THE ACCURACY OF CULTURAL WORD TRANSLATION IN THE...

THE ACCURACY OF CULTURAL WORD TRANSLATION IN THE

BILINGUAL BOOK OF PANDUAN BERZIARAH KE BOROBUDUR

A Thesis

Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

IVAN NUGROHO

NIM. 1112026000036

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2017

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ABSTRACT

Ivan Nugroho, The Accuracy of Cultural Word Translation in the Bilingual Book

of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur, A Thesis: English Language and Literature

Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic

University Jakarta, 2017.

This research focused on analyzing the accuracy of cultural word

translation in bilingual book Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. The method of

this research is a qualitative method by using Newmark theory of the cultural

word translation and Nababan theory of the translation accuracy. The cultural

word will be grouped according to cultural category and analyzed the translation

accuracy based on how close the meaning or message can be transferred from the

source language into target language. The goal of this research is to know the

cultural words translation of the translator use i.e. material culture, ecology, social

culture, gesture and habit, and did not find social culture category. The research

found cultural category: tasbih, keris (pisau traditional jawa), tongkat pendek

(camara), lesung, alu, cawat (kopina), simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, pohon

sala, sungai gangga, brahmana, pathavi (pertiwi), brahma, bersila. The accuracy

of cultural word translation are accurate: bersila, brahmana, pohon sala, lesung,

simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, sungai gangga, cawat (kopina), less accurate:

tasbih, keris (pisau tradisional jawa), alu, brahma and inaccurate: tongkat pendek

(camara) and pathavi (pertiwi).

Keywords: Translation, Accuracy, Cultural Word

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the Most

Beneficent

All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, on the overflow of

graces and mercies to mankind, Who amazingly guides the researcher, gives an

ability and healthy to finish this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest

prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his descendant, his faithful follower,

companions and adherents, who had brought the word from the darkness into

lightness.

This thesis is presented in English Language and Literature Department,

Adab and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University

Jakarta as a part of requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1). The researcher

wants to express his gratitude to M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum. as the researcher’s

thesis advisor for his time, guidance, patience, kindness, support, encouragement,

and contribution in correcting and help the researcher from the zero to be a hero.

The researcher also would like to express his appreciation to the following

people who helped him finishing this thesis, namely:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., as the Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty;

2. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd. as the vice-Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty;

3. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd. as the Head of English Letters Department;

4. Mrs. Elve Oktaviani, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters

Department;

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5. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching the

researcher the precious knowledge and wonderful experience during study,

especially in translation concentrate;

6. All staff of Library Center of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University

Jakarta and Library Faculty of Adab and Humanities who helped the

researcher in finding the reference and inspiration;

7. KARANIYA Publisher which has helped provide a substitute research

object;

8. Mr. Suyatno and Mrs. Siti Mulyani, as the researcher’s parents who

already prayed and supported the researcher since childhood until

finishing the study;

9. Sherly Indah Puspitasari and Balqis Adzra Sheva, as the little family of the

researcher who always encourages, pray, and always accompany in the

process of finishing the thesis;

10. Dornan Risqi Sidomukti, as my best friend from start to college till now,

and also Abdul Fatah Azhari, Anhar Firdaus who always help, remind, and

advice in solving this thesis;

11. All my friend at English Letters Department, especially in Translation

Class and KKN KATALIS: Dornan, Alfan, Andi, Fauzi, Trisaka, Amri,

Mudhori, Desy, Mita, Alfi, Putri, Diah. Thank for your cooperation during

college, it memories will be never forgotten.

12. All people who helped and supported the researcher in finishing this thesis

which cannot be mentioned one by one.

Finally, may Allah the all-hearer and all-knower always bless, protects,

and gives them more than they have given to the researcher. Hopefully, the

researcher hopes this thesis will be useful and advantageous, for those who are

interested in this field, even though this thesis is far from the perfection.

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Jakarta, May 2017

The Researcher

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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Explanation

e.g. for example

et al. and others

etc. et cetera; and so on

i.e. that is; in other words

SL Source Language

SLT Source Language Text

TL Target Language

TLT Target Language Text

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Data Source ............................................................................................ 6

Table 2 : Translation Qualitative Assessment by Nababan ................................. 25

Table 3 : The Data of Cultural Words ................................................................. 27

Table 3.1 : Data Source Pohon sala ........................................................................ 28

Table 3.2 : Data Source Sungai Gangga .................................................................. 29

Table 3.3 : Data Source Tasbih ............................................................................... 30

Table 3.4 : Data Source Keris (pisau tradisional jawa) ........................................... 31

Table 3.5 : Data Source Tongkat pendek (camara) ................................................ 32

Table 3.6 : Data Source Lesung .............................................................................. 33

Table 3.7 : Data Source Alu .................................................................................... 34

Table 3.8 : Data Source Cawat (kopina) ................................................................. 35

Table 3.9 : Data Source Simbal ............................................................................... 36

Table 3.10 : Data Source Bubur jali-jali .................................................................... 37

Table 3.11 : Data Source Ronde madu ...................................................................... 37

Table 3.12 : Data Source Brahmana .......................................................................... 38

Table 3.13 : Data Source Pathavi (Pertiwi) ............................................................... 39

Table 3.14 : Data Source Brahma ............................................................................. 40

Table 3.15 : Data Source Bersila ............................................................................... 41

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. i

APPROVEMENT ...................................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION ..................................................................................................... iii

DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... v

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study .................................................................................. 1

B. Focus of the Study ............................................................................................ 3

C. Research Question ............................................................................................ 3

D. Objective of the Study ...................................................................................... 4

E. Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4

F. Research Methodology..................................................................................... 5

1. Method of the Research ............................................................................. 5

2. Instrument of the Research......................................................................... 5

3. Unit of Analysis ......................................................................................... 6

4. Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 6

5. Place and Time of the Research ................................................................. 7

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research ............................................................................................ 8

B. Theoretical Review ........................................................................................ 11

1. Definition of Translation .......................................................................... 11

2. Definition of Cultural Words ................................................................... 14

3. Category of Cultural Words ..................................................................... 17

4. The Accuracy of Translation .................................................................... 18

5. The Accuracy Test ................................................................................... 22

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CHAPTER III: RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description............................................................................................. 27

B. Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 28

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 43

B. Suggestion ...................................................................................................... 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 46

APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 49

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Talking about transferring the meaning/message from one

language into another language, this activity cannot be separated from a

process called translation. There is translation expert who involve the

accuracy aspect of their theory. Nababan is the one who defines translation

as transfer the meaning from the source language into the target language,

with the accuracy of message, readability, and acceptability of the product

(4). It means accuracy is one of the important aspects of translation

because it concerns about the transfer of meaning.

