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Increased Mercury Release from Dental Amalgam Restorations after Exposure to Electromagnetic
The Fifth Congress of the Paris AppealMay 18th 2015
Royal Academy Of Medecine, Belgium
Restorations after Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields as a Potential Hazard for Hypersensitive
People and Pregnant Women
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)1
SMJ Mortazavi, Ph.DProfessor of Medical Physics & INIRPRC Director
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Ghazal Mortazavi, Ph.DDentist
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
The Fifth Congress of the Paris Appeal
Environmental idiopathic intolerance:
What role for EMFs and multiple
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)2
chemicals ?
Electrohypersensitivity (EHS) and multiple
chemical sensitivity (MCS)
� Electricity is an essential part of modern life.
� It is estimated that by the middle of this century, the global use century, the global use of electricity will be multiplied by a factor of 2.5 to 3.0.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)3
� Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are produced by the motion of electrons.
� All electrical or electronic devices such as wireless technologies (e.g. Wi-Fi, mobile phones and cordless phones), laptop computers, microwave ovens and power phones), laptop computers, microwave ovens and power lines produce electromagnetic fields.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)4
EMF Ocean!We all live in an ocean of electromagnetic fields!
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)5
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)6
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)7
A very basic question that should be
answered:
Why is Exposure to Different
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) 8
Why is Exposure to Different
Sources of EMFs so Important?
9
� Very Frequent Use by the Whole Population
� Wide Geographical Distribution of Users
� In Africa, No land-line but mobile phones are used
� Poor Knowledge about the Effects
� Inescapable Exposures
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
� Very Wide Sources
� Baby Watch, Wireless Technologies
� Hidden Sources
� Wi-Fi Signals coming from our neighbours
� Continuous 24 h/d, 7 days/wk exposures
� Old Standards
� Challenging Serious Biological Effects
� The issue of exposure to Children
Current Controversies!
� The effect of RF-EMF on biological systems is still controversial.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)10
Amalgam Mercury Issue
� It was previously believed that dental amalgam, which contains about fifty precents mercury, is inertand cannot release mercury and cannot release mercury after restoration.
� However, in 2009, the US FDA acknowledged that dental amalgam releases low levels of elemental mercury vapor.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)11
Dental Amalgam Safety Concern
� Since 150 years ago, amalgam has been used in dentistry as an excellent and versatile
� However, nowadays, the popularity of amalgam is decreasing due to rapidly growing concerns about its excellent and versatile
dental restorative material due to its properties such as low cost, ease of application, strength, durability, and bacteriostatic effects.
growing concerns about its detrimental health effects, environmental pollution, and aesthetics.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)12
Now there is a growing public concern!
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)13
Historical Changes of Mercury%
� After some historical changes in the mercury-to-amalgam ratio, modern amalgams are modern amalgams are now produced from precapsulated alloy consisting of 42-45% mercury by weight.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)14
According to ADA:
“Sometimes described as “silver-
colored” fillings, dental amalgam
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)15
colored” fillings, dental amalgam
has been used by dentists for more
than 100 years!” “Because of their durability, these
silver-colored fillings are often the
best choice for large cavities or
those that occur in the back teeth
where a lot of force is needed to
chew.”
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)16
Are low levels of mercury safe?
� Recent findings indicate that mercury, even at low doses, may cause toxicity
� As dental amalgam fillings release � As dental amalgam fillings release low levels of elemental mercury vapor, today, there is a debate over :
� If these levels are safe and
�Whether the safety threshold is the same for different subpopulations.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)17
• Concerns regarding the rapidly
growing exposure to EMF sources and
increased mercury release from dental
The rationale for our previous
studies
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) 18
increased mercury release from dental
amalgam after exposure to
electromagnetic fields, especially in
children, people who are routinely
exposed to electromagnetic fields and
hypersensitive subpopulations,
prompted us to perform more studies.
