a concept called ‘‘mass customization’’. Moreover, there are

some challenges in developing and commercialization of SOFCs which will be


119

discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cells, tubular SOFC, planar SOFC, alternative

energy, electricity generation.


120

PAPER ID: OTH 06

PREDICTION HEAT OF VAPORIZATION FOR ANTIFREEZE

AGENT BASED ON THREE-PARAMETER LAW OF

CORRESPONDING STATES FOR FUE, COOLANT AND

REFRIGERANT SYSTEMS

K.M Kassim, AKM Shafiqul Islam and Hassan Diaaldeen

School of Bioprocess Engineering,

University Malaysia Perlis, (UniMap), Perlis, Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected], Fax: 04-979 8755

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to develop a method for the prediction of heat of

vaporization for antifreeze agents based on three-parameter law of

corresponding states for the use of fuel, coolant and refrigerant systems.

Therefore, this approach would be able to obtain an assessment of the feasibility

that would have been greatly facilitated for these systems if reliable heat of

vaporization correlations based on the three parameter law of corresponding

states could have been used. Properties required for which such a correlations

would have been useful included the vapour pressure at reduced temperature

below 0.56 and latent heats at reduced temperature below 0.5. Vapour pressure

and latent heat data for example were not available for Ethyl benzene in the

temperature range of interest between boiling and triple point and therefore,

laborious extrapolation techniques had to be employed. For this reason

correlation based on the three parameter law of corresponding state would be

developed for predicting latent heats at reduced temperature down to 0.3. This

correlation in the present work superior to those currently used when applied to

substances with high Acentric factors. The use of the three-parameter law of

corresponding states for collating and predicting latent heat of vaporization is

discussed with reference to some pure components. This procedure is to apply

Clausius-Clapeyron expression to each substance under consideration.

Calculations along these lines are described and some properties related to the

relevant conditions such as densities and vapour pressure are calculated. This

approach has been found to be encouraging, though Latent heat of vaporization

for different Acentric factor can be calculated from the correlation provided at


121

reduced temperature down to 0.3.

Keywords: Heat transfer, Physical properties, Thermodynamic.


122

PAPER ID: OTH 07

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER IN TURBULENT

FLOW THROUGH A TUBE WITH PERFORATED RECTANGULAR

STRIP INSERTS

M. M. K. Bhuiya1*

, M. A. R. Sarkar2, B. Salam

3, J. U. Ahamed

3, M. A. Kalam

1,

J. Khan4

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh

University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering

and Technology (CUET), Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh 4Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia

*Corresponding Author: H/P: +60146441802, Fax: +603-79674448, Tel:

+603-79674448.


Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of heat

transfer for turbulent flow through a tube with perforated rectangular strip

inserts. Mild steel rectangular strips of different pore diameters, ds= 2.1, 3.2,

4.25, 5.3 and 7.42 mm with corresponding porosities of 1.1%, 2.5%, 4.4%,

6.8% and 13.3%, respectively, were used in the flow field. Heat transfer and

pressure drop data were taken for Reynolds numbers ranging from 14,000 to

47,000. The experimental results showed that the Nusselt number, heat

exchanger effectiveness, and the friction factor were higher than that of the

plain tube. The Nusselt number, heat exchanger effectiveness and the friction

factor for employing the perforated strip inserts were found to be increased up

to 2.65, 2.45 and 1.75 times, respectively, over the corresponding plain tube.

The heat transfer performance was evaluated and found to be 2.5 times higher

compared to the plain tube based on the constant blower power. Finally, a

correlation was developed with the experimental data for prediction of heat

transfer in turbulent flow through a tube with perforated rectangular strip

inserts.

Keywords: Heat transfer coefficient, nusselt number, performance evaluation,


123

friction factor, blower power.


124

PAPER ID: OTH 08

REVIEW OF FENTON OXIDATION TECHNICAL LIMITATION:

SLUDGE GENERATION AND MINERALISATION EFFECIENCY

Diya’uddeen Basheer Hasan*, A.R. Abdul Aziz, and W.M.A.W. Daud

Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

* Tel.: +6 03 796 75206; fax: +6 03 796 75371; H/P: +6 012 6327 363. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Fenton oxidative process is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) that utilises

the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH) to aggressively and non-selectively

destroy organic contaminants. In this approach, catalytic decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by suitable transition metals is utilised to generate

the •OH. The Fenton oxidation possesses environmental and economic benefits

coupled with effective mineralisation of most wastewater organics. However,

despite the many advantages of the Fenton oxidation process, there are issues

related to operational parameters and mineralisation effeciency. The most

notable drawback is the suldge generation, which mitigate against the full

exploitation of utilisation of this technology. This paper attempts to review the

sludge limitations and presents research and advances reported in the literature

addressing these issues. In addition, solutions are offered and direction of future

research in the Fenton oxidation process suggested.

Keywords: Fenton Oxidation, Sludge generation, Drawback.


