The Acrylic bookA comprehensive resource for Artists
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Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon & hIstory 5
Chapter 2 essentIal InformatIon 7 WhatIsAcrylicPaint? 7
ComponentsofAcrylicPaint 7
HowAcrylicsWork 8
CharacteristicsofAcrylicPaints 9
TechnicalInformation 10
MixingColor:MineralandModernPigments 13
LiquitexColorPalettes 14
Chapter 3 lIquItex® produCts 16 ColorRanges 16
ProfessionalArtistsAcrylicColor 16
9EssentialThingstoKnowAboutAcrylicColors 17
SoftBodyProfessionalArtistAcrylicColor 18
HeavyBodyProfessionalArtistAcrylicColor 19
SuperHeavyBodyProfessionalArtistAcrylicColor 20
DecorativeSeries 21
Liquitex®InterferenceColors 21
IridescentColors 22
LuorescentColors 22
Liquigems™AcrylicGlitterPaint 23
Glossies™AcrylicEnamelPaint 23
BasicsValueSeries 25
Basics 25
BasicsMatt 26
ChoosingtheRightColor:Artists’Colorvs ValueSeries 27
AcrylicMediums 29
prep 31 SurfacePrep 31
paint 34 FluidMediums 34
GelMediums 40
Effects 48
finish 57 Varnish 57
Chapter 4 applICatIons 62 AcrylicSheets 62
Airbrushing 64
Brushwork 68
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Knowledge is power.TheLiquitex®AcrylicBookisforartists,educatorsandstudentsofalllevels Theinformationinthisbookwillhelpyoubetterunderstandacrylicartmaterialsandwillexposeyoutoinnovativetechniquesandapplications TheLiquitex®AcrylicBookiswrittenbythepeoplewhohavemadeprofessionalwater-basedacrylicslongerthananyothermanufacturer Thisbookistheresultofmanylifetimesofexperienceandexpertise
Thiseasy-accessLiquitex®AcrylicBookhassixmainchapters:1 EssentialInformation2 LiquitexAcrylicProducts3 Applications4 FrequentlyAskedQuestions5 HealthandSafety6 ReferenceThe“FrequentlyAskedQuestions”willhelpyousolvecommonacrylicproblems,whilethe“Applications”sectionoffersfinearttechniquesandmanyideasforprojectsandapplications
Ifyouhaveanyspecificortechnicalquestionsthatarenotansweredinthisbook:• Visitwww.liquitex.com forcomprehensivetechnicalinformationonall
Liquitex®products
•Callusat1.888.4ACRYLIC (North America Only).
It’sourjobtomakesurethatyouhavetheinformationthatyouneedtobesuccessful
a BrIef hIstory Inthelonghistoryofartmaterials,acrylicsarefairlynew Oilcolorsdatebacktothefifteenthcentury Temperaandencaustichavepedigreesthatarecountedinthethousandsofyears Andwatercolorwastheresultwhenprehistoricvisionariesdevelopedthebasicmodelforpaintthatstillservestoday:acombinationofpigment(earthcolorant),vehicle(fortheearliestartists,saliva),andbinder(prehistoricanimalfat)
Acrylicswerefirstdevelopedasasolvent-basedartists’colorintheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury Thefirstwater-borneacrylic(thekindweusetoday)wasdevelopedandlaunchedin1955 Inthatyear,acompanyinCincinnati,OhiocalledPermanentPigmentsthathadbeenmillingoilcolorssince1933(andrunbyamannamedHenryLevison,wholived,drank,
inTroducTion & hisTory
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slept,andbreathedartist’scolors)launchedanewproduct Thisnewartists’colorwasformulatedwithanacrylicpolymerresinthatwasemulsifiedwithwater Thenewcolorcouldgofromthicktothinandeverywhereinbetween;itwouldadheretojustaboutanything—fromcanvastopapertometaltowoodtoplastic–anditdriedquicklyforeasyre-working,layering,andmasking Mostimportant,itcouldbethinnedandcleanedupwithwater
Levisontriedtocomeupwithanamethatwouldcapturetheessenceofthemediumandthefactthatitcouldgofromfluidliquiditytoheavytexture Hecalledhisnewproduct“liquidtexture,”orliquitex®.