Translating the text is not simple cases. Mounin in Newmark

argues that “...translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original”

(3), it means the translation is not only the translating case, reiterated, and

retain the original form of the source text. There are several aspects to

consider the translator to achieve a good translation. One of them is

accuracy, because inaccuracies may reduce the message from source

language text, which can be fatal to readers.

Anari defines the translation accuracy as the exactitude or the

precision of the transferred meaning (34). Anari further asserts that

accurate translation is the “reconstruction of the source text message”

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(34). So, translation accuracy term refers to how good a translation in

conveying the message back in the target language text form.

Accuracy is a term used in evaluating the translation to refer the

source language and target language text equivalent or not. The concept of

equivalence leads to an equality content or messages between two texts

(Nababan et. al, 44). In other words, the accuracy is one of the most

important aspects of the translation because of accuracy concerning the

problems of common content or text messages between source and target

text.

In relation to the translation, Newmark declares that accuracy in

translating a text is related to the source language text “either to the

author’s meaning” or to concrete the reality of the text itself (111). Based

on the mentioned sentences above, accuracy can be a representation and

reflection of faithfulness in translation, or it may show us how much the

translator can be successful in reproduction the source text message into

target text. It should be noted that this is a possibility but not a case that

necessarily happens as there may be problems in translation or

reconstruction the message even after the perception of the source

language text.

In this study, the researcher will analyze the accuracy of the

cultural word on the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur.

In translation, some words in the source language cannot be replaced by

the target language as caused by the cultural background of those words.

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Those words are called by cultural words (Newmark, 95-103). The cultural

words such as traditional foods, local animal or plant names, and places

will hard to be translated into the target text. It is because the meaning of

the cultural words is not available in the target language. The cultural

word problems in translation mostly cause some failures of idea delivery

in the target language. This study is also expected to give many

contributions in learning of translation field, especially in accuracy and

cultural word to provide precise and accurate information.

B. Focus of the Study

Based on the research background, this research will focus on

analyzing the accuracy of cultural word translation in the bilingual book of

Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. Beside, this research also to know the

accuracy of the translation of every cultural word in the bilingual book of

Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur.

C. Research Question

1. What cultural words translation does the translator use in the bilingual

book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur?

2. How are accuracy of cultural word translation applied in the bilingual

book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur?

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D. Objective of the Study

1. The goal of this research is to know the cultural words translation used

by the translator in the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke

Borobudur.

2. To know the accuracy of cultural word translation applied in the

bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur.

E. Significance of the Study

According to the purposes of this research above, the researcher

hopes this research has many advantages to the researcher and the readers,

especially to understand more about the selected cultural words in the

bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. In addition, the result

of this study is expected to help translation researcher’s to perform the

analysis of the cultural text based on the study of various types of

translation, so the analysis and evaluation of the translation can be

generated. This study is also expected to give advantages for the translator

to analyze text more critically and be able to use the instrument that thus

able to measure the accuracy of translation that suits the purposed of the

translation and accepted by the readers of the target language.

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F. Research Methodology

1. Method of the Research

In this research, the researcher uses a qualitative method.

Qualitative research used to obtain depth data and contains the meaning, ie

the actual data and certain data (Suryana, 40). Qualitative research is also

used when the problem is still obscure, so the researcher analyzes an

object to understand the meaning behind data that appear (Suryana, 41).

Farkhan also explains qualitative research is the research which relies on

verbal data and nonnumerical in the same manner as the basic of analytical

and creative problem solving of the research (8). The researcher will

describe the data and the result obtained from this research is a form of

verbal data words or phrases containing an unknown concept in the

bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur by S. Dhammika.

2. Instrument of the Research

In conducting qualitative research, the instrument is the researcher

himself. The researcher as a key instrument should have the insight and the

provision of comprehensive theory, so they can inquire, analyze,

photograph, and construct social situation under study becomes more clear

and meaningful (Suryana, 40). According to the explanation above, so the

main instrument of this research is the researcher himself. In doing this

research, the researcher does some activities start from planning the

research, analysis of data, starting from reading, marking, classifying and

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selecting the data in the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke

Borobudur and understanding the object of focus study, then provide

information or additional opinions from the research analysis result.

3. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is the bilingual book of

Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. This book has two languages

(Indonesia-English) and contained Hinduism cultures which explain about

the panels in Borobudur temple.

Tabel 1. Data Source

Title Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur: A Pilgrims

Guide to Borobudur

Author/Translator S. Dhammika/Hendra Lim

Year of Publication 2016

Publisher KARINAYA

Number of Pages 124

4. Data Analysis

The researcher used descriptive analysis technique in this research.

In collecting and processing the data the researcher does some activities

such as identifying the source data which is the bilingual book of Panduan

Berziarah ke Borobudur. Furthermore, first in data analysis the researcher

classifies the data, based on category of cultural words by Newmark.

Second, analyzing the selected data by considering the most specific

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cultural words, that is the Indonesian cultural words that are not found in

English. Third, give explanation by the researcher based on theories by

Nababan to find the accuracy, Newmark to find the cultural word category

and another supporting theory to explore the data. Last, the researcher

make conclusion about the accuracy of cultural word translation from the

analysis that already done.

5. Place and Time of the Research

This study was conducted in January-Mei 2017 and expected to be

completed on time. So, this research can immediately submit to the

English Language and Literature Department, Adab and Humanities

Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. This

research was conducted at The Library Center (PU) of Syarif Hidayatullah

State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, Adab and Humanities Faculty

Library and the residence of the researcher.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter explains about the previous research which related to

studies about the accuracy of cultural word translation. The previous research

used as a comparison to find out more about what study that has been

researched with the same approach. Furthermore, this chapter also will

explain about the theoretical framework that will used to analyze the data.

The theory will be explained and described by several examples which will

applied in the analysis chapter. Lastly, after explained about the theoretical

framework, this chapter will discuss some examples related to applying the

data.

A. Previous Research

1. Penerjemahan Istilah Budaya Spesifik dalam Subtitling Film

Memories of a Geisha (MOG) by I Made Suta Paramarta (2009)

I Made Suta Paramarta analysis about the accuracy of cultural term

translation by using the film Memoirs of a Geisha (MOG) as a semiotic

composition that is the combination of dialogue (Verbal Auditory

Channel), music (Nonverbal Auditory Channel), subtitling (Verbal Visual

Channel), and image (Nonverbal Visual Channel). In this section, the I

Made Suta Paramarta used the theory that presented by Larson (1984) on

the evaluation of translation results, especially the accuracy of the

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translation. The differences between I Made Suta Paramarta and this

research is the focus and unit of analysis. I Made Suta Paramarta focuses

on the cultural word in Japanese language subtitling film but the

researcher focuses on the cultural word in the bilingual (Indonesian-

English) book of one culture in Indonesia.

