The Age of The Age of ImperialismImperialism

Chapter 11Chapter 11

1850-19141850-1914

IntroductionIntroduction

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?

The takeover of a country or The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger countryterritory by a stronger country

Imperialism = EMPIRE BUILDINGImperialism = EMPIRE BUILDING

From Industry - From Industry - ImperialismImperialism

How did Industrialization help to How did Industrialization help to promote the era of Imperialism?promote the era of Imperialism?

Land perfect for establishing Land perfect for establishing trading and shipping routestrading and shipping routes

Natural resources and raw Natural resources and raw materialsmaterials

New markets for productsNew markets for products

Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism

Methods of ManagementMethods of Management Direct ControlDirect Control

Paternalism – Europeans provide for local Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rightspeople but grant no rights

Assimilation – adaptation of local people Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling to ruling cultureculture

Indirect ControlIndirect Control Limited self-rule for local governmentsLimited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local Legislative body includes colonial & local

officialsofficials

Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism

Forms of ControlForms of Control ColonyColony

Governed by a foreign powerGoverned by a foreign power ProtectorateProtectorate

Governs itself, but under outside controlGoverns itself, but under outside control Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence

Outside power controls investments & Outside power controls investments & tradingtrading

Economic ImperialismEconomic Imperialism Private business interests assert controlPrivate business interests assert control

The Scramble for The Scramble for AfricaAfricaSection 1Section 1

Africa Before European Africa Before European DominionDominion

Divided into hundreds of ethnic groupsDivided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or

ChristianityChristianity Nations ranged from large empires to Nations ranged from large empires to

independent villagesindependent villages Africans controlled their own trade Africans controlled their own trade

networksnetworks Europeans only had contact on African Europeans only had contact on African

coastscoasts

Nations compete for Nations compete for overseas empiresoverseas empires

Europeans wanted more landEuropeans wanted more land Africa contained large amounts of Africa contained large amounts of

gold, diamonds, and rubbergold, diamonds, and rubber Europeans who penetrated Africa were:Europeans who penetrated Africa were:

Explorers – seeking wealth and Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety notoriety

Missionaries – trying to convert Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to ChristianityAfricans to Christianity

Humanitarians – “westernize” the Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”“savages”

Forces Driving ImperialismForces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiorityBelief in European superiority

RacismRacism Social Darwinism – Charles Darwin’s Social Darwinism – Charles Darwin’s

ideas about evolution & natural ideas about evolution & natural selection were applied to human selection were applied to human societysociety

Factors Promoting Imperialism in AfricaFactors Promoting Imperialism in AfricaEuropean technological superiorityEuropean technological superiorityEuropeans had means to controlEuropeans had means to controlNew medicines prevent diseasesNew medicines prevent diseases

The Division of AfricaThe Division of Africa The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference

(1884)(1884) Europeans leaders Europeans leaders

divide Africadivide Africa No African ruler invitedNo African ruler invited Little or no thought Little or no thought

about the complex about the complex differences in ethnic differences in ethnic groupsgroups

By 1914 – Only By 1914 – Only independent nationsindependent nations LiberiaLiberia EthiopiaEthiopia

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa?

How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

South AfricaSouth Africa Three Groups Clash for PowerThree Groups Clash for Power

BoersBoers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Dutch settlers that had controlled South

Africa since the mid 1600s, Cape ColonyAfrica since the mid 1600s, Cape Colony Also known as AfrikanersAlso known as Afrikaners

British British Gained control of South Africa after the Gained control of South Africa after the

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference AfricansAfricans

Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the BritishBritish

Zulu nation lost to British in 1887Zulu nation lost to British in 1887

Boer WarBoer War Fought between the Boers and the Fought between the Boers and the

BritishBritish Many Africans fought with the BoersMany Africans fought with the Boers First example of “total war”First example of “total war” British win in 1910British win in 1910

Established the Union of South Africa (British Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)Rule)

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

African ResistanceAfrican Resistance Africans Confront ImperialismAfricans Confront Imperialism

Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weaponsweapons

Unsuccessful MovementsUnsuccessful Movements Algeria fights the French for 50 yearsAlgeria fights the French for 50 years German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 German East Africa resistance results in 75,000

deathsdeaths Successful MovementsSuccessful Movements

Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik IIEthiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Europeans against each otherPlays Europeans against each other Stockpiles modern weaponsStockpiles modern weapons Defeats Italy and remains independentDefeats Italy and remains independent

Impact of Imperialism in Impact of Imperialism in AfricaAfrica

Negative EffectsNegative Effects Africans lose land and independenceAfricans lose land and independence Many lives are lostMany lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdownTraditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that Division of Africa creates problems that

continue todaycontinue today Positive EffectsPositive Effects

Reduces local fightingReduces local fighting Sanitation improvesSanitation improves Hospitals and schools createdHospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growthTechnology brings economic growth

