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The 8 Principal Parts of Speech
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NounA noun names a person, place, thing, quality, or condition.
Nouns have number: singular and plural and gender:masculine, feminine or neuter.
Types of Nouns
Proper nouns name a specific person, place, thing,quality, or condition. They are always capitalized.
Common nouns name ordinary persons, places, things,qualities, or conditions.
*Frequent noun suffixes: -ion, -er/-or, -on, -ity, -ing(without a preceding helping verb).
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Pronoun
A pronoun replaces a noun or otherpronoun. All pronouns have number andgender.
ALL pronouns need clearly statedantecedents.
Antecedent: a noun to which the pronounrefers or a noun the pronoun replaces.
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Types of Pronouns(Examples and explanations follow.)
Personal: replace people; reflect CASE (usage)and PERSON (who is speaking)
Reflexive: refer toself/-selves
Demonstrative: replace by pointing out
nouns/pronouns
Interrogative: ask questions
Indefinite: replace non-specific
nouns/pronouns Relative: connects a noun or adjective clause
to the independent clause
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Personal and Reflexive PronounsNominativeUsed as subject orpredicate nominative
ObjectiveUsed as direct orindirect object or
object of apreposition
PossessiveUsed to showownership;
may also bepossessiveadjectives
ReflexiveUsed to refer to self
1st I me my, mine myself
2nd you you your,yours
yourself
3rd he, she,it
him, her,it
his,
her, hers,
its
himself,
herself,
itself
1st we us our, ours ourselves
2nd you you your,yours
yourselves
3rd they them their,theirs
themselves
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Types of Pronouns
Demonstrative
Interrogative: when response is a noun/pronoun Who? replaces people; nominative case Whose? replaces people; possessive case Whom? replaces people; objective case Which? replaces objects/places; nominative, objective,
possessive case What? replaces objects/places; nominative or objective
case
singular plural
near this these
far that those
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Types of Pronouns
Indefinite
Always singular: each, either, neither, one
no- every- -one
some- any- -body
Always plural: both, few, several, many
Either depending on antecedent: some, all,
any, none, most
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Types of Pronouns
Relative
who refers to people; nominative case
whom refers to people; objective case
whose refers to people; possessive case
which refers to things/places; all cases
that refers to all; all cases
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Adjective
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
It will answer the following questions:
- What kind of noun/pronoun?
- Which noun/pronoun?
- How many noun/pronoun?
*Frequent adjective suffixes: -ive, -ous, -ate,-al, -ful
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Types of Adjectives(Examples and explanations follow.)
Article: state a noun/pronoun will follow
Demonstrative: show nouns/pronouns
Interrogative: ask questions aboutnouns/pronouns
Indefinite: describe non-specific
nouns/pronouns
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Types of Adjectives
Articles (the, a/an)
Definite: speaker and audience share specific
noun/pronoun
Indefinite: speaker and audience relate
unknown noun/pronoun
Demonstrative(used beforea noun/pronoun)
singular plural
near this these
far that those
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Types of Adjectives
Interrogative (used beforea noun/pronoun) What?
Which?
Indefinite(used before a noun/pronoun) Each - Most
Either - No
Neither - All
Some - One
Any
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Verb
A verb is a word that shows action, state ofbeing, links a word in the subject to a wordin the predicate, or helps another verbshow tense.
A verb phrase is one or more helping verbsand a main verb that show action, state of
being, or link a word in the subject to aword in the predicate. The group of wordsfunctions as one verb.
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Types of Verbs(Examples and explanations follow.)
Action: Can you or could you do it?
Linking: functions like an =
Helping: helps other verbs show tense
Tense is the time the verb shows.
Frequent verb suffixes: -ed, -ing
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Types of Verbs
Action Verbs
Transitive: must be used with a direct object
Direct Object: Find these three criteria:
Noun or pronoun
After Action Verb
Answers: (Action Verb) whom?
(Action Verb) what?
Intransitive: never a direct object after it
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Types of Verbs
Linking Verbs
seem stay is
smell grow are
taste remain was
look appear were
feel become be
sound being been
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Types of Verbs
Helping Verbs(always followed by another verb in averb phrase)
am can shall
is may will
are must havewas might has
were could had
be would do
being should did
been does
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Prepositions
A preposition is a word that relates a noun orpronoun after it to another word in the sentence.
The noun or pronoun after the preposition is calledthe Object of the Preposition. A prepositionmay not exist in a sentence without anobject.
Think of it as anywhere a cat can be or go inrelationship to a house. (p. 352)
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Conjunction
A conjunction connects words or groups ofwords.
Types of Conjunctions(Examples and explanations follow.)
- Coordinate/coordinating
- Correlative
- Subordinate
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Types of Conjunctions
Coordinate/Coordinating: joins equal words orgroups of words
- and: joins equals- but: excludes equals- or: allows choice
- nor: negative choice
- for: similar tobecause- yet: similar tobut
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Types of Conjunction
Correlative Conjunctions: joins equal words
or groups of words;
found in pairs
-either or
-neither nor
-both and
-not only but also
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Types of Conjunctions
Subordinate: joins unequal parts ofsentences; usually an adverb clause to anindependent clause
Examples: because, so, when, if, where,
while (p. 419)
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InterjectionAn interjection shows emotion or strong feeling
but has no other grammatical tie to thesentence.
Types of Interjections
Mild interjections are punctuated with a commaand are not separated from the rest of thesentence
Strong interjections are punctuated with anexclamation point and are separated from therest of the sentence.