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The Age of AnxietyThe Age of Anxiety
Group: 1.What were the SOCIAL/Political/Economic problems in Germany and Italy that gave rise to Hitler and Mussolini?
2.How did the USA, USSR, Latin America, Brazil, and Japan respond to the Great Depression?
Europe’s mood after the Europe’s mood after the Great WarGreat War
Post-WWI EuropePost-WWI Europe Decade can be divided into two periodsDecade can be divided into two periods
Five Years of Painful Recovery (1919-1924)Five Years of Painful Recovery (1919-1924) Six Years of Growing Peace and Progress (1924-1929)Six Years of Growing Peace and Progress (1924-1929) The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties
Transformation of EuropeTransformation of Europe Period of Social ChangePeriod of Social Change Scientific and Cultural TransformationScientific and Cultural Transformation German HyperinflationGerman Hyperinflation
Europe after the Great Europe after the Great WarWar
Social Changes of the Social Changes of the 1920s1920s
Class distinctions faded away as role Class distinctions faded away as role of aristocracy declinedof aristocracy declined
Government expansion led to Government expansion led to expansion of “white-collar” jobsexpansion of “white-collar” jobs Advancements in technology prevented Advancements in technology prevented
growth of working classgrowth of working class Women earned the right to voteWomen earned the right to vote
Did not effect politics as women voted Did not effect politics as women voted like male relativeslike male relatives
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg challenged traditional ideas of the universeAlbert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg challenged traditional ideas of the universe
““Truth was merely a set of mental constructs”Truth was merely a set of mental constructs”Postmodern belief is that a correct description of Reality is impossible (extreme skepticism)Postmodern belief is that a correct description of Reality is impossible (extreme skepticism)Friedrich Nietzsche, , Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn , Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn a)a) All truth is limited, approximate, and is constantly evolving (Nietzsche, Kuhn, Popper).All truth is limited, approximate, and is constantly evolving (Nietzsche, Kuhn, Popper).
b) No theory can ever be proved true - we can only show that a theory is false (Popper).b) No theory can ever be proved true - we can only show that a theory is false (Popper).c) No theory can ever explain all things consistently (Godel's incompleteness theorem). c) No theory can ever explain all things consistently (Godel's incompleteness theorem). d) There is always a separation between our mind & ideas of things and the thing in itself d) There is always a separation between our mind & ideas of things and the thing in itself (Kant).(Kant).e) Physical reality is not deterministic (Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics, e) Physical reality is not deterministic (Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics, Bohr).Bohr).f) Science concepts are mental constructs (logical positivism, Mach, Carnap).f) Science concepts are mental constructs (logical positivism, Mach, Carnap).g) Metaphysics is empty of content.g) Metaphysics is empty of content.h) Thus absolute and certain truth that explains all things is unobtainable.h) Thus absolute and certain truth that explains all things is unobtainable.
As Taborsky writes of Postmodern philosophy;As Taborsky writes of Postmodern philosophy; .. the Mediated concept of Truth, is that it first admits that there is no such thing as .. the Mediated concept of Truth, is that it first admits that there is no such thing as
absolute, pure Truth. There is a reality, which may be abstract or sensual ... but one cannot absolute, pure Truth. There is a reality, which may be abstract or sensual ... but one cannot access it/know it ..'in-itself'. One can only 'know' it within the socially constructed (or access it/know it ..'in-itself'. One can only 'know' it within the socially constructed (or species-constructed)…(species-constructed)…(TaborskyTaborsky))We CAN imagine things that DO NOT physically exist (e.g. dragons, particle-wave duality)We CAN imagine things that DO NOT physically exist (e.g. dragons, particle-wave duality)
We CANNOT imagine things that DO physically exist. (e.g. reality of matter and human We CANNOT imagine things that DO physically exist. (e.g. reality of matter and human existence in universe)existence in universe)
Atomic world replaces classical worldAtomic world replaces classical world Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis was the key to understanding human behaviorPsychoanalysis was the key to understanding human behavior
Artistic RevolutionArtistic Revolution
LiteratureLiterature Ernest Ernest
HemmingwayHemmingway John John
SteinbeckSteinbeck ArtArt
Edgar DegasEdgar Degas Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso Salvador DaliSalvador Dali
Race Horses by Degas
Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon by Picasso
The Persistence of Memory by Dali
German HyperinflationGerman Hyperinflation
German economy collapsed in German economy collapsed in 19231923 Loss of territory as part of Loss of territory as part of
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Hyper-inflationHyper-inflation
Pictures of Pictures of HyperinflationHyperinflation
What can you do with German money in 1923?