125

PAPER ID: OTH 09

INVESTIGATION OF SOME PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND SOME

BIOACTIVITIES OF CYDONIA CATHAYENSIS HEMSL AND

TRACHYCARPUS FORTUNEI WENDL

San San Oo, Myint Myint Khine, Saw Hla Myint

Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Myanmar,


Abstract

Plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds and play an important role in

traditional medicines. In this research work, the plants used were fruits of

Cydonia cathayensis Hemsl. (Rosaceae) and inflorescences of Trachycarpus

fortunei Wendl. (Arecaceae) which are cultivated in Myanmar. In this research

work, phytochemical investigation, isolation and identification of some

phytoconstituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and total phenol

content of both plants were presented. The preliminary phytochemical

investigation of both plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids,

phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and a-amino acids. By

using thin layer and column chromatographic techniques, ursolic acid and 3-O-

(10-hydroxy-ethyl succinate)-protocatechuic acid were isolated from ethyl

acetate extract of C. cathayensis. Ascorbic acid was isolated from 50% ethanol

extract of the same plant. Gallic acid and epimeric mixture of diosgenin and

yamogenin of 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β

glucopyranoside were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of T. fortunei. Their

structures were identified by modern spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial

activity of plant crude extracts was carried out against 27 species of

microorganisms by agar disc diffusion method. It was found that petroleum

ether extracts of both plants showed no antimicrobial activity. For C.

cathayensis, ethyl acetate extract showed highest activity, followed by 95%

ethanol and watery extracts, against 26 species of tested microorganisms. The

extracts of T. fortunei showed the same as in C. cathayensis but showed activity

only on 6 species of microorganisms. Antioxidant activity of plant crude

extracts (ethyl acetate, 95% ethanol and watery extracts) was measured by 1,1-

diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay using ascorbic acid as a standard


126

reference compound. UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used for this

measurement. The ethanol extract of C. cathayensis showed the lowest IC50

value (IC50 = 20.59 mg/mL) and ethyl acetate extract of T. fortunei revealed

the lowest value (IC50 = 21.09 mg/mL). Spectrophotometric determination of

total phenol content (TPC) was carried by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.

95% Ethanol and watery crude extracts of C. cathayensis showed nearly the

same TPC, (26.89 ± 0.36) and (26.95 ± 0.30) mg gallic acid equivalent/g of

dried extract. For T. fortunei, the TPC of 95% ethanol and watery crude extracts

were (59.43 ± 0.48) and (41.25 ± 0.60) mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried

extract.

Keywords: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, DPPH assay, IC50 value,

total phenol content.


127

PAPER ID: OTH 10

NANOEMULSION TECHNOLOGY - LET’S THE NATURE DO THE

WORK

1See Chun Hwa,

1Wasan Saphanuchart, 2 Zahra Jeirani,

2 Badrul Mohamed Jan,

2 Brahim Si Ali,

2 Ishenny Mohd

1BCI Chemical Corporation Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang,

Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Malaya


Abstract

BCI Chemical Corporation Sdn. Bdn. was established in 1997, formerly known

as Biotech Chemical Industry. It is a company that based at Serdang, Malaysia.

The company conducts its own research, synthesis, and manufacture products

that use in oil and gas, masterbatches, toiletry, personal care, and oil and gas.

Since its establishment in 2008, the Research and Development Center has

collaborated various research collaboration with local and oversea universities

and government research institutes. The research is ranging from polymer

synthesis for coating to synthesis surfactants for enhance oil recovery. BCI

Chemical helps the research institutes to develop the instrumentations for the

pilot studies and later to scale up the process and produced the materials for

field trial. Some of the process took less than a year from pilot studies to field

test. The methodology of the collaboration will be briefly shared.

In addition to that, here we will share on of the technologies that we work

together with the Chemical Engineering department from University of Malaya.

NanoEmulsion Technology has been currently introduced to various industrial

applications for several decade, e.g., drug delivery in pharmaceuticals,

nanomaterial synthesis, agrochemicals, cosmetics, detergency, etc. due to its

unique property of ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) much lower than 0.01

mN/m, and is thermodynamic stable.

The mechanism of how it helps in surface cleaning will be discussed. We will

further elaborate the nanoscopic images that captured using Atomic Force


128

Microscopy to understand how surfactants help to remove oil from the metal-

oxide surfaces. In addition to that, the comparison between contact angle,

surface tension and oil removing capability will also be presented.

The concept of applying the NanoEmulsion technology in the enhance oil

recovery will be explored, some preliminary results from the joint effort will be

shared, and the challenges will be discussed.

The ingredients for NanoEmulsion can be designed to have low toxic and

readily biodegradable surfactants. The phase behavior of NanoEmulsion have

been studied at conditions varied from ambient condition to extreme condition

(>120 degree C). Salinity has been varied up to the salinity of saturated brines.

And the studied pH has been ranging from 2 to 12. In all cases, it was found the

NanoEmulsion Technology systems are largely independent of salinity,

temperature and pressure.

Keywords: Nanoemulsion, enhance oil recovery, interfacial tension

Date post:	18-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dodien
View:	227 times
Download:	2 times

The 4 AUN/SEED - Net Regional Conference on … ASPEN-HYSYS PROCESS SIMULATOR ... DIETHANOLAMINE...

Documents