The 411 on 420: A Marijuana Update

THE 411 ON 420A MARIJUANA UPDATE

Prevention Resource CenterCircles of San Antonio Community Coalition

San Antonio Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Betsy Jones, MPACoalition Coordinator

April 20, 2016

Objectives• Reefer Sanity: Seven Great Myths Surrounding Marijuana• Quick Basics: What It Is and What It Does

• “Recreational” Use – also known as “Illicit Drug Use” • Trends: dabbing, edibles, vaping• Effects on the Brain and Body (short and long term)• Potential medical benefits – key word: Potential

• Data: Where Do We Stand in Texas and Region 8?• Texas School Survey• Texas Survey of Substance Use Among College Students• Population Data

• Medicine and Politics • (And Big Business)• State of the States: Where It’s Legal and Where It’s Not• Legal Countries: Uruguay, the Netherlands, Portugal?

• Addressing the Problem: Community and Individual Efforts• Answers to Your Questions

6 MONTHSAVERAGE AGE

OF FIRST USE

4xMORE LIKELY TO BE

ADDICTED

Terminology• Cannabinoids (Ca-NAB-inoids)

• Broad term for the chemical compounds in cannabis that affect the brain• Medicinal (or Medical)

• Use of marijuana to alleviate pain or other symptoms of medical problems• Recreational

• Non-medicinal use; use to get high. “Illicit Drug Use”• Legalization

• Completely legal weed and commercial market• Decriminalization

• Removal of criminal punishment for use or possession of small amounts

What the Kids Are Calling It

Reefer Sanity: Seven Great Myths of Marijuana• Marijuana is Harmless and Nonaddictive• Smoked or Eaten Marijuana Is Medicine• Countless People Are Behind Bars Simply for Smoking Marijuana• The Legality of Alcohol and Tobacco Strengthen the Case for Legal

Marijuana• Legal Marijuana Will Solve the Government’s Budgetary Problems• Portugal and Holland Provide Successful Models of Legalization• Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment Are Doomed to Fail – So Why Try?• Afterword: A Smart Approach

Big Marijuana vs. Science

learnaboutsam.org


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Legalization is about ending the “War on Drugs.”

TRUTH: Legalization is about one thing: making a small number of people very rich.

Quick Basics• The Plant• Cannabinoids• Effects on the Body and the Brain• Marijuana and Driving• Addiction/Cannabis Use Disorder• The “Gateway” Theory• Trends

Marijuana is (still)…• A plant with hundreds of components, including cannabinoids,

which affect the brain.• A Schedule 1 substance under the Controlled Substances Act.• Federally illegal.• Illegal in Texas.

Two major species of marijuana• Cannabis indica

• Short, bushy plants• Better for indoor growing• Relaxed, sleepy high• Used to relieve pain, stress, insomnia

• Cannabis sativa• Tall, thin plants up to 25’• Energetic, uplifting high• Used to relieve depression, boost creativity and energy

So what is hemp?• Cannabis bred to be tall, sturdy and useful• Low THC content• Useful for fiber (not edible)• Not legal to grow in US

“Marijuana is better for you because it is all natural.”

• There are > 400 chemicals in marijuana.• If you use tobacco leaves to roll a blunt,

then between the leftover tobacco and marijuana, you can inhale over 4,400 different chemicals.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: I smoked pot when I was a kid; why should I worry about kids using it now?

TRUTH: THC is six times more potent than it was in the 70s, leading to more instances of overdose, negative health effects, and dependence.

Two Cannabinoids: THC and CBD• Cannabinoids (Ca-NA-bi-noids): components of marijuana that affect the brain

• THC• Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (TE-tra-HY-dro-can-NA-bi-nol)• The primary psychoactive compound in marijuana• The basis for two FDA-approved medications: Marinol and Cesamet

• CBD• Cannabidiol (CAN-a-bi-DI-ol)• Does not cause intoxication; has been virtually bred out of modern cannabis• Currently undergoing FDA research for medical uses• May reduce anxiety and counteract negative effects of THC

Distracted; easily confused Impaired learning

2x-3x risk of head/neck cancerBloodshot eyes; dilated pupils

Distorted perception

Impaired immune system

4x risk of heart attack

Sweating

Dry mouth

Increased heart rate

Impaired motor skills/ coordination

Anxiety

More chest colds

Lowered testosterone/males

Risk of lung infection

Lowered estrogen/females

LONG TERM EFFECTSSHORT TERM EFFECTS

Increased appetite

Short term memory

Solving verbal problems

Reading comprehension

Distorted perception

SHORT TERM EFFECTS LONG TERM EFFECTS

Distraction

Confusion

Impaired learning ability

Impaired perception

Poor memory

Impaired concentrationLow motivation, depression

Anxiety, panic attacks

Poor impulse control

8+ points IQ loss

Euphoria

5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years

Next 21-24 years = 60%

Birth

There is risk throughout development,but the brain is at increased risk in the womb,

first 5 years and during adolescence.