2. Penerjemahan Kata-Kata Berkonsep Budaya dalam Novel Anchee

Min “Empress Orchid” (Suatu Analisis Terjemahan Sastra) by Ratna

Danyati (2012)

Ratna Danyati in her research aims to find out the accuracy in

novel Empress Orchid written by Anchee Min. This research is focused on

cultural aspects translation from English version into Indonesian version.

The data analysis technique of this research is content analysis. The result

of this research describes that the translator of Empress Orchid novel still

keeps a culture of source language society in the target language. The data

of the research shows there are 62 cultural words with the specific

concept. Cultural words concept has been collected and researched divide

into five cultural categories and a number of cultural words are

categorized: there are 14 cultural expressions in ecology, 18 cultural

expressions in artifact culture, 6 cultural expressions in social culture, 12

cultural expressions in the organization, 6 cultural expressions in habits

and gesture. It concludes the translation with the cultural concept has high

accuracy translation. The differences between Ratna Danyati and this

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research is the technique of data analysis and unit of analysis. Ratna

Danyati uses content analysis technique and the novel as a unit of analysis

but the researcher uses descriptive analysis technique and the bilingual

cultural book as a unit of analysis.

3. Kajian Terjemahan Istilah Budaya dalam Novel by Ratna

Khoirunnisa (2015)

Ratna Khoirunnisa in her research aims to reveal a wide variety of

cultural terms in the novel The Bliss Bakery Trilogy # 1. One purpose of

her research is to identify the cultural terms that can be seen from several

aspects, one of them is accuracy. Ratna Khoirunnisa research is a

qualitative descriptive research which consists of two data sources: first,

the source of objective data obtained from the documents that form the

novel The Bliss Bakery Trilogy # 1 and its translation. Second, effective

data sources obtained from the informants who gave information about the

accuracy of its translation. Data collected through the assessment of

document and questionnaire. The research findings indicate several types

of cultural terms found in the novel, including the ecological culture,

material culture, social and cultural gesture or body language. The

differences between Ratna Khoirunnisa and this research is the unit of

analysis and data collection. Ratna Khoirunnisa uses the novel as a unit of

analysis and added the questionnaire to collect the data but the researcher

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uses the bilingual cultural book as a unit of analysis and data collected

through the assessment of document.

The previous research help the researcher in conducting the

research with the related data, especially in translation, accuracy and

cultural word to collecting the compatible data.

The researcher also will doing the research with the main study is

the accuracy of the translation, especially in the cultural word. The

research will be conducted by using the data from bilingual book Panduan

Berziarah ke Borobudur, this book explains about the panels in Borobudur

temple, especially the first gallery panels which told the story of Sidhattha

Gotama from common human to be a Buddha. These data will be analyzed

to see how accurate the translation of cultural words using some theories

that are discussed in this chapter. The result of this study is expected to

increase and expand the study of translation accuracy and cultural word.

B. Theoretical Review

1. Definition of Translation

There are several definitions of translation that have been said by

experts. The proposed definitions are different according to the

background and their perspective on the translation. Because of

differences in point of view, the proposed definition can be different and

complementary to each other. For more details, can be seen from the

various proposed definitions translation of these experts.

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Catford states translation is an activity replacing textual material in

one language as the source language with the equivalent textual material in

the target language (20). Catford considers translation directed to the

replacement of the text or shape alone. Meanwhile, the text of a language

cannot be simply transferred without capturing the meaning or message

that behind in particular expression, even text that could be worth a

different meaning.

Completing the above definition, Bassnett-McGuire stated that

translation is an effort to convey a text in source language into target

language, by ensuring the meaning of the two texts are equally, and the

structure of source language also as far as possible be maintained, but not

so close as to avoid serious irregularities in the structure of the target

language (2). Based on the above definition, Bassnett-McGuire completes

the definition of Catford so that translation is no longer regarded as an

activity replacing text with the equivalent text of source language into the

target language, but also to consider the aspect of meaning and sentence

structure of the source text as much as possible equally.

However, if observed this definition is still focused on the form

(text/form) and although implicitly Bassnett-McGuire actually been aware

of the structural differences that exist between the two languages, even

maintaining the same structure as the source language can even be caused

distortion of meaning. So, it looks hesitation in advocating maintaining the

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structure of source language, but he has yet to have the size of the extent to

which the structure should be maintained.

Different from the two definitions above, Savory expressed

translation made possible by the efforts of matching thoughts (messages)

that is implied behind the different verbal utterances (13). From the Savory

statement, it appears that the translation is actually an activity that seeks

the transfer of messages that are behind the expression, not just divert its

expression. Verbal speech here refers to the language in a variety of

written and orally.

Besides the fundamental differences that were transferred was

essentially the message instead of textual material, from some proposed

expert definitions also have differences in terms of media and product.

From the viewpoint of Catford (1980) and Bassnett-McGuire (1991), they

limit that is meant the translation just a diversion text in source language

made in writing so that its products as well as text. Meanwhile, Pinchuck

states translation as "... a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL

utterance" (38). The term ‘utterance' indicates that translation can also be

understood as a process of transferring an oral message with verbal media.

In practice, the translation is not only done in writing or orally.

Bell also proposed the definition of translation as "the replacement

of representation of a text in one language by a representation of an

equivalent text in a second language" (6). Another opinion expressed by

Nida & Taber "Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor

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language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,

first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style" (12). From these

definitions, it can be seen that the translation is the replacement text

representation of the source language with its equivalent in the target

language by observing the equivalence of meaning and style. Definition of

the translation has not paid much attention to cultural elements, elements

which always was engaged in translation activity, so Kridalaksana

provides a definition of translation is more complete, namely the transfer

of the mandate of intercultural and/or among nations in the level of

grammatical and lexical with meaning, effect or forms that wherever

possible be retained (181).

From the definitions and explanations of the last acquired

understanding that translation can be done in writing or orally

(translation). But the main thing that must be considered in the transfer of

the message, the translator must maintain a message/mandate contained in

the source language by reproducing the closest natural equivalent in the

target language and retaining the language style in expressing the message

into the target language.