Europeans Claim Muslim Europeans Claim Muslim LandsLands

Europeans who “carved up” Africa Europeans who “carved up” Africa began looking for new lands, Muslim began looking for new lands, Muslim lands around the Mediterranean lands around the Mediterranean

The Ottoman Empire Loses PowerThe Ottoman Empire Loses Power Modernization movements are Modernization movements are

unsuccessfulunsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independenceGreece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman European Powers look to gain Ottoman

landslands

Crimean War (1853)Crimean War (1853)

Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman EmpireEmpire Russia seeks Ottoman landRussia seeks Ottoman land

Access to a warm-water portAccess to a warm-water port Russia loses warRussia loses war

Ottomans are shown to be weak Ottomans are shown to be weak Russia still is able to take landRussia still is able to take land

Europeans Grab Europeans Grab TerritoryTerritory

England gains control of:England gains control of: India – natural resourcesIndia – natural resources Suez Canal – connected the Red Sea to the Suez Canal – connected the Red Sea to the

Mediterranean, 1869. British take control of Mediterranean, 1869. British take control of canal and occupy Egypt in 1882 b/c Egypt canal and occupy Egypt in 1882 b/c Egypt could not repay debt from canal costs could not repay debt from canal costs

Persia – oil and tobaccoPersia – oil and tobacco Russia gains control of:Russia gains control of:

Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian OceanOcean

Afghanistan – oil Afghanistan – oil

The Suez Canal

British Imperialism in British Imperialism in IndiaIndia

British Expand Control over IndiaBritish Expand Control over India East India Company East India Company

Controls India through Controls India through economic economic imperialism imperialism (1757 – 1858) with little interference from British govt.

Company uses an army including Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “Sepoys”Indian soldiers known as “Sepoys”

India was seen as the most India was seen as the most important colonyimportant colony Due to its production of raw Due to its production of raw

materialsmaterials Known as the Known as the “Jewel in the “Jewel in the Crown”Crown”

Effects of British RuleEffects of British Rule

Impact of ColonialismImpact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods fasterRailroads move cash crops and goods faster British control political and economic British control political and economic

powerpower Cash crops resulted in loss of self-Cash crops resulted in loss of self-

sufficiency and caused faminesufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism Indian culture is disrupted due to racism

and missionariesand missionaries Britain sought to “modernize” India i.e. Britain sought to “modernize” India i.e.

world’s third largest railroad networkworld’s third largest railroad network

The Sepoy Rebellion or The Sepoy Rebellion or MutinyMutiny

Indians RebelIndians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to

religious reasons religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased They had to bite them open – greased

with pork fat (outraged Hindus and with pork fat (outraged Hindus and Muslims Indians)Muslims Indians)

Many Sepoys were jailed, others rebelledMany Sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellionBritish put down the rebellion

ResultsResults British Government takes “direct control” British Government takes “direct control”

of India in 1858of India in 1858

England’s Empire Grows

Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast AsiaAsia

European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific

OceanOcean Britain – Malaysia & SingaporeBritain – Malaysia & Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) US - Hawaii & Philippines (Spain until 1898)US - Hawaii & Philippines (Spain until 1898)

Why?Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and military Land perfect for establishing trading and military

postsposts Excellent for plantation agricultureExcellent for plantation agriculture

Imperialism in China and Imperialism in China and JapanJapan

China vs. The WestChina vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for tradeChina was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of tradeChina kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balanceEuropeans were able to shift the balance

Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plantplant

Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. BritainOpium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain China loses – signs Treaty of NanjingChina loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing

Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese lawssubject to Chinese laws

Chinese power over the West endsChinese power over the West ends

China vs. The WestChina vs. The West Foreign Influence GrowsForeign Influence Grows

Growing Spheres of InfluenceGrowing Spheres of Influence ““Open door policy” Open door policy” – proposed by the US in 1899, – proposed by the US in 1899,

China’s “doors” would be open to all foreign China’s “doors” would be open to all foreign nations. China is free from colonization. nations. China is free from colonization.

A Surge in Chinese NationalismA Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, “Death to the foreign devils” “Death to the foreign devils”

Poor peasants and workers who resented Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilegeforeign privilege

Sparked a sense of nationalism in ChinaSparked a sense of nationalism in China

Imperialism in China

Modernization in Japan Modernization in Japan

Chose the best of Chose the best of the West the West

German German governmentgovernment

Discipline of Discipline of German army skill German army skill of British navyof British navy

American system American system of universal of universal public educationpublic education

Modernization in Japan Modernization in Japan

1872 11872 1stst railroad railroad 1914 7,000 miles of 1914 7,000 miles of

railroadrailroad Coal production Coal production

grew & factories grew & factories were builtwere built

Expanded tea and Expanded tea and silk productionsilk production

Began shipbuilding Began shipbuilding industryindustry

Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan

Japan remained isolated from western Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded world for centuries – only traded mainly with Chinamainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends

Japan’s isolationJapan’s isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to Meiji Reform – Japan begins to

modernize beginning