Peaks of PlasticityTerrible Twos Adolescence

2-3

13-14

Start School Pre-Teen40%

PY/PM

Abstract Thinking• 10-20 years: Level I

Abstract Thinking • 14-15 years: Level II

Abstract Thinking • 18-20 years: Level III

Abstract Thinking • 20-26 years: Complex

Judgment and Self-Awareness


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Lots of smart, successful people smoke weed; it doesn’t make you dumb.

TRUTH: Adolescents who smoke are 6 times more likely to drop out of school and 3 times less likely to go to college. Also, teens who smoke lose an average of 6-8 IQ points, even if they stop smoking at 18.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana does not cause mental illness.

TRUTH: Cannabis users have significantly higher risk of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana makes you happier over the long term.

TRUTH: Regular use is associated with lower satisfaction in relationships, work, leisure pursuits, and life in general.

Negative Effects of Smoking (anything)• 1 Joint = 4 Cigarettes

• 5 joints a week = 1 pack of cigarettes• Respiratory effects: Chronic bronchitis

• Coughing• Phlegm• Wheezing

• Link to cancer: What we do know• Smoking tobacco causes cancer.• Marijuana has 50% more carcinogens than tobacco.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana doesn’t cause lung cancer.

TRUTH: Marijuana contains 50% more carcinogens than tobacco smoke, and pot smokers report chronic bronchitis and other respiratory illnesses.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana makes you a better driver, especially compared to alcohol.

TRUTH: Marijuana intoxication doubles your chance of a car crash.

Marijuana and Driving• Marijuana impairs spatial location, sense

of time and speed• following too closely• swerving in and out of traffic

• There is no federal standard for marijuana concentration levels in the blood• ANY marijuana use is technically illegal• What constitutes impairment?• CO: 5 nanograms of THC/mL of blood

“People just don’t believe it. People under the influence of cannabis often deny feeling impaired in any way.”

- Asbridge, 2012

Studies Have Shown: Data on Driving• 1 in 8 nighttime drivers tested positive for marijuana. That rate

doubled between 2007 and 2014.

• Drivers under the influence of marijuana are twice as likely as other drivers to be involved in motor vehicle crashes. Even more risk with high doses and higher frequency of use.

• Habitual marijuana users are nearly 10 times more likely to be involved in crashes, with users who crashed having smoked within 3 hours of their accidents.

The Path to Addiction: Cannabis Use Disorder• Past-year marijuana use rose from 4.1% to 9.5% between 2002 and

2013.• Cannabis use disorder increased from 1.5% to 2.9% during that

period.• Symptoms:

• Using more, for longer periods• Desire to quit or inability to quit• Failure at work, school, or home• Tolerance and/or withdrawal

From the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2016

Cannabis Use Disorder, cont.

Adults:9%1 in 11

Age 14:25%1 in 4

Age 17:18%1 in 6


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana is only PSYCHOLOGICALLY addictive, but there are no physical symptoms.

TRUTH: Chronic marijuana users experience withdrawal symptoms including irritability, restlessness, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and cravings.

Risk Factors for Use or Addiction

• Prior arrests, especially in African-American and Hispanic teens

• Impulsivity• Comorbid psychiatric disorders

such as schizophrenia or depression


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: No one goes to treatment for marijuana addiction.

TRUTH: More young people are in treatment for marijuana abuse or dependence than for alcohol and all other drugs.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana is not a “gateway” drug.

TRUTH: Most people who use pot never go on to other drugs, however, 99% of people who are addicted to other drugs started with marijuana.