2. Definition of Cultural Words

Translation is a process which involves two languages, namely

source language and receptor language. It can also be said that translation

involving two different cultures. In other words, translation is the process

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of finding meaning and conveys the meaning of a culture into another

culture. Therefore, cultural differences between the source language and

receptor language make translator difficult in producing translation well,

because it needs to know and learn the culture of both languages.

According to Koentjaraningrat, the word of culture is derived from

the Sanskrit that is "buddayah", it is the plural form of the word of "budhi"

means "sense or reason". From the word of buddhi, culture can be defined

as "the things that concerned with sense." Culture includes also "ideas

which obtained through the learning process, also patterns of human

behavior." Meanwhile, according to Danandjaya, culture includes some of

the elements such as belief, custom, a way of life, religion, music,

literature, history, and so on (Rangkuti-Hasibuan, 5). And also according

to Newmark, the definition of culture is "the way of life of manifestations

that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its

means of expression" (94). This definition indicates that every community

has its own language certainly has its own culture as well.

Culture is a way of life embodied in a particular group and

expressed in a particular language. Then, Culture may be defined as the

ideas, customs, skills, arts, and tools that characterize a given group of

people in a given period of time. But, culture is more than the sum of its

parts (Brown, 177). Meanwhile according to Abdul Chaer and Leony

Agustina in his book Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal that culture is

everything which concerns of human life, including the rule or the law

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applicable in society, the results of man-made, custom, and common

tradition, and also including interaction or communication tool is also

used, they are language and tools of communication other nonverbal (164).

Related the words bounded by culture, Newmark says, "most cultural

words are easy to detect since they are associated with a particular

language and cannot be literally translated, where a literal translation

would distort the meaning and a translation may include an appropriate

descriptive-functional equivalent" (95).

Thus, it can be concluded that "culture is the whole way of life of a

society, the human way of thinking and behaving." In other words "culture

is the human life itself, which includes the mind, the creation and the

result of his work" (Mulyana et. al., 18) Or it can also conclude that

‘culture is a way of life that manifestations are seen in the form of

behavior and the results are seen in the material (artefacts) which is

obtained through a process of habituation and learning in a community and

then passed on from generation to generation.' Culture is typical for a

society, then no two the same culture.

So, the cultural words can be defined as a particular word living

embodiment of how a group of people interact or communicate each other

in a community and a given period time which comprises ideas, customs,

skills, arts, tools and so on.

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3. Category of Cultural Words

Nida said that constraint in translation is the difference in four

cases, namely: 1) language, 2) social culture, 3) religious culture and 4)

cultural material (Hoed, 24). In other words, as the translator should be

familiar with topics you want to translate it first, before proceeding to the

translation process, so it can reduce the problem of accuracy in translation.

In his book, Newmark offers a concept of cultural words. This

concept reveals that in a text all aspects of culture are expressed in cultural

words. These aspects can be interpreted in a variety of ways according to

their role in the text and translation purpose. For make easier of

understanding, these aspects are divided into categories and sub-

categories, namely (95):

a. Ecology. It is a geographical feature that can be normally

distinguished from other cultural terms in that they are

usually value-free, politically and commercially. It which

includes flora, fauna, mountains, rivers, plains, natural

conditions and so on, for example, wedus gembel (The fog

in Merapi Mountain), burung cendrawasih (bird of

paradise), etc;

b. Material culture (artifacts). It is the culture-specific

element that includes clothes, foods, housing,

transportation, tools, and equipment, etc. For example getuk

(snack made from yams or cassava which have been

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crushed and to which sugar and coconut have been added),

kebaya (a long-sleeved blouse worn over the kain or skirt-

wrapping), etc;

c. Social culture. Work and leisure such as the names of

music, games or dance that is typical in certain areas such

as tari jaipong (kinds of Sundanese dance), malam takbiran

(the night of the last day of Ramadhan) etc;

d. Social organization – political and administrative

(organization, customs, ideas, activities, procedures,

concepts). Institutional terms, historical terms, international

terms, religious terms, artistic terms. The linguistic

manifestations of this concept cannot be translated into a

language where the audience is unfamiliar with it, for

example, SLB (the Special Needs School), kepala desa

(head of the village) and so on;

e. Gestures and habit. (often described in non-cultural

language), which are an activities or actions carried out

from generation to generation, such as kerja bakti,

menggotong, sila, nujuh bulan, aben, lamaran, etc.

4. The Accuracy of Translation

According to Shuttleworth and Cowie in Anari and Bouali,

accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of

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correspondence between the translated and original text (80). Accuracy is

defined by Rahimi in Anari and Bouhali as a suitable and detailed

explanation of the source message and the transmission of that message as

exactly as possible (80). So, it can be concluded that accuracy occurs when

the message in the source language is transferred correctly into the target

language.

The problem of accuracy is one of the main consequences from the

fundamental concept of translation which means a text can be translated

into target language if it has equivalence relation. The translator doesn't

make any reductions or additions in the target language. If he does, the

work will called inaccuracy. Rahimi said that a translation will considered

inaccurate if it inadvertently omits some piece of information, adds some

information which is not available in the source text, and makes mistakes

in analyzing the meaning of the text (80). So, as the translator must have

sufficient knowledge and a full understanding of the text to produce a

translation which is both accurate and easy to read.

In his book, Larson (1984) attaches some example with their

explanations which describe the difference between accurate translation,

inaccurate, and unclear ones, there are:

a. Accurate Translation

The message of the source text is totally diverting into the

target text, no distorting and no reorder of the sentence in that

translation (Larson, 487). It means in translating, a translator

20

should find the way how the message of the source text is

delivered appropriately into the target text. No omission, no

addition, and the meaning are true.

The example, as follows:

Source text: I am glad that you have turned your life.

Target text: Aku senang ibu sudah berubah

The word you in English can be translated into "kamu,

engkau, kau, and anda." The rate might be accurate, inaccurate

or unclear based on the context that used. A translator has to

know the relation between the speaker and listener. This

context is the conversation between a son toward his mom,

then the word you will the best accuracy if it translated into ibu

or mama although it is not the equal meaning of you. In this

case, the culture most influenced. Therefore, the translator

translates the word you into "ibu" in this translation.

b. Inaccurate Translation

The message of the source text is delivered imprecisely

(Larson, 487). There found some distortions and also

differences while translating the text, then it can be sure that

inaccuracy occurs in that translation.

Inaccurate translation is caused by multilingual language

and culture. The example is the Indonesian language which

21

has most different culture. In translating the text, the translator

must decide carefully in diverting the message, to get an

accurate translation.