Levisonwasabletoencourageanumberofartiststotrytheproduct,butacceptancewasslow Acrylicsdidn’tgainfullacceptanceintheartistcommunityuntilLevisonfiguredoutaprinciplethatisstillinplacetoday:greatinformationisasimportantasgreatmaterials Baseduponthatprinciple,Levisonlaunchedalecturedemonstrationprograminwhichartistsofferedworkshopsandlecturesontheuseofacrylicstocollegestudentsandprofessors Withinafewyears,acrylicswerebeingusedconsistentlyincollegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountry Anditwasn’tlongbeforeLiquitex®wasbeingusedbysomeofthemostimportantartistsofthelate20thcentury:DavidHockney,HelenFrankenthaler,AndyWarholandothers Becauseofitsdurabilityandversatility,Liquitex®alsobecamethemediumofchoiceforlarge-scalepublicmuralsbyartistssuchasGaroAntreasianandThomasHartBenton Infact,it’sfairtosaythat,withoutLiquitex®andtheworkingpropertiesofwater-basedacrylics,20thcenturyartwouldhavebeencompletelydifferent
Bythe1980’s,acrylicshadbecomethemostpopularandwidelyusedofallpaintingmediums,surpassingbothwatercolorandoilbyawidemargin Thereason?TheinfinitevarietyofapplicationsofacrylicscoupledwiththespiritofinnovationfirstshownbyLiquitex®
Withoutquestion,thereisnomoreversatilecolorsystemintheworld Whilebothoilsandwatercolorrequirecarefulselectionofsurfacesandtechniquestoensuresuccessandstability,acrylicscanbeusedwithsomesimpleguidelinesonvirtuallyanything,toachievevirtuallyanyvisualorsculpturalresult Theycanbeusedoncanvas,onpaper,onfabric,onleather,onmetal,andonwood Acrylicscanbebrushed,troweled,sprayed,poured,splattered,scrapedorcarved Inshort,withalittlecareandtherightadditiveormedium,acrylicscandojustaboutanythingyoucanimagine
Acrylicsoffersuchgreatversatilitybecausetheydothreegreatthings:1. They stick.Toalmostanything Acrylicsoffergreatadhesiontoawidevarietyofsurfaces 2. They flex.Astheydryandage,acrylicstendtoremainfarmoreflexiblethanoils,allowing
themtobeusedwithoutcrackingonawiderarrayofsurfaces 3. They adjust.Throughthewondersofmodernchemistry,theworkingpropertiesofacrylics
canbeadjusted,altered,andmanagedinaninfinitevarietyofways
TotakeadvantageofthisversatilityithelpstounderstandthebasicchemistryofhowAcrylicswork
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What Is aCrylIC paInt?Waterbasedacrylicpaintiscomposedofpigmentparticlesdispersedinanacrylicpolymeremulsion
Components of aCrylIC paInt•pigment
Adry,powderymaterialthatdoesnotdissolveandremainssuspendedwhenmixedwithacrylicpolymeremulsion Pigmentscanbeorganic,inorganic,naturalandsynthetic Theyhavelittleornoaffinityforthesurfacetowhichtheyareapplied
•Vehicle
Acombinationofwaterandacrylicpolymerwhichcreateapolymeremulsion Oncethewaterleavesthesystemviaevaporationorabsorptionthepaintdriescreatingastablefilmtrappingthepigmentparticles
•Binder
Acrylicpolymerwithoutthewater Bindergivesthepaintitshandlinganddurabilitycharacteristics
defInItIons•polymer
A“polymer”isalongchemicalchainmadeupofsmaller,oftenidenticalmolecules Whenfullyassembled,ithasthepotentialforaddedstrengthandstabilityasitlocksintoatightlyorderedstructure Thefinalacrylicpaintfilmismadeofastablepolymericstructurethatlocksthepigmentintoplace
•emulsion