Marijuana Trends• Dabbing • Vaping• Edibles• Topical products

Hashish

Hash Oil

Vaping Hash Oil

Edibles• Fun and yummy! ….• Marketed to youth• Derive benefits w/o smoke• No THC wasted in smoke

• 1 puff on a joint ~ 5 mg THC• 1 “serving” = 10 mg THC• 1 package = up to 10 servings• Effects delayed up to 30 min

Whoopi Goldberg: Marketing to Women

• “Feminine Products” with elegant packaging • Great potential for placebo effect• Highly unscientific and highly profitable


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana can’t kill or hurt you.

TRUTH: Smoking a joint may not result in an overdose, but smoking a cigarette doesn’t, either. We would never say smoking tobacco doesn’t kill you.

Does It Kill You?• Lung damage• Heart damage• Traffic accidents• Other accidents• Suicide

• Between 1997 and 2005, marijuana was listed as a secondary cause for 279 deaths in the United States.

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cocain

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MDMA

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020406080

100

ATOD Lifetime – Past Year – Past Month Usage Among Texas College Students

(2015)

Past Month Past Year Lifetime

Perc

ent o

f Stu

dent

s Sur

veye

d

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 20150

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana

Past-Month College Alcohol-Tobacco-Marijuana Use Since 1997

Tobacco

Stero

ids

Marijuana

Inhalants

Heroin

Hallucin

ogenus

Ecsta

sy

Cocaine/C

rack

Alcohol

Any Illicit

Drug

Rohypnol

Methamphetamine

Synthetic M

arijuana

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Youth Lifetime Use 2014

Region State Nation

Nation Texas Region 7 & 8 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana

Self-Reported Substance Use Among Youth, 2014

Alcohol Any Illicit Inhalants Marijuana Tobacco0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Past Month Use by Grade – Region 7&8

Grade 12 Grade 11 Grade 10 Grade 9Grade 8 Grade 7 Grade 6

Ease of Access• 30% of students in grades 6-12 report that it is Somewhat

Easy/Very Easy to obtain marijuana.• Tobacco: 32%• Alcohol: 44%

Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana05

101520253035404550

Somewhat or Very Easy Access

Series 1 Column1 Column2

Perception of Harm• 86% of students report that

tobacco is Somewhat/Very Dangerous

• 74% report that marijuana is Somewhat/Very Dangerous

• 31% report that at least one of their close friends uses tobacco

• 39% report that at least one of their close friends uses marijuana

Medicine and Politics and Business• Who decides what’s medicine?

• Lawyers?• Lawmakers?• Popular vote?• Doctors?• Scientists?

• Anecdotes aren’t evidence.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana is medicine.

TRUTH: Marijuana may contain medical components, like opium does. But we don’t smoke opium to get the effects of morphine, and smoked marijuana is not medicine.

Medical Marijuana

• 23 states have legalized smoked “medical marijuana” in some way

• Less than 5% of medical marijuana card holders have cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, or other serious illnesses

• The average medical marijuana patient is 31 years old, white, male, with a history of drug abuse, citing “chronic pain” as his illness

Is Smoking or Eating Marijuana Really Medicinal?• No. Period.

• Already available• Marinol (nausea/vomiting from

chemotherapy)

• In development• Sativex (MS and cancer pain)• Epidiolex (epilepsy)


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: The sick and dying need medical marijuana to stay alive.

TRUTH: Less than 2-3% of legal medical marijuana users report having cancer, HIV/AIDS, glaucoma, MS, or other life-threatening diseases.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana should be rescheduled to facilitate medical and legitimate use.

TRUTH: Components of marijuana can be – and are – scheduled for medical use, and research is already legitimate.

What Is a Schedule I Drug?• Schedule I drugs

• no currently accepted medical use • high potential for abuse• use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence• Examples: heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, Quaaludes, and peyote

• Schedule II drugs• high potential for abuse • use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence• Examples: Vicodin, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, Dilaudid,

Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Medical marijuana has not increased general use.

TRUTH: States that have medical marijuana laws have higher rates of use and abuse/dependence, and more problems among youth.

Costs Incurred in Medically Legal States• Higher potency weed• Expanded use• More frequent/severe consequences

• Youth problems including higher dropout rate, lower college rate, addiction• Motor vehicle crashes• Overdoses and poisonings• Higher abuse and addiction rates• Workplace issues• Black market problems

• Unforeseen problems: nonsmokers have no rights


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana does not affect the workplace.

TRUTH: Marijuana impairs productivity and increases absences, tardiness, accidents, compensation claims, and turnover.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Federal agencies suppress medical marijuana research.