There are some ways to testing inaccurate translation: One,

additional of some parts which did not exist in the original

text. Second, different of meaning between the original and

translated text. Third, the omission of some parts which

existed in the original text. And the last, lack of

communication Zero Meaning (Larson, 531).

For example:

Source text: I went to Tibet and I studied Buddhism, and

then I read the Koran.

Target text: Aku belajar ke Tibet, dan belajar tentang

Budha, lalu aku membaca Koran.

The example above, a translator does not translate the word

Koran into "Al-Qur'an" which means the Moslem holy book

but he uses its pure borrowing word. This translation can be

claimed as inaccurate one because the message is diverting

imprecisely into the target text. The word Koran in Indonesian

refers to a newspaper which published in every day, and it

absolutely different with the message that is purposed in the

translation.

22

c. Unclear Translation

The message of the source text actually is transferring into

the target text, but it still not communicates to the people who

are to use that translation (Larson, 531). Then it should be

checked with someone who is not familiar with the source text

and ask questions which will show what he/she understand to

find its clarity.

For example:

Source text: The restaurant makes a killer big cheeseburger.

Target text: Restoran itu membuat burger keju besar.

The translation of the source text can be understood well,

but there found a missing message in the target text. This

untranslatable word of the killer in the sentence, make the

menu in that restaurant seems ordinary. Therefore, a translator

should find the word to get its clarity.

According to the example above, it concludes that a

translator has to replace the message of the source text into the

target text carefully. Therefore, a checking of the translation is

needed.

5. The Accuracy Test

The accuracy test means, checking whether the meaning is

transferred from source text is the same as the one in the target text. The

23

purpose of the translator is to communicate meaning accurately. The

Translators should not ignore, add or subtract the message that contained

in the source text, to keep the authenticity of the source language text

messages. Nida and Taber confirm that the message should be a priority

because the content is the most important (13).

The accuracy test is done based on theories regarding the accuracy

which already exists, this is intended to be a reference in translating

focused on one agreement. In testing the accuracy, a translator required

being careful, because meaning from source language should be

appropriate with the equivalence into the target language if the translation

result does not meet appropriate meaning in the target language and the

context, it can be said that it is not accurate. Inaccuracy can reduce the

quality of the translation because accuracy is one of the most important

elements in quality assessments in translation beside clarity and

naturalness.

Khomeijani Farahani based on Larson (1984) believes that the

process of the evaluation of translation accuracy can be executed in two

ways (2005: 75-87):

a). First, through the recognition of the ST key works and their

equivalents in the target text, then comparing the extent of their proximity

to each other, that is, whether the translator could represent an exact and

equal meaning of the ST through choosing the linguistic equivalents of the

24

TT and whether he/she could achieve an acceptable amount of accuracy or

not.

b). Second, the use of back translation which means translating the

TL text into the ST, then undertaking the contrastive analysis; if the

translated text is reasonably approximate and close to the source language

text, then the translation contains an acceptable rate of accuracy.

Waddington recommended another method in evaluating the

quality of translation based on Hurtado's (1995) model. Waddington

"Method A" enumerates three groups of mistakes which may exist in

translation. The first group which deals with the perception of the source

text message is related to translation accuracy including the inappropriate

influential translations in perceiving the source text and is classified into

eight categories: contresens, fanxsens, nonsense, addition, omission,

unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, inappropriate

linguistic variation (register, style, dialect,…..) (311-325).

Meanwhile, Nababan creates a model of translation qualitative

assessment that there is an instrument accuracy assessment is described as

follows (50):

25

Table 2. Translation Qualitative Assessment by Nababan

Translation

Category

Qualitative Parameter

Accurate The meaning of the word, a technical term, phrase, clause,

sentence or source language text accurately transferred

into the target language; absolutely no distortion of

meaning.

Less Accurate Most of the meaning of words, technical terms, phrases,

clauses, sentences or text of the source language has been

transferred accurately into the target language. However,

there is still a distortion of meaning or translation of

double meaning (ambiguous) or existing meaning is

eliminated, which interrupt the integrity of the message.

Inaccurate The meaning of the word, a technical term, phrase, clause,

sentence or source language text inaccurately transferred

into the target language or omitted (deleted).

According to Nababan, accuracy aspect have the weight which the

highest than the other aspect, it is adjusted to the basic concepts of the

translation process as the process of transferring the message (accuracy) of

the source language text into the target language (50).

Larson says maintaining the dynamics of the original source text

means that the translation is presented in such a way that it will, hopefully,

evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke (6).

Nababan added for people who are knowledgeable in the field of

translation, the translation is also viewed as a communication tool (43).

Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that the

translation result must be natural and understandable. The translator

should pay attention to the target of the translation first so that the

translator can adjust the translation in the order it can be accepted and

understood by the readers.

26

According to the translation accuracy that has been mentioned

above, the researcher chose to use the main theories presented by

Nababan, because of the Nababan theory is more detailed and easier to

understand in its application. However, other theories that have been

described above are not function or are not used. The theory would still be

used by the researcher is in the application of Nababan theory still requires

an additional statement or support for analyzing an accuracy of the

translation.

27

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In data description, the researcher tabulates the data of cultural

words which are taken from Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur book,

including it category of cultural words and the types translation accuracy,

which will be analyzed use the theory which mentions before. The selected

data can be tabulated as follows.

Table 3. The Data of Cultural Words in the Bilingual Book of Panduan Berziarah

ke Borobudur, Their Category, and The Types of Translation Accuracy

No. Data of Panduan

Berziarah ke

Borobudur

Data of A

Pilgrim’s Guide

to Borobudur

Category of

Cultural

Words

The Types of

Translation

Accuracy

1 Tasbih Prayer beads

Material

culture

Less accurate

2 Keris (pisau

traditional jawa)

Keris (Javanese

dagger)

Material

culture

Less accurate

3 Tongkat pendek

(camara)

The fly whisk

(camara)

Material

culture

Inaccurate

4 Bersila Sitting with his

legs crossed

Gestures and

habit

Accurate

5 Brahmana Brahmin

Social

organization

Accurate

6 Pohon sala Sal tree

Ecology Accurate

7 Lesung Mortar

Material

culture

Accurate

8 Alu Alu Material

culture

Less accurate

9 Cawat (kopina) Loin cloth

(kopina)

Material

culture

Accurate

10 Pathavi (Pertiwi) Pathavi

Social

organization

Inaccurate

11 Simbal Cymbal

Material

culture

Accurate

12 Bubur jali-jali Barley gruel

Material

culture

Accurate

28

13 Ronde madu Honey balls

Material

culture

Accurate

14 Brahma Brahma

Social

organization

Less accurate

15 Sungai Gangga Ganges River

Ecology Accurate

B. Data Analysis

From tabulated data above which contains 15 cultural words, the

researcher tries to classify the category of the cultural word and analyze its

type of translation accuracy using some theories which explained before.

