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The Accelerator Driven Thorium Reactor Concept : ADTRTM
EuCARD2 presentation21st May 2014
Roger Ashworth, Technical Manager
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 2
Agenda
Introduction The ADTRTM Technology
Thorium Fuel Cycle Sub-Critical Operation Spallation Target
Summary
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 3
Introduction
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 4
Our Markets
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The ADTRTM Power Station
Accelerator Complex
Beam Transport
Passive Air Cooling System Stacks
Reactor and Nuclear Island Electrical Switchyard
Cooling Towers
Turbine Hall
Operates at atmospheric pressure
Proton accelerator drives spallation
Molten lead coolant/spallation target
1500MW(Thermal)/600MW(e)
Th/Pu MOX fuel
10 year refuelling
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 6
Project Background
Investment in Feasibility Study, engaging with Rubbia
Advanced Rubbia EA concept e.g. keffective=0.995 means smaller accelerator, control rods, coolant pumps
Evaluated technical and commercial viability Applied established technology Aligned with Gen IV Developed skills and protected IP
(maintaining EA patents and applying for Keffective patent)
Engaged with experts, published papers and presented at conferences
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 7
Development from Energy Amplifier to ADTR™
Energy Amplifier
ADTRTM
EA K-effective 0.98 No Control Rods Coolant circulation by natural
convection
Source CERN 95/44
ADTRTM
K-effective 0.995 Inclusion of Control Rods Coolant circulated by axial flow pumps Heat exchangers separate from main
vessel
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 8
The ADTRTM Technology
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Thorium as a new primary energy source
• Thorium fuel is cheaper than Uranium fuel• Thorium is 3-5 times more abundant than
Uranium• Need much less thorium than uranium for
same power output• Uranium supply sufficient for current needs,
but increased demand may see shortage• No requirement for enrichment technology• Thorium is by-product from rare earth mining• Thorium reactor can be configured as a minor
actinide ‘burner’ reducing long term waste burden
• Minor actinides from a thorium reactor less than from a PWR
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 10
Conversion of Fertile Thorium to Fissile Uranium
Th232
n1
n1
n1
+Th233n1
Pa233
U233
+n1
Fission Fragment
Fission Fragment
β
β(27 d)
(22.3 min)
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 11
Fuel Cycle – Tendency to Equilibrium (11 cycles)
All Pu All U
U233 Pa233
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 12
ADTR™ as a Plutonium Burner?
Use First Fuel Cycle Only
Separate the U233 for Thorium cycle use in more conventional reactor designs
All Pu All U
U233 Pa233
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 13
Prompt Criticality Margin – Contribution of the Accelerator
0 1 Prompt Criticality
-0.0021 0.9979 Pu239
-0.0026 0.9974 U233
-0.0064 0.9936 U235
-0.0076 0.9924 ADTR with U233
0.99
0.992
0.994
0.996
0.998
1
1 2
Pro
mp
t M
ult
iplicati
on
Prompt Criticality MarginADTR operating at Keff = 0.995
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 14
Sub-Critical Operation
System Gain ≈ 2.4 / ( 1 – Keff )
So:Reactor Power Output∝
Accelerator Input Power
∝
Accelerator Beam Current
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 15
Reactor Control – First fuel cycle (10 year operation)
Reactivity vs Fuel Burn Up
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Fuel Burn Up GW day/ton
Re
ac
tiv
ity
Raw Reactivity Plot
Controlled Reactivity keff = 0.995
ControlRods Control
Rods
Accelerator
Fuel burn-up 120 GWday/tonne
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 16
Sub-critical gain method for reactivity monitoring
φ* is ratio of source neutron importance to fission neutron importance.
ip represents accelerator current Amps
W represents reactor core power MW Z represents average number of spallation neutrons per proton Factors that differentiate the source neutrons from further generations
include positioning of the source relative to the reactor core, the initial velocity vector and the energy spectrum.
MUSE experiments show that φ* is certainly a function of reactor and source geometry
Any system of keff measurement that relies solely on system power gain parameters will require regular calibration.
We propose calibration using the current pulse method to prevent variance of φ* with time resulting in miss calculation of keff
_
*
W
iZ pf
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 17
Keff Measurement Patent (current pulse method)
Provides online calibration to control Keff at a fixed operating value
Reducing source neutrons by adjusting beam current results in a drop in core neutrons
Resulting drop in fuel temp results in rise in reactivity (Keff)
Investigated time constants and importance of these opposing forces
Requirement is to find extent of prompt neutron decline
Considered in a reactor with fuel at elevated temperature
pp
eff
iiX
X
/1
1
0
1
R
RX
R0
R1
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 18
Accelerator Complex
■ High Keff = 0.995 means can minimise beam power 3-4MW accelerator
■ Known technology, reduced commercial risk, lower capital & operational cost
■ Neutrons on demand, can control power up/down in milli-seconds
■ Beam power control enables instantaneous beam cut-off in an emergency
■ Potential configuration for improved availability and reliability
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 19
Lead Spallation Target
p1
Spallation Fragment
n1
n1
n1
n1
Spallation Fragment
Spallation Fragment
Th232
U 233
PbPb
Sustainable chain reaction by addition of neutrons from spallation source driven by accelerated protons
1GeV 5mA
Protons
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 20
Spallation Target Options Window or Windowless?
•Neutron Flux
•Target Isolation
•Temperature BP = 1749ºC
Window Windowless
What if we just put a pot of Pb in the bottom of the beam tube, let it boil and collect the vapours?
Put a window at the top to isolate the accelerator?
Reactor Core
Neutron Flux
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 21
Spallation Target Options Window or Windowless?
•Neutron Flux
•Target Isolation
•Temperature Wall = 500ºC
4MW Evaporation Temp @ D1 ~ 2100ºC for Pb. Using Bi will reduce this.
Adiabatic Expansion from D1 to D2 drops temperature to 500ºC(Assumes Monatomic Ideal Gas?)
D1
D2
Flow Guide
Compatible Refractory Material Required for Central Flow Guide
500ºC Condensate Transfers Heat to Reactor Coolant.
Core CoreR
eactor C
oolant
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 22
Summary
Thorium is a sustainable fuel ADTRTM is technically and
commercially viable, with inherent safety features
Robust concept design, requiring future development
Network of complementary experts
Jacobs is proud of the ADTRTM and skills developed
Thank you and Any Questions?
Roger Ashworth
Technical Manager
www.jacobs.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: 01642 334061
Mobile: 07833 295500
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 24
Copyright
Copyright of all published material including photographs, drawings and images in this document remains vested in Jacobs and third party contributors as appropriate. Accordingly, neither the whole nor any part of this document shall be reproduced in any form nor used in any manner without express prior permission and applicable acknowledgements. No trademark, copyright or other notice shall be altered or removed from any reproduction.
Revision 9 11/4/13 SC© Copyright 2013, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. slide 25
Disclaimer
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