Amixtureofwaterandacrylicpolymer Anemulsionisastablemixtureofcomponentsthatdonotnormallymixwelltogether (Oilandwater,forexample,canbemixedtogetherbutwillstillsettleoutandseparate )Chemicalemulsifiersareaddedtoforcethewaterandacrylicpolymerintoastablemixtureuntilthewatereitherevaporatesorisabsorbed
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hoW aCrylICs WorkAcryliccolorsdryasaresultofwaterevaporation Here’swhatoccursaspigment,water,andacrylicaretransformedintoalast-for-agespaintfilm:
step 1 Squeezedfromthetube,orscoopedfromthejar,acrylicpaintisafinelybalanceddispersionofpigmentinanemulsionofacrylicpolymerandwater Thewaterservestokeeptheemulsionliquid,andactsasakindofchemical‘chaperone’preventingtheacrylicpolymerparticlesfromgettingcloseandpersonalandlockingupbeforetheartistisready
step 2 Whenexposedtotheatmosphere,waterintheemulsionevaporates,orisabsorbedintothepaintingsupport That’swhentheacrylicpolymerparticlescomeintodirectcontactandfusewitheachother
step 3 Thepolymerparticlesorganizethemselvesintoastable,hexagonalstructure,trappingthepigmentinplace Bingo!Thestablepaintfilm!
Itisimportanttonotethatacrylicsshouldneverbethinnedwithmorethan25%water Toomuchwaterwillspreadtheacrylicresinthinly,andinterferewiththeformationofthestablefilm AddinganAcrylicMedium,ratherthanwater,helpsmaintaincolorbrillianceandensuresthatthepaintfilmwillremainstable
Theacrylic/wateremulsionhasaslightlymilkycolorwhenwetthatclarifiesasthepaintdries Thismilkyappearancelightens(toaslightdegree)thevalueofthecolor Aswaterleavestheemulsion,andthebinderclarifies,thevalueofthecolordarkens Thiscolorchangeiscommonlycalledthewet-to-drycolorshiftandismostnoticeablewithdarktransparentpigments(suchasAlizarin)andlessnoticeablewithlightopaquepigments(suchasCadmiumYellow) Asacrylicchemistryadvances,Liquitex®continuouslymakesuseofnewacrylicresinsfromaroundtheworldthatofferfarbetterwetclaritythaneverbefore
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CharaCterIstICs of aCrylIC paIntsBasIC CharaCterIstICs
•Water-solublecolorswhilewet
• Permanent,waterinsoluble,flexiblecolorswhendry Builtupsurfaceswillremainfreeofcracksandchips Lessflexibleincoldweather Softerinwarmweather
• Shouldbethinnedwithaminimumofwater Tomaintainthestabilityofthefinalfilm,useacrylicmediumsoradditivestoadjusttheflowandworkingproperties
• Donotmixwithsolvents,turpentineoroils Mixonlywithotheracrylicemulsionpaintsormediums
•Keepbrusheswet Cleanupbrushes,handsandpalettewithsoapandwater
•Littleodor,nofumes,nonflammable Usesnon-toxicthinnersandmediums
• NOTEonflexibility:WhileLiquitex®Acryliccolorsandmediumswillremainflexibleovertime,allacrylicpaintfilmsbecomeincreasinglybrittleincoldweather Donotflex,roll,orunrollacrylicpaintingsintemperaturesbelow45ºF
dryInG CharaCterIstICs• Acrylicpaintdriesbyevaporationofitswatercomponent Thinpaintfilmswill
dryin10–20minuteswhilethickpaintfilmsmaytakefromanhouruptoseveraldays
• Onporoussurfacesthewaterevaporatesfromboththepaintaswellastheundersideofthesupport
• Resinparticlescoalesceandtrappigmentsasthewaterevaporates Thepolymerresinbondsandfallsintoroughlyhexagonalpatterns Thecompletedprocessyieldsawaterinsoluble,flexible,non-yellowingpaintfilm
CleanInG up aCrylIC paInts• from hands:Wetordriedacrylicpaintcleanswithsoapandwater
• from brushes:Cleanwetbrusheswithsoap&water Cleandriedacrylicbrusheswithacetone,denaturedalcoholorequivalentproduct Thesecleaningsolutionsaretoxic Careshouldbetakenduringuse