The data can be analyzed as follows:

1. Ecology

a. Pohon sala: Sal tree

Table 3.1. Data Source Analysis

Source Data Explanation

KBBI Sala sala/sa·la/ n perdu, Eurya japonica

Oxford

Dictionary

Sal (n) A North Indian tree which yields teak-like timber

and dammar resin.

The data above shows the word “Sal” is explained as a tree which

specified come from North Indian. In Indonesia, sala trees are often called

as a perdu tree. The sal tree belongs to a plant and a plant includes a flora,

so it is categorized as ecology in cultural word by Newmark (95).

The translation above is considered as an accurate translation

because the word “Sala” in Hindi name or perdu tree in Indonesian can be

translated in English with the ”Sal” word which the same meaning. The

word ”Sala” is accurately transferred into the target language because of

29

absolutely no distortion of meaning (Nababan, 50). In addition, the

translator can find substitutes word in target language culture, so this

translation can be understood by the reader.

b. Sungai Gangga: Ganges River



Oxford

Dictionary

Ganges A river of northern India and Bangladesh, which rises

in the Himalayas and flows some 2,700 km (1,678

miles) south-east to the Bay of Bengal, where it forms

the world's largest delta. The river is regarded by

Hindus as sacred. Hindi name Ganga

Source Language Target Language

Buddha tiba di sungai Gangga dan

satu-satunya cara untuk

menyeberangi adalah menggunakan

perahu. (p. 122)

The Buddha arrived the Ganges river

where the only means of crossing was

by ferry. (p. 121)

The data above shows the Ganges is a sacred river regarded by

Hindus. Ganges river can be categorized as cultural word especially

ecology because it is a geographical feature that can be normally

distinguished according to Newmark (95).


because the Gangga meaning in Indonesian or Ganga meaning in Hindi

name has same reference and absolutely no distortion of meaning when

translate into English become the Ganges, it means the meaning of the

Gangga accurately transferred into the target language and can be

accepted by the target language reader (Nababan, 50).

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ganga

30

2. Material Culture (Artefacts)

a. Tasbih: Prayer beads



KBBI Tasbih Tasbih/tas·bih/ n untaian butir manik-manik yang

dipakai untuk menghitung ucapan tahlil, tasbih, dan

sebagainya: -- itu, ada yang 33 dan ada yang 100 butir

Oxford

Dictionary

Prayer

beads

A string of beads used to keep count while uttering

prayers.

Oxford

Dictionary

Rosary (n) A string of beads for keeping count in a rosary or in

the devotions of some other religions

The data above shows tasbih or prayer beads use to an equipment

of worship in some religion. Tasbih or prayer beads is a praying

equipment, it shows tasbih or prayer beads is categorized as a tool or

material culture in the cultural category (Newmark, 95).

The translation above is considered as a less accurate translation.

Actually, tasbih and prayer beads have similar meaning when they are

translated into target language, but in English culture, the word “tasbih” be

able to translate into “rosary” word which more specified and understood

meaning than prayer beads. In this cases, the translator does not transfer a

technical term carefully into the target language which interrupts the

integrity of the message (Nababan, 50).

31

b. Keris (pisau tradisional jawa): Keris (Javanese dagger)



KBBI Keris

(pisau

tradisional

jawa)

keris/ke·ris/ n senjata tajam bersarung, berujung

tajam, dan bermata dua (bilahnya ada yang lurus,

ada yang berkeluk- keluk);

Oxford

Dictionary

Keris

(Javanese

dagger)

(n) A Malay or Indonesian dagger with a wavy-

edged blade.

The data above shows Keris is just not a knife, but it has a more

specific function as a dagger which originally comes to Indonesia. Keris is

categorized a material culture (artifact) because it has function as a tool

and equipment (Newmark, 95).

This word is preserved in the translation without any change, but

adding an explanation to make the translation is cleared. The translation

above is considered as a less accurate translation although adding the

‘note’ (Newmark, 92) because the word “Keris” in Indonesian can be

translated into English with “Kris” word. Actually, Oxford Dictionary has

not the word “Keris” in their vocabularies because Keris is translated into

the word “Kris” in English without additional notes, then British knew

what is Kris, the Javanese dagger from Indonesia. In addition, this

translation called as a less accurate translation because there is a

translation of double meaning (ambiguous) which interrupts the integrity

of the message (Nababan, 50).

32

c. Tongkat pendek (camara): The fly whisk (camara)



KBBI Pendek pendek/pen·dek/ /péndék/ a 1 dekat jaraknya dari ujung

ke ujung 2 dekat jaraknya dari sebelah bawah; tidak

tinggi 3 sebentar (tentang waktu) 4 ringkas; singkat

(tentang cerita dan sebagainya)

Oxford

Dictionary

Fly (v) move through the air

The translation above shows camara is a whisk which symbolizes

a royalty in Hinduism culture. Camara is made out of either yak's tails or

horse hair and royal personages that often accompanied by fly whisk

holders (Dhammika, 29). Because of it has the functioned as a tool so

camara categorizes as material culture (Newmark, 95).

The translation above is actually considered as an accurate

translation. The translator translated the word “camara” with the same

shape with aim to adding the front sentence to make the meaning of the

word accurately transferred into the target language (Newmark, 92), but

the translation to be inaccurate caused there is a target language word

changed when it is translated, so make the information is wrong. In this

case the word “pendek” in Indonesian can be translated into English with

“fly”, then according to tabulate data above the word “pendek” and “fly”

are very different meaning. In addition, according to Nababan theory, this

translation considers as an inaccurate translation because the meaning of

tongkat pendek (camara) inaccurately transferred into the target language

or changing the meaning become the fly whisk (camara) which interrupts

the integrity of the message (50).

33

d. Lesung: Mortar



KBBI Lesung lesung/le·sung/ n lumpang kayu panjang (untuk

menumbuk padi dan sebagainya)

Oxford

Dictionary

Mortar (n) A cup-shaped receptacle in which ingredients are

crushed or ground, used in cooking or pharmacy.

The data above shows lesung and mortar are tools that functioned

in the field of food or pharmacy. Lesung is categorized to material culture

(artifact) in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because it is usually

used or functioned as a tool.

