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The ABC's of EDCs: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Environment David Quanrud Phoenix, Arizona June 5, 2007 Water Resources Research Center 2007 Water Conference
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  • The ABC's of EDCs: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Environment

    David Quanrud

    Phoenix, ArizonaJune 5, 2007

    Water Resources Research Center 2007 Water Conference

  • What is an endocrine disrupting compound?

    “An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny….”

    From: “Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors.” International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization (2002).

  • Documented effects of EDCs in wildlife

    • Adverse effects on fish development and reproduction

    • Eggshell thinning in birds of prey

    • Alligator population decline in a polluted lake (FL)

    • Development of male sex organs in female marine animals such as whelks and snails

  • Denver Post (September 6, 2006)

    EDCs in the News

  • EDC effects at the population scale• Field study at Canadian research lake, Ontario• Fathead minnow population collapsed after two years of estrogen addition

    Kidd et al. 2007: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

  • Speculated effects of EDCs in humans

    • Reductions in male fertility and declines in the numbers of males born

    • Abnormalities in male reproductive organs

    • Female reproductive diseases including fertility problems, early puberty, and early reproductive senescence

    • Increases in mammary, ovarian, and prostate cancers

  • How do endocrine disrupting compounds act?

    • reduce hormone production in endocrine glands

    • mimic or counteract hormones at target tissues

  • The USEPA has identified three important categories of EDCs

    – Estrogenic

    – Androgenic

    – Thyroid active

  • Examples of known EDCs in wastewater

    • Natural hormones (estrogens)– Estradiol– Estrone– Estriol

    • Synthetic compounds– Ethinyl estradiol (birth control pill)– Alkylphenols, e.g. nonylphenol (surfactant byproduct)– Bisphenol A (polycarbonate plastic) – PBDEs (flame retardant; partially phased out)

  • AZ Daily Star (March 18, 2007)

    EDCs in the News

    Bisphenol A – Ingredient in polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resin– Water bottles, CDs, epoxy lining in metal cans – Controversial: some studies find low dose

    estrogenic effects, other studies do not

  • Question:

    How can we measure estrogenic compounds in environmental samples?

    • Individual chemical measurements

    • Collective measurement using bioassaysTotal estrogenic activity

  • Yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay

    17-α Ethinylestradiol

    0.0

    0.5

    1.0

    1.5

    2.0

    2.5

    3.0

    3.5

    1.E-13 1.E-12 1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06

    Molar concentration in well

    A 570

    nm -

    A 630

    nm

    EC50=1.1 x 10-10 M

    Cytoplasm

    E

    R

    R E

    E

    Cytoplasm

    = Receptor

    R

    hER β-gal

    CPRGyellow

    CPRGred

    lac-z

    RE

    =Estrogens

    Cytoplasm

    RR

    RR EE

    EE

    Cytoplasm

    = Receptor

    RR

    hER β-gal

    CPRGyellow

    CPRGred

    lac-z

    RE

    RREE

    =Estrogen

  • Oxidation ditch

    Membrane bioreactor

    Nitrification/denitrification

    Activated Sludge (pure O2 )

    Biotower #1

    Biotower #2 (longer SRT)

    Estrogenic Activity: Comparison of six Arizona WWTPs

    Influent

    Effluent

    Sludge

  • Preliminary Comparison of six Arizona WWTPs

    2° Clarifier

    FinalSludge

    Bar Screen

    Raw Influent Oxidation Ditch

    Sludge Drying Beds

    2° Sludge(WAS)

    Final Effluent to Storage Pond

    (RAS)

    Chlori-nation

    Sludge Holding Tanks

    2° Clarifier

    FinalSludge

    Bar Screen

    Raw Influent Oxidation Ditch

    Sludge Drying Beds

    2° Sludge(WAS)

    Final Effluent to Storage Pond

    (RAS)

    Chlori-nation

    Sludge Holding Tanks

    Oxidation ditch Membrane bioreactor

    2° Sludge2° Sludge(WAS)(WAS)

    RAS

    RawRawInfluentInfluent

    Bar ScreenBar ScreenGritGrit

    ChamberChamber

    1° Clarifier1° Clarifier AerationAeration 2° Clarifier2° Clarifier

    1° Clarifier Sludge1° Clarifier Sludge

    Final Final Filter/UVFilter/UV

    SludgeSludge

    DenitrifiDenitrifi--cationcation

    Final Final Effluent Effluent

    2° Sludge2° Sludge(WAS)(WAS)