• from clothing:Whilepaintiswet,cleanwithwaterand/orwindowcleaner Driedacrylicpaintispermanentonfabric
• from painting surface:Whilepaintiswet,wipewithdamprag,cleanwithwater Whenpaintisdry,simplypaintoversurfacewithdesiredcolorsandmotif Thesurfaceofadryacrylicpaintingcanbecleanedbygentlywashingwithsoapandwater
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Thetransparency,translucencyandopacityofcolorsarebasedonthecharacteristicsofthepigmentsused AllLiquitex®colorsarelabeledTransparent(TP),Translucent(TL),orOpaque(O)onthelabelofeachproduct
•opaque Opaquecolorsdonotallowlighttopassthroughthecolorlayer Best“hidingpower”orcoverage Duplicatesgouacheeffects
•translucent Inbetweentransparentandopaque Allowssomelighttopassthroughthecolorlayer
•transparent Transparentcolorsallowlighttopassthroughtheircolorlayer Least“hidingpower ”Allowsunderneathcolortoshowthrough Bestsuitedforglazingandwatercolortechniques
hue, Value, Chroma
Hue,ValueandChromapositionsforeachcoloraredisplayedoneachlabel,foreveryLiquitex®color ThesedesignationsarebasedontheinternationallyrecognizedMunsellColorSystem
teChnICal InformatIonAllLiquitex®PaintsandMediumsaremanufacturedtohighqualityandperformancestandards
attrIButesLiquitex®AcrylicColorsandMediumsaremadeusingthehighestqualityacrylicresintoproduceacrylicpolymeremulsioncolorsandmediums Allcolorscontainpurepigments,ina100%acrylicpolymeremulsion Liquitex®AcrylicColorscontainnofillers,opacifiers,toners,dyes,emulsifiersoradditivesthatincreasevolumewithoutimpartingapositiveattributetothepaint Liquitex®AcrylicColorshavethegreatestpermanenceandlightfastnesspossible
Allcolorsdrytothetightestsheenrangeofanyacrylic,ensuringlessshinyanddullspotsinthefinishedpainting
Allcolorscontainthehighestpurepigmentload,withhightinting“power”andmaximumpermanenceofanyacrylic
laBel InformatIonThefollowinginformationisprovidedonlabelsofallLiquitex®AcrylicColors
transparency/opacity
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munsell Color systemThereareavarietyofopticalsystemsthatcanbeusedtomeasuretherefractiveandphysicalpropertiesofcolor OneofthemostcommonlyusedinhelpingartistsandscientistsbetteridentifytheopticalcharacteristicsofcoloristheMunsellsystem Liquitex®labelsincludeMunsellnotationsforeachcolor Thecolorsystemisbrokendownwiththefollowingidentifyingcategories:hueColorcanbeorganizedtofollowtheflowofhuesorspectralfamilynames Asorganizedwithinacolorwheel,12huesareRedPurple,Red,RedOrange,Orange,YellowOrange,Yellow,YellowGreen,Green,BlueGreen,Blue,BluePurple,andPurple Withinthespectrum,thethreeprimarycolorsareRed,Yellow,andBlue AhueisthepreciseidentificationofeachcolorwithinaHuePositionBand Thespecifichueofacolormaybeatcenterorleantowardonespectralneighbororanother Forexample,CadmiumRedMediumcarriesaMunsellNotationof6 3R,andisindicatedasleaningtowardtheRedOrangehuecolumn
Complementary colorsstronglyenhancethecharacteroftheprimaries Forexample,placinggreennexttoredwillmakebothcolorsappearmoreintenseandvivid Greenoccupiesthepointdirectlyoppositeredonacolorwheel,andisconsideredtobethecomplementofred Orangeisthecomplementforblue,andvioletisthecomplementforyellow