This translation is considered as an accurate translation because

absolutely no distortion of the meaning and the meaning of the lesung

accurately transferred into the target language (Nababan, 50). Lesung in

Indonesia is actually more traditional function than mortar in English.

Lesung is functioned to the container of pounding the rice (padi) and

mortar is more functioned in the pharmacy field to the container of

pounding the medicine, but this translation still called accurate because it

still has one idea. In addition, the translation above called as an accurate

translation because the translator is able to find the source text message

and totally diverting into the target text (Larson, 487) with the true

meaning.

34

e. Alu: Alu



KBBI Alu alu n 1 alat untuk menumbuk padi dan sebagainya yang

dibuat dari kayu

English-

Indonesia

Dictionary

Alu Rice pestle

The data above shows alu is a tool that functioned to pounding the

rice (padi). It is usually used as traditional and made of wood. Alu is the

cultural specific element that includes a tool and categorizes as material

culture (Newmark, 95).

The translation above is considered as a less accurate translation

because the word “alu” did not translating in the target language. In

English culture to pounding the rice (padi) is already using a machine,

different with Indonesian which still uses traditional method in some

region. This translation is zero meaning because just borrow the original

words without trying to adding the ‘note’ (Larson, 531). Actually, the

word “alu” actually can be translated using English-Indonesian dictionary

with the word “rice pestle” which more suitable meaning in English

culture than just borrow the original words, so British can more understand

what the meaning of alu in Indonesian culture. In addition, this translation

called as a less accurate translation because there is a translation of double

meaning (ambiguous) which interrupts the integrity of the message

(Nababan, 50).

35

f. Cawat (kopina): Loin cloth (kopina)



KBBI Cawat

(kopina)

cawat/ca·wat/ n kain dan sebagainya penutup

kemaluan, yang bagian atasnya bertali untuk diikatkan

di pinggang

Oxford

Dictionary

Loin

cloth

(kopina)

(n) A single piece of cloth wrapped round the hips,

typically worn by men in some hot countries as their

only garment.

The data above shows cawat and loincloth is a cloth that

functioned as a cover of genital and has similarly functioned with

underwear in the modern era. Cawat and loincloth are typically worn by

men to meditation in Hindi culture. This word is categorized as material

culture (artifact) in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because it a

cultural specific element that includes the clothes.


because the meaning of cawat (kopina) is accurately transferred into the

target language and absolutely no distortion of the meaning (Nababan,

50). The translator is able to translate this word from the source language

into target language with the same message in the target culture, so the

translation is easy to understand by the reader although have a different

culture. In addition, the translator also bring back the word “kopina” in

the target language to explain that kopina is a technical term which

originally used by Hinduism to meditation purposes in Hindi culture.

36

g. Simbal: Cymbal



Oxford

Dictionary

Cymbal (n) A musical instrument consisting of a slightly

concave round brass plate which is either struck against

another one or struck with a stick to make a ringing or

clashing sound.


Agak jauh disebelah kanan seorang

orang tua, guru tari, penabuh

gendang menabuh sepasang simbal

kecil sedangkan figur yang lain

memukul tiga gendang. (p.114)

On the far right an elderly man, the

dance master, taps time with a pair of

small cymbal while another figure

beats three drums. (p. 113)

The data above shows cymbal is a musical instrument that played

by tapping the instrument and similarly find in a part of the musical

instrument drums. Cymbal is a tool to play the music, so it is categorized

as material culture in the cultural category by Newmark (95).


because the technical term of the source language text accurately

transferred into the target language and absolutely no distortion of the

meaning (Nababan, 50). The translator also is able to find the true meaning

by the word “simbal” into “cymbal” word, so the message of the source

text is totally diverting into the target text (Larson, 487).

37

h. Bubur jali-jali: Barley gruel



Terkesima karena ketenangan dan

kulit wajahNya yang bersinar,

mereka mendekati dan

mempersembahkan semangkuk

bubur jali-jali dan ronde madu. (p.

118)

Impressed by his calm and radiant

complexion they approached him and

offered him a bowl of barley gruel

and honey balls. (p. 117)

The data above shows bubur jali-jali is a food that given to Sidhatta

Gotama/Buddha by two merchants in Lalistavistara (Budhha story). This

word categorizes as a material culture (artifact) because it is a cultural

specific element that includes food (Newmark, 95).


because the translator is able to translate and find the meaning of bubur

jali-jali in source language into barley gruel in the target language and

absolutely no distortion (Nababan, 50). It is acceptable translation because

in English culture British do not know what is bubur jali-jali and more

understands if “bubur jali-jali” word translates into “barley gruel” word

that more suitable in English culture.

i. Ronde madu: Honey balls



Terkesima karena ketenangan dan

kulit wajahNya yang bersinar,

mereka mendekati dan

mempersembahkan semangkuk bubur

jali-jali dan ronde madu. (p. 118)

Impressed by his calm and radiant

complexion they approached him and

offered him a bowl of barley gruel and

honey balls. (p. 117)

38

The data above is similarly with the explanation before, ronde

madu is also a food that given to Sidhatta Gotama/Buddha by two

merchants in Lalistavistara (Budhha story). This word is categorized as

material culture in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because it is a

cultural specific element that includes food.


because absolutely no distortion of the meaning and the meaning of the

ronde madu accurately transferred into honey balls (Nababan, 50). In

addition, the translator is able to find the true meaning that is suitable in

the target language, so the message of the source text is totally diverted

into the target text and it can be accepted in English culture.

3. Social Organization

a. Brahmana: Brahmin



KBBI Brahmana brahmana/brah·ma·na/ n 1 pendeta agama

Hindu; 2 kasta tertinggi dalam agama

Hindu; 3 orang yang masuk golongan

pendeta dalam agama Hindu

Oxford

Dictionary

Brahmin/Brahman (n) A member of the highest Hindu caste,

originally that of the priesthood.

The data above shows brahmana is the priest and a member that

have the highest caste in Hinduism. Brahmana is categorized as social

organization-political and administrative (organization, custom, idea,

activities, procedures, concepts) in the cultural category by Newmark (95)

because it includes religious term.