MRI and the Release of Mercury
� Our first report on the role of exposure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or imaging (MRI) or microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones in enhancing the release of mercury from dental amalgam restoration was published in 2008.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)19
MRI & Release of Mercury
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)20
Mobile Phone Use and the Release of Mercury
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)21
Rationale for Our Recent Study
�Nowadays, MRI systems utilize:utilize:� Stronger static magnetic fields
� Faster and stronger gradient magnetic fields
� More powerful radiofrequency(RF) transmission coils
SMJ Mortazavi
Methods in our recent study
� To overcome the limitations of our previous study, we have recently studied the effects of stronger magnetic fields (1.5 T in our recent study vs. 0.25 T in our previous report) and provided further support for the adverse effect of MRI in increasing the release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)23
ResultsResults
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)24
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)25
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)26
No Effect Reports in the Literature� We have also shown that a few published papers which reported no which reported no increased release of mercury after MRI, may have severe methodological flaws.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)27
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)28
Mortazavi, G and Mortazavi,
SM (2015) Should pregnant
women with dental amalgam
fillings limit their exposure to
electromagnetic fields to
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)29
electromagnetic fields to
prevent the toxic effects of
mercury in their foetuses?
Technol Health Care.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)30
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)31
Mortazavi, G and Mortazavi, SMJ (in press) Amalgam contact hypersensitivity lesion: An unusual presentation-
report of a rare case. Annals of medical and health sciences research.
Figure
Human exposure to electromagnetic
fields generated by mobile phones,
MRI or X-rays can lead to increased
release of mercury from dental
amalgam fillings.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)32
Ghazal Mortazavi, Hossein Mozdarani, Samaneh
Jarideh, and SMJ Mortazavi . How Limiting is the
Increased Mercury Release Due to Exposure to
Electromagnetic Fields in Using Dental Amalgam in
Restorative Dentistry? IJRR. In press.
AutismIntroducing a Hypothesis
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)33
Autism Issue� There are some evidence indicating that perinatal exposure to mercury is significantly associated with an increased risk of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
� Furthermore, mercury can decrease the levels of neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, noreprenephrine, and acetylcholine in the brain and cause neurological problems.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)34
Autism Issue:� On the other hand, a strong positive correlation between maternal and cord blood mercury levels is found in some studies.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)35
Autism Issue:
� Maternal exposure to electromagnetic fields in mothers with dental amalgam fillings may cause elevated levels of mercury and trigger the increase in elevated levels of mercury and trigger the increase in autism rates.
� Further studies are needed to have a better understanding of the possible role of the increased mercury level after exposure to electromagnetic fields and the rate of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)36
Autism Issue:
Considering the strong
association between
exposure to electromagnetic
fields and increased mercury
release from dental amalgam
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)37
release from dental amalgam
fillings, it can be
hypothesized that maternal
exposure to electromagnetic
fields in mothers with dental
amalgam fillings may cause
elevated levels of mercury
and possibly trigger the
increase in autism rates
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)38
Reference: Mortazavi, G, Haghani, M, Rastegarian, N, Zarei, S, and Mortazavi, S (2015) Increased Release of Mercury
from Dental Amalgam Fillings due to Maternal Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields as a Possible Mechanism for the High
Rates of Autism in the Offspring: Introducing a Hypothesis. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering.
What can we do?
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)39
Can we move to mercury free dentistry?
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) 40
Kathmandu– Academician, dental professionals and environmental experts emphasizes the protection of
human health and environmental pollution and urge the government to take initiative step to introduce national
regulation on mercury-free dentistry, mercury free health care services and an alternative dental curriculum.
Are There Alternatives to Using Dental Amalgam Fillings?
� Resin composite
� Glass ionomer Every restorative material has � Glass ionomer
� Resin ionomer
� Porcelain
� Gold alloys
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)41
Every restorative material has
advantages and disadvantages!
According to ADA:
“Ultimately, the best dental filling
is no dental filling!”
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)42
is no dental filling!”
“Prevention is the best medicine!”
REFERENCES� [1] S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. Motamedifar, G. Namdari, M. Taheri, A. R. Mortazavi, and N. Shokrpour, "Non-
Linear Adaptive Phenomena which Decrease the Risk of infection after Pre-Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation," Dose-Response, in press.
� [2] S. M. J. Mortazavi, S. Taeb, and N. Dehghan, "Alterations of Visual Reaction Time and Short Term Memory in Military Radar Personnel," Iranian J Publ Health, vol. 42, pp. 428-435, 2013.
� [3] S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. S. Rouintan, S. Taeb, N. Dehghan, A. A. Ghaffarpanah, Z. Sadeghi, et al., "Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time," Acta Neurologica Belgica, vol. 112, pp. 171-175, 2012.