split-complementarycolorsarethosethatresidedirectlytoeithersideofthecomplementarycolor Workingwithsplit-complementsallowstheartisttoexplorerelationshipsinwhichthetargetcolorcanbeenhancedbybeingplacednexttoornearasplit-complementarybutnotwiththesamedegreeofintensitythatcomeswithbeingpairedwithitsstraightcomplementarycolor Inaddition,themixingofasplit-complementwiththeoriginaltargetcolorwillyieldawell-balancedgray
triadiccolorselectionsallowtheartisttoselectcolorsthatserveasunique‘primaries’,eachofwhichareevenlyspacedinthirdsaroundthecolorwheel
tetradiccolorselectionsallowtheartisttoselectcolorsthatarebalancedandharmoniousbyvirtueoftheirequalspacinginquartersaroundthecolorwheel Morecomplexrelationshipswithbothtriadicandtetradicsystemscanbeexploredthroughdefininguniquecomplementariesandsplitcomplementarieswithintheuser’suniquelydefinedpalette
ValueAllcolorsvaryinvalue(therangefromlighttodark) Valuenumbersonthelabelgivethelightanddarkmeasureofacolor Thereare,infact,10theoreticalvaluestepsrangingfrompureblack(level0)topurewhite(level10) Thehigherthenumber,thelighterthecolor
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ChromaBytheirverynature,somecolorsarequitebright(likecrimson)whileothersarenaturallydull(likeyellowochre) Therelativebrightnessorintensityofcolorscanbeidentifiedsystematically Chroma,orcolorintensity,isidentifiedbyanumberthatrangesfrom0to20 Neutralgrayisrated0,havingnotraceofchromaorhue Thisiscalled,“zerochroma,zerohue ”Thebrighterthecolor,thehigherthenumber CadmiumRedLightHue,forexample,hasachromanotationof13,whileBurntSiennahasachromanotationof4
permanenCy
LightfastnessI,II,IIIidentifytheratingofacoloranditsabilitytowithstandanycolorshiftingorfadingwhenexposedtoultravioletlight(i e sunlight) ThelightfastnessofallLiquitex®colorsarelistedaccordingtostandardsestablishedbytheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTM)
CategoryI Excellentlightfastness Thecolorwillexhibitnoappreciablecolorchangeaftertheequivalentof100yearsofindoormuseumexposure Bestsuitedforoutdoorinstallations(murals)
CategoryII Verygoodlightfastness Colorsaresuitedforallindoorapplications,butnotexteriorpaintingthatmayreceiveheavyexposuretoultravioletlight
CategoryIII Marginalpermanence “Fugitive”colorsthatmayfallbelowthelevelofpermanencyforartist’scolors Notrecommendedforpermanentwork
pIGment desIGnatIons
PigmentandColorIndexNamesarelistedforallLiquitex®colors Forspecificcolorinformation,pleaseseethereferencesectiononpage112
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mIxInG Color: mIneral and modern pIGments Inordertomixcolorwell,itisessentialtounderstandthepropertiesofthepigmentsusedtomakeeachcolor Everypigmenthasdifferentcharacteristics,whichultimatelyinfluencehowtheyinteractwitheachother Theuniqueopticalpropertiesofeachcolorcanrangefromtransparencytocompleteopacity Somepigmentshavestrongtintingstrengthwhichcreatescolormixesthatarecrispandbright,whileotherstendtograydownwhenmixed Knowingthedifferencebetweenmineralandmodern(organic)pigmentsisthekeytochoosingcolorsthatwillblendtogethertocreatethedesiredresults Threegeneralrulesgovernthedifferencesbetweentheirworkingproperties:
• Whenmixed,mineralcolorstendtomorecloselyreplicatethetonalitiesofthenaturalworld Becauseofthenatureofreflectedlightandshadow,weliveinaworldofpurecolorsthatcombineintorichshadesofgray Thephysicalandopticalpropertiesofinorganiccolors,quiteoften,morecloselycapturethosequalitiesofnaturallightandshadowedcolor