39


because the word in the source text is able to transfer into target text with

the true meaning. It is indicated on the word “brahmana” be able to

translate from Indonesian into “brahmin” word in English with the same

message in each tabulates data, it shows if the message of the source text

is totally diverting into the target text (Larson, 487). In addition, according

to Nababan, this translation is considered as an accurate translation

because the meaning of brahmana accurately transferred into the target

language and have not distortion of the meaning (50).

b. Pathavi (Pertiwi): Pathavi



KBBI Pertiwi pertiwi/per·ti·wi/ n 1 bumi; 2 dewi yang menguasai bumi;

3 tanah tumpah darah; ibu pertiwi


Di sebelah kiri ada Pathavi

(Pertiwi), dewi Bumi, muncul dari

bawah tanah dan memegang sebuah

jambangan permata. (p. 112)

On the left is Pathavi, the Earth

goddess, rising out of the ground and

holding a vase of jewels. (p. 111)

The data above shows pathavi is a name of the god of the earth in

Hindi culture. Pathavi is categorized as social organization-political and

administrative (organization, custom, idea, activities, procedures,

40

concepts) because it includes a religious term in the cultural category by

Newmark (95).

Based on data above “pathavi” word is used by Hindi culture to

named the god of earth. This word is actually hard to be translated because

the word “pathavi” is come from Hindi culture and should be translated

into the target language. In the source language, the text is actually adding

‘note’ (Newmark, 92) with “pertiwi” word to make this translation clear,

but the note in the source language is lost when it is translated into the

target language or the meaning of pertiwi (pathavi) is omitted (deleted)

(Nababan, 50). So, the translation above is considered as an inaccurate

translation because the message of the source text is delivered imprecisely

(Larson, 487).

c. Brahma: Brahma



KBBI Brahma Brahma/Brah·ma/ n Hin salah satu dewa Trimurti

yang berperan sebagai dewa pencipta alam semesta

Oxford

Dictionary

Brahma The creator god in Hinduism, who forms a triad with

Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma was an important god of

late Vedic religion, but has been little worshipped since

the 5th century AD.

The data above shows Brahma is the god of the creator in

Hinduism. Brahma is categorized as social organization-political and

administrative (organization, custom, idea, activities, procedures,

concepts) because it is used to named social organization of religious term

in the cultural category by Newmark (95).

41

The translation above is considered as a less accurate translation.

According to Nababan this translation is named double meaning

(ambiguous) because the translator chooses to bring back the word from

the source language to replace in the target language, so this translation

interrupts the integrity of the message (50). Although it has same

definition in the dictionary but the word untranslated or just borrow the

original words is lack communication or zero meaning (Larson, 531). In

addition, Brahma is the god of Hinduism, so untranslated or do not add the

‘note’ (Newmark, 92) will make the reader in the target language confuse

if the reader have different religions.

4. Gestures and Habbit

a. Bersila: Sitting with his legs crossed



KBBI Bersila bersila/ber·si·la/ v duduk dengan melipat kaki yang

bersilangan


Buddha juga sering ditunjukan

sedang sedang duduk dengan kaki

bersila dalam “posisi teratai”

(padmasana). (p. 30)

The Buddha is usually shown sitting

with his legs crossed in what is called

‘the lotus posture’ (padmasana). (p.

31)

The data above shows bersila is sitting style with crossed the legs

in some cultures or religions in the word. Bersila is usually an activities or

actions carried out from generation to generation. Bersila is categorized as

42

gestures and habit in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because this

is a certain sitting style that not all the cultures practice it.

Based on data above the word “bersila” have not substituted word

in target language because in English culture is actually does not use this

sitting style in daily life, but the translation above is considered as an

accurate translation because the translator used explanation in target text

with same meaning and absolutely no distortion (Nababan, 50). In

addition, this translation is accepted in target language because it is better

and communicative than untranslated or just borrowed the original word.

(Larson, 531).

43

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on research findings that have been analyzed, it can be

concluded the result that answer the research question. The accuracy

aspect is chosen by the researcher because accuracy is the most important

aspect in translation. It intents of the accuracy is to convey a message, so

the message and accuracy is the main one in translation. In translating the

cultural word, a translator must have the cultural competency in both of

language adequately, besides the translation ability, so the translator can

make the accurate translation in the cultural term that are acceptable and

understood by the reader.

The research finding cultural words translation used by the

translator in the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur are

fifteen data: tasbih, keris (pisau traditional jawa), tongkat pendek

(camara), bersila, brahmana, pohon sala, lesung, alu, cawat (kopina),

pathavi (pertiwi), simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, brahma, sungai

gangga. The cultural word category that often found is material culture:

tasbih, keris (pisau traditional jawa), tongkat pendek (camara), lesung,

alu, cawat (kopina), simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, following

ecology: pohon sala, sungai gangga, social organization: brahmana,

44

pathavi (pertiwi), brahma, gesture and habit: bersila and did not find

social culture category.

Then, the accuracy of cultural word translation applied in the

bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur is accurate

transalation, less accurate translation and inaccurate translation. The

accurate translation applied are: bersila, brahmana, pohon sala, lesung,

simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, sungai gangga, cawat (kopina). There

are also less accurate translation: tasbih, keris (pisau tradisional jawa),

alu, brahma and inaccurate translations: tongkat pendek (camara) and

pathavi (pertiwi) because it is just borrowing the original word and

omitted or deleted.

Finally, from the data above is showed, if translating cultural word

is not simple cases, so the translator should have a deep understanding of

the source and target language before translating because in every

language has the different culture with another language which can be

confused in translating the text.

B. Suggestion

According to the conclusion above, the researcher would like to

give some suggestion that might be useful especially to:

1. The translator of this book. Make sure the translator mastered the

source language and the target language and understanding the cultural

word in the book when translating the cultural text. Reduce in bring

45

back the original word into target language because untranslated word

will make the reader misunderstand. Use the instrument to checking the

accuracy, it will help the translator to reduce inaccuracies in translation.

However, messages are the main thing of translation.

2. The researcher suggests to the general translator interested in the same

field, should know the translation accuracy and cultural category

theories when want to translate the cultural word. Translation accuracy

theory used to measure the accuracy of the translation and cultural

category theory used to determine what the cultural word in analyze is

included the cultural category in translation. Then, multiplying reading

to gain a broad knowledge to help the next translator gain many of

word, such as various cultural words.

3. Finally, the researcher hopes that this result of the study will be useful

for they are interested in doing the similar study especially in the field

of translation. The researcher also advised that translation is used as a

bridge of knowledge, because there are so many interesting books out

there written in English and ignorance of the language hampers the

information, so that is where the real translator role.

46

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49

APPENDICES

Description of the book

Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur, A Pilgrimage Guide to Borobudur

ISBN number : 978-602-1235-37-9

Author : S. Dhammika

Number of pages : 124

Book weight : 250 gram

Type of cover : Hard Cover

Dimensions : 14.5 x 21.5 cm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravasti_Dhammika

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