� [4] S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. A. Mosleh-Shirazi, A. R. Tavassoli, M. Taheri, A. R. Mehdizadeh, S. A. S. Namazi, et al., "Increased Radioresistance to Lethal Doses of Gamma Rays in Mice and Rats after Exposure to Namazi, et al., "Increased Radioresistance to Lethal Doses of Gamma Rays in Mice and Rats after Exposure to Microwave Radiation Emitted by a GSM Mobile Phone Simulator," Dose Response, vol. 11 pp. 281-292, 2013.
� [5] S. Mortazavi, M. Mosleh-Shirazi, A. Tavassoli, M. Taheri, Z. Bagheri, R. Ghalandari, et al., "A comparative study on the increased radioresistance to lethal doses of gamma rays after exposure to microwave radiation and oral intake of flaxseed oil," Iranian Journal of Radiation Research, vol. 9, pp. 9-14, 2011.
� [6] S. M. J. Mortazavi, A. Habib, A. H. Ganj-Karimi, R. Samimi-Doost, A. Pour-Abedi, and A. Babaie, "Alterations in TSH and Thyroid Hormones Following Mobile Phone Use," OMJ, vol. 24, pp. 274-278 2009.
� [7] S. M. J. Mortazavi, E. Daiee, A. Yazdi, K. Khiabani, A. Kavousi, R. Vazirinejad, et al., "Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use," Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 11, pp. 1142-1146, 2008.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)43
� [8] S. M. J. Mortazavi, J. Ahmadi, and M. Shariati, "Prevalence of subjective poor health symptoms associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields among University students," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 28, pp. 326-330, 2007.
� [9] S. M. J. Mortazavi, "Safety Issue of Mobile Phone Base Stations " J Biomed Phys Eng, vol. 3, pp. 1-2, 2013.� [10] S. M. J. Mortazavi, "Adaptive responses after exposure to cosmic and natural terrestrial radiation," Indian Journal of
Radiation Research, pp. 104-112, 2004.� [11] S. M. J. Mortazavi, A. R. Tavasoli, F. Ranjbari, and P. Moamaei, "Effects of Laptop Computers' Electromagnetic Field
on Sperm Quality," Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, vol. 11, pp. 251-258, 2011.� [12] S. M. Mortazavi, S. Vazife-Doost, M. Yaghooti, S. Mehdizadeh, and A. Rajaie-Far, "Occupational exposure of dentists to
electromagnetic fields produced by magnetostrictive cavitrons alters the serum cortisol level," J Nat Sci Biol Med, vol. 3, pp. 60-4, Jan 2012.
� [13] S. M. Mortazavi, E. Daiee, A. Yazdi, K. Khiabani, A. Kavousi, R. Vazirinejad, et al., "Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use," Pak J Biol Sci, vol. 11, pp. 1142-6, Apr 15 2008.
� [14] S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. Neghab, S. M. H. Anooshe, N. Bahaeddini, G. Mortazavi, and P. Neghab, "High Magnetic Flux � [14] S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. Neghab, S. M. H. Anooshe, N. Bahaeddini, G. Mortazavi, and P. Neghab, "High Magnetic Flux MRI Accelerates Release of Mercury from Dental Amalgam Fillings," THEIJOEM, 2014.
� [15] S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. Neghab, S. M. H. Anoosheh, N. Bahaeddini, G. Mortazavi, P. Neghab, et al., "High-field MRI and Mercury release from dental amalgam fillings," International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 5,pp. 101-105, 2014.
� [16] S. M. J. Mortazavi and G. Mortazavi, "Effects of X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging on mercury release from dental amalgam into artificial saliva," Oral Radiology, pp. 1-2, 2014/09/30 2014.
� [17] Mortazavi, G and Mortazavi, SMJ (in press) Amalgam contact hypersensitivity lesion: An unusual presentation-report of a rare case. Annals of medical and health sciences research.
� [18] Mortazavi, G, Jarideh, S, Mozdarani, H, and Mortazavi, SMJ (in press) Is Increased Mercury Release Due to Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields a Limiting Factor for Using Dental Amalgam? . IJRR.
� [19] Mortazavi, G, Haghani, M, Rastegarian, N, Zarei, S, and Mortazavi, S (2015) Increased Release of Mercury from Dental Amalgam Fillings due to Maternal Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields as a Possible Mechanism for the High Rates of Autism in the Offspring: Introducing a Hypothesis. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering.
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ
Mortazavi (Ph.D)44
Thank you!
Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)45