• Moderncolorsarebrighter,andtendtomakebrightermixes Becauseoftheirpurity,naturaltranslucencyandtintingstrength,organicpigmentsproducemixedcolorsthattendtoremainclosertothehighchromaoftheir“parent”primaries
• Thetwocanbeusedtogetherwithgoodresults Forexample:addingasmallamountofamoderncolortoamixtureofmineralpigmentthathasgottenmuddywillhelprestorelostchroma,withoutlosingthenaturalcharacterofthemix
Remembertheaboveareonlygeneralguidelines Theuniquenessofeachpigmentsometimescauses“modern”qualitiestoshowupin“mineral”colorsandviceversa
Historicallymineralpigmentssuchasyellowochreandrawumberhavebeenusedsincepre-historictimes Duringthenineteenthcenturyawidearrayofothermineralpigmentsbecameavailablewhentheindustrialrevolutionanddevelopmentsinchemistrymadeitpossibletocombinemetalslikecadmium,orcobaltwithothercompounds Theresultswerehighlystable,farlesspronetofading,andcouldbegroundintoasuspensionwithinavehicleforoilpaint Morerecently,pigmentchemistrywasrevolutionizedasmodernorganiccolorswereborninthelaboratory Thishasgivenrisetopigmentslikeanthraquinones,dioxazines,pyrroles,phthalocyanines,andbenzimidazalones,whichmakepossiblethewidevarietyofcolorsavailabletoartiststoday
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lIquItex® professIonal artIst aCrylIC Colors
3 Color primary palette:QuinacridoneCrimson(PrimaryRed)YellowMediumAzo(PrimaryYellow)PhthalocyanineBlue(PrimaryBlue)
6 Color palette:hue Based pigment Cadmium Based pigmentQuinacridoneMagenta single QuinacridoneMagenta singleCadmiumRedLightHue mixed CadmiumRedLight singleCadmiumYellowMediumHue mixed CadmiumYellowMedium singlePhthalocyanineBlue(GreenShade) single PhthalocyanineBlue(GreenShade) singleIvoryBlack single IvoryBlack singleTitaniumWhite single TitaniumWhite single
12 Color palette:hue Based pigment Cadmium Based pigmentQuinacridoneMagenta single QuinacridoneMagenta singleCadmiumRedMediumHue mixed CadmiumRedMedium singleCadmiumRedLightHue mixed CadmiumRedLight singleCadmiumYellowMediumHue mixed CadmiumYellowMedium singleBurntUmber single BurntUmber singlePermanentGreenLight mixed LightGreenPermanent mixedPhthalocyanineGreen single PhthalocyanineGreen singlePhthalocyanineBlue(GreenShade) single PhthalocyanineBlue(GreenShade) singleUltramarineBlue(GreenShade) single UltramarineBlue(GreenShade) singleDioxazinePurple single DioxazinePurple singleTitaniumWhite single TitaniumWhite singleIvoryBlack single IvoryBlack single
note: • “Hues” are used as replacements for cadmium, cobalt and other colors, when they are either unavailable, too expensive, or fugitive. Liquitex® "Hue" colors generally yield
higher intensities than the color they imitate.
• The “Hue Based Systems,” because they are based upon modern organic colors, will tend to mix with greater brightness and clarity.
• The “Cadmium Based systems” will tend to yield mixes that more closely approximate natural light, and that may be considered more suitable for traditional landscape, portrait, or still life representations.
lIquItex® Color palettesBelow are suggested color palettes for use with all liquitex acrylic color ranges
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