Make a fort (above) or burn it for heat (right)
The Dawes PlanThe Dawes Plan
U.S. plan to reorganize the German U.S. plan to reorganize the German economyeconomy Lower annual war reparations Lower annual war reparations
paymentspayments German currency reorganizedGerman currency reorganized U.S. loans to GermanyU.S. loans to Germany
Stabilizes the German economyStabilizes the German economy 1924-1929 sees a return to relative 1924-1929 sees a return to relative
economic prosperityeconomic prosperity
The Dawes PlanThe Dawes Plan
United States Germany
Allies
High-interest Loans
War ReparationsInterest on War Debts
The Great The Great DepressionDepression
Causes of the Great Causes of the Great DepressionDepression
Agricultural DepressionAgricultural Depression Decline in wheat pricesDecline in wheat prices ““Dust Bowl”Dust Bowl”
Bank FailuresBank Failures Overproduction of GoodsOverproduction of Goods
Production grew by 50%; wages Production grew by 50%; wages increased at slower rateincreased at slower rate
CreditCredit Buying goods (including stock) on marginBuying goods (including stock) on margin
Effects of the Great Effects of the Great DepressionDepression
Decline of world tradeDecline of world trade Countries turn to economic nationalismCountries turn to economic nationalism
Massive unemploymentMassive unemployment German unemployment 40%German unemployment 40%
Global decline in industrial productionGlobal decline in industrial production German production declines by 30%; German production declines by 30%;
France 20%France 20% Poverty and hunger widespreadPoverty and hunger widespread
Starvation in GermanyStarvation in Germany
Reactions to the Reactions to the DepressionDepression
Government ChangesGovernment Changes Welfare StateWelfare State
The New DealThe New Deal Keynesian EconomicsKeynesian Economics
Political RadicalizationPolitical Radicalization Rise of communist and fascist partiesRise of communist and fascist parties Germany and Japan turn to state Germany and Japan turn to state
controlled economic growthcontrolled economic growth
TotalitarianisTotalitarianism and Mass m and Mass MobilizationMobilization
Characteristics of Characteristics of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism
Attack liberal democracy and capitalismAttack liberal democracy and capitalism State directed economyState directed economy State more important than the individualState more important than the individual Charismatic dictatorsCharismatic dictators Depend upon mobilization of the massesDepend upon mobilization of the masses Embrace public welfare programsEmbrace public welfare programs Use censorship and propagandaUse censorship and propaganda Women not permitted a public roleWomen not permitted a public role
Rise of Adolf HitlerRise of Adolf Hitler
Born in AustriaBorn in Austria High school dropoutHigh school dropout
Served in World Served in World War IWar I
Arrested for role in Arrested for role in Beer Hall PutschBeer Hall Putsch
Writes Mein Kampf Writes Mein Kampf from prisonfrom prison
Became chancellor Became chancellor of Germany in 1933of Germany in 1933
Reforms of Adolf HitlerReforms of Adolf Hitler
Ignores provisions of the Treaty of Ignores provisions of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles Ends war reparations paymentsEnds war reparations payments Uses militarization to ease the burdens Uses militarization to ease the burdens
of the Great Depressionof the Great Depression Many countries sympathized with Many countries sympathized with
GermanyGermany Nazis seize complete political controlNazis seize complete political control Beginning of the HolocaustBeginning of the Holocaust
Nuremburg Laws (1935)Nuremburg Laws (1935)