TRUTH: Millions in taxpayer funds are used to investigate cannabis treatments, and efforts are supported by NIH, NIDA, and the DEA.

LEGALIZATION

“The Devil Shift”•Advocacy coalitions (on all sides) tend to exaggerate the bad intentions and unwavering positions of opposing coalitions. Anyone who disagrees with them must be mistaken about the facts, operating from the wrong value premises, or acting from evil motive.

REEFER MADNESS!1914-1960s

• 1914: California outlaws• 1936: Reefer Madness• 1951: Boggs Act

The Cultural Shift1960s

National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML)

“We will use medical marijuana as a red herring to give marijuana a good name.”

Keith Stroup, 1979

Medical Marijuana Reality

How It Works• States legalize according to

popular vote and state legislature

• Availability varies• Home grows, dispensaries,

caregivers• City and county govts create

ordinances, restrictions or bans• Some states have no age limits• Branding and marketing is OK

State of the States

Where’s Texas?SB339: (June 1, 2015) allows the use of cannabis oil that is no more than 0.5% THC and at least 10% CBD for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. The bill requires patients to get approval from two certified specialists.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Marijuana users are clogging our prisons.

TRUTH: 0.1% of state prisoners are behind bars for possession with no prior offenses, and most of those pled down from serious crimes.

What about those jailed smokers?• .1% - one-tenth of one

percent – in state prisons are serving sentences for first-offense marijuana possession.

• .3% in state prisons are serving for possession with prior offenses.

• 1.4% are imprisoned for offenses involving only marijuana-related crimes.

State Prison Population

1st offense w/ priors only MJ all others

What really happens:• A car is pulled over for a minor

violation.• The officer smells marijuana and runs

a background check.• The check reveals that the driver is

on probation.• The driver is arrested for marijuana

possession.• The driver is sentenced for a

probation violation with a concurrent sentence for possession.

• On record, the driver is serving time for marijuana possession.

Federal prison stats:• .2% are incarcerated simply for marijuana use.• Of the 6,961 marijuana offenders in federal prison in 2011, 103

were there for possession. • The median amount of marijuana for those convicted of possession

is 115 pounds. • Federal marijuana offenders are the most likely of all drug

offenders to receive reduced sentences.• The government convicted only 48 offenders (both possession

and trafficking) having less than 5,000 grams of marijuana. The average was 3,800 grams – which is 8,000-10,000 joints.

Innovative Criminal Justice Solutions• Drug Courts• Low Level Dealer Interventions• Hawaii’s Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE)

• Small but certain punishments that escalate

“Changing addict behavior is easy. Changing judge behavior is hard.” –Adele Herrell

HOPE Control GroupProbation no-shows 9% 23%Positive urine tests 13% 46%New arrest rate 21% 47%Probation revocation 7% 15%Incarceration days 138 days 267 days

Would arrests go UP under legalization?• Marijuana arrests x 3 = Alcohol

arrests.• public drunkenness + drinking-age

violations + driving while intoxicated• Legal marijuana = higher costs.

• possession + underage use + sales to minors + homegrowing violations + packaging/zoning + public intoxication + driving while intoxicated… ∞

• Alcohol + Marijuana = ???


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: We can get tax revenue if we legalize marijuana.

TRUTH: With increased use, public health costs will rise. For every dollar gained in alcohol and tobacco taxes, ten dollars are lost in legal, health, social, and regulatory costs.

5 Ways Tax Revenue Estimates Are Unrealistic

As prices rise,

Demand falls.

Prices

Demand

1. Legalization would drive marijuana prices down.

5 Ways, cont.

10%DecreasedPrice

3%

NumberOf Users

5%

QuantityConsumed

2. Lower prices increase use and harm.

The Obvious Solution:

Taxation!

5 Ways, cont.

5 ways, cont.3. Tax revenues would be exceeded by harm costs.• Violent crime goes up in states with legal marijuana.

4. Tax collection and regulation would have high costs.

• Tax revenue would never exceed harm costs.• Tax collection itself will require spending tax dollars.

5. Tax Evasion and Smuggling Would Be Widespread.


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Legalization would remove the black market and stop enriching gangs.

TRUTH: With legal marijuana taxed and only available to adults, there is plenty of room for a black market. Gangs and cartels make the bulk of their money in hard drugs.