    RAS

    RawRawInfluentInfluent

    Bar ScreenBar ScreenGritGrit

    ChamberChamber

    1° Clarifier1° Clarifier AerationAeration 2° Clarifier2° Clarifier

    1° Clarifier Sludge1° Clarifier Sludge

    Final Final Filter/UVFilter/UV

    SludgeSludge

    DenitrifiDenitrifi--cationcation

    Final Final Effluent Effluent

    Nitrification/denitrification

    DigesterSupernatant

    2° Clarifier

    AnaerobicDigestedSludge

    1° SludgeBar Screen

    Thickener Effluent

    RawInfluent 1° Clarifier

    Trickling Filters

    Thickener #3Thickener #3

    2° Sludge

    (WAS)

    Thickener #2Thickener #2

    Final Effluent

    DigesterSupernatant

    2° Clarifier

    AnaerobicDigestedSludge

    1° SludgeBar Screen

    Thickener Effluent

    RawInfluent 1° Clarifier

    Trickling Filters

    Thickener #3Thickener #3

    2° Sludge

    (WAS)

    Thickener #2Thickener #2

    Final Effluent

    Biotower #1

    DigesterSupernatant

    2° Clarifier

    AnaerobicDigestedSludge

    1° SludgeBar ScreenBar ScreenGrit ChamberGrit Chamber

    Thickener Effluent

    RawInfluent 1° Clarifier1° Clarifier

    Activated Sludge

    Thickener #3Thickener #3

    2° Sludge 2° Sludge (WAS)(WAS)

    Thickener #2Thickener #2

    RAS

    Final Effluent

    DigesterSupernatant

    2° Clarifier

    AnaerobicDigestedSludge

    1° SludgeBar ScreenBar ScreenGrit ChamberGrit Chamber

    Thickener Effluent

    RawInfluent 1° Clarifier1° Clarifier

    Activated Sludge

    Thickener #3Thickener #3

    2° Sludge 2° Sludge (WAS)(WAS)

    Thickener #2Thickener #2

    RAS

    Final Effluent

    Activated sludge

    RawRawInfluentInfluent

    Bar ScreenBar ScreenGrit Grit ChamberChamber

    1° Clarifier1° Clarifier BiotowersBiotowers 2°2° ClarClar

    Anaerobic Anaerobic DigesterDigester

    1° Clarifier Sludge1° Clarifier Sludge

    Digested Sludge to Digested Sludge to Storage BasinsStorage Basins

    ChlorChlor//DechlorDechlor

    WASWAS

    3° Filters3° Filters

    Final Final EffluentEffluent

    3° Filter Backwash3° Filter Backwash

    Sludge Sludge

    RAS

    RawRawInfluentInfluent

    Bar ScreenBar ScreenGrit Grit ChamberChamber

    1° Clarifier1° Clarifier BiotowersBiotowers 2°2° ClarClar

    Anaerobic Anaerobic DigesterDigester

    1° Clarifier Sludge1° Clarifier Sludge

    Digested Sludge to Digested Sludge to Storage BasinsStorage Basins

    ChlorChlor//DechlorDechlor

    WASWAS

    3° Filters3° Filters

    Final Final EffluentEffluent

    3° Filter Backwash3° Filter Backwash

    Sludge Sludge

    RAS

    Biotower #2

    Overall estrogenic activity removal (%)

    2665

    99

    54

    97 9798 98

    Influent to effluent estrogenic activity removal (%)

    3171

    99

    85

    Influent

    Effluent

    Sludge

    Influent

    Effluent

    Sludge

  • Summary1.EDCs include estrogens, androgens, and

    thyroid active compounds

    2.Removal of estrogenic activity during wastewater treatment is dependent on process selection/efficiency

    3.There is a lot we don’t know about a lot of trace organics in wastewater

    The ABC's of EDCs: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Environment What is an endocrine disrupting compound?Documented effects of EDCs in wildlifeEDCs in the NewsEDC effects at the population scaleSpeculated effects of EDCs in humansHow do endocrine disrupting compounds act?The USEPA has identified three important categories of EDCsExamples of known EDCs in wastewaterAZ Daily Star (March 18, 2007)Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassaySlide Number 14Preliminary Comparison of six Arizona WWTPsSummary


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