California’s Model (2010)Tax marijuana at $800 per pound

(That’s $50/ounce)Marijuana can be produced for about $75 per pound

(That’s less than $5/ounce)

0 $5 - - - - - - - - - $50

Qualitative Evidence in Colorado•The black market isn’t hurting in Colorado

•Drug cartels are using legal marijuana facilities to launder money from trafficking cocaine, heroin, and marijuana

•Violence in Mexico is not declining

Legalization in Other Countries• Portugal• Holland• Uruguay

Portugal: the Public Health Approach

• Decriminalization ≠ Legalization• Dissuasion panels – similar to drug courts• Selling and trafficking are still criminal

offenses• The new headlines:

• “Ten Years of Legalization Has Cut Portugal’s Drug Abuse Rate in Half”

• “Portugal Shows the Best Way to Keep Kids From Pot Is to Make It Legal”

• …Mixed Results.

Holland: Beware Commercialization

• “Nonenforcement” ≠ Legalization• Decriminalization of possession and

regulated sale• TOURISM• Local Bans and Black Market• Developments:

• Youth Use increased 300%• Higher potency led to tolerance and

dependency• Other drugs flourish

• Results: Operation Backtrack

Uruguay: True Legalization; Inefficient Regulation

• Private citizens or co-ops may grow limited plants

• All sales are federal• Commercialization is avoided • Customers must be on a registry

• Smoking on the job and driving high are punishable by expulsion from the registry

The Real Beneficiaries• Mainstream tobacco companies • Accessories manufacturers

• Junk food corporations

What does a marijuana activist look like?


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Alcohol is legal; why shouldn’t marijuana also be legal?

TRUTH: Alcohol and tobacco are good examples of why we SHOULDN’T legalize marijuana. Both are abused by youth and adults, and cost billions in tax dollars each year.

Myth: The Legality of Alcohol and Tobacco Strengthen the Case for Legal Marijuana

• Our experience with alcohol and tobacco provide a clear warning AGAINST legalization.• Alcohol kills 100,00 each year. • Tobacco kills 500,000 each year.

• Big Tobacco Big Cannabis• Alcohol Prohibition wasn’t a total failure• Commercial Speech Is Free Speech

Targeting Kids in the Tobacco Industry“The base of our business is the high school student.” (Lorillard)“We must get our share of the youth market….” (R.J. Reynolds)“The 14-18 year old group is an increasing segment…RJR must soon establish a successful new brand in this market….” (R.J. Reynolds)“[Young people are] the only source of replacement smokers….” (RJR)“Cherry Skoal is for somebody who likes the taste of candy, if you know what I’m saying.” (U.S. Smokeless Tobacco)“[In] an attempt to reach young smokers…present the cigarette as one of a few initiations into the adult world….” (Brown & Williamson)“We don’t smoke that shit. We just sell it. We reserve the right to smoke for the young, the poor, the black, and the stupid.” (R.J. Reynolds)

But We Know Better Now….Right?


learnaboutsam.org

LIE: Legalization is inevitable. The vast majority of the country wants it.

TRUTH: The big businesses that want legal marijuana are pouring tens of millions of dollars into the movement.

Why try to prevent the inevitable?• Prevention works.• Community Coalitions work.• Marijuana addiction is preventable

and treatable.

Reefer Sanity: Project SAM• Avoid black-and-white thinking

• “We can either stick to our failed policies or completely legalize”• Marijuana Policy Goals

• Reduce harm• Avoid jeopardizing future of possession arrestees• Promote research of FDA-approved, pharmacy-dispensed marijuana-based medications• Prevent a Joe Camel scenario

• Use/Possession Laws• Small offenses result in evaluation, education, referrals• Smoke-free laws• Expunged criminal records

• Production/Dealing Laws• No mandatory minimums• Assessment and treatment in prison• Services for reentry

• Driving• Strict regulation and enforcement

ResourcesSan Antonio Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse: 210-225-4741; www.sacada.orgPrevention Resource Center, Region 8: www.prcregion8.orgCircles of San Antonio Community Coalition: www.circlesofsa.orgProject SAM: Smart Approaches to Marijuana: www.learnaboutsam.orgTexas Public Policy Research Institute: www.ppri.tamu.eduTexas Department of State Health Services: www.dshs.state.tx.usNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: www.niaaa.nih.govNational Institute on Drug Abuse: www.drugabuse.gov

http://www.sacada.org/

http://www.prcregion8.org/

http://www.circlesofsa.org/

http://www.learnaboutsam.org/

http://www.ppri.tamu.edu/

http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/

http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/

http://www.drugabuse.gov/

References

16 states with laws specifically about legal cannabidiol (CBD). Retrieved from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=006473Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., and Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 344:e536. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536 Belluz, J. (2016, April 5). Whoopi Goldberg is launching a line of marijuana products to treat period pain. There’s no science behind them. Retrieved from http://www.vox.com/2016/4/5/11349176/whoopi-goldberg-marijuana-periodBerning, A., Compton, R., & Wochinger, K. (2015). Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved from http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Press+Releases/2015/nhtsa-releases-2-impaired-driving-studies-02-2015Bloom, J. W., Kaltenborn, W. T., & Paoletti, P. (1987). Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes. British Medical Journal 1987; 295: 1516-18.Cannabis company seeks NFL stadium naming rights. (2016, April 4). Retrieved from http://www.mjbizdaily.com/cannabis-company-seeks-nfl-stadium-naming-rightsCerdá, M., Wall, M., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S., & Hasin, D. (2012). Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120(1-3): 22-27.Cher, L. (2016, March 21). Uruguay’s half-baked marijuana experiment. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/21/uruguay-marijuana-legalization/Deaths from marijuana v. 17 FDA-approved drugs. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.oregon.gov/Pharmacy/Imports/Marijuana/Public/DeathsFromMarijuanaV17FDAdrugs.pdfDrug Enforcement Administration. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.dea.gov

References, cont.

Flynn, M. (2016, March 18). Texas lawmaker doesn’t seem to understand medical marijuana bill she helped pass. Houston Press. Retrieved from http://www.houstonpress.com/news/texas-lawmaker-doesnt-seem-to-understand-medical-marijuana-bill-she-helped-pass-8251297History of marijuana as medicine. Retrieved from http://www.medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000026Leaf Science. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.leafscience.comLearn about marijuana. (2015, April). Retrieved from http://www.learnaboutmarijuanawa.org/factsheets/cannabinoids.htmlLegal medical marijuana states and DC. Retrieved from http://www. medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881#CaliforniaMarchbanks, M. P., Krinhop, K., Williams, A., Kim, Y., Seibert, A., Baker, C., Peairson, S. (2015, August 31). Texas survey of substance use among college students. Public Policy Research Institute, Texas A&M University.Marijuana “edibles” make candy complicated. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.teens.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/marijuana-edibles-make-candy-complicatedMayet, A. et al. (2012). Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: Use of a multi-state model. Addictive Behaviours, 37(2), 161-166.Medical Marijuana. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881O’Connell, T.J., & Bou-Matar, C.B. (2007). Long-term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): Demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(16).

References, cont.

O’Connell, T.J., & Bou-Matar, C.B. (2007). Long-term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): Demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(16).Pascual, A. (2016, February 11). What happened with marijuana legalization in Uruguay? Retrieved from https://panampost.com/editor/2016/02/11/what-happened-with-marijuana-legalization-in-uruguayRayne, S. (2016, March 20). Legal American weed is not leading to a major drop in Mexico’s violent crime rates. American Thinker. Retrieved from http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2016/03/legal_american_weed_is_not_leading_to_a_major_drop_in_mexicos_violent_crime_rates.htmlSabatier, P., Hunter, S., & McLaughlin, S.. (1987). The Devil Shift: Perceptions and Misperceptions of Opponents. The Western Political Quarterly, 40(3), 449–476. http://doi.org/10.2307/448385Sabet, K. A. (2013). Reefer Sanity. New York, New York: Beaufort.SAM: Smart approaches to Marijuana. (2016). Retrieved from https://learnaboutsam.orgSix facts about marijuana. (2015, April 14). Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/14/6-facts-about-marijuanaMarijuana: The brain changer. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/research/action/speaking-of-psychology/marijuana-brain.aspxTexas school survey of drug and alcohol use. (2014). Public Policy Research Institute: Texas A & M University.Whoopi and Maya: Medical cannabis. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.whoopiandmaya.com

https://panampost.com/editor/2016/02/11/what-happened-with-marijuana-legalization-in-uruguay

http://doi.org/10.2307/448385

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The 411 on 420: A Marijuana Update

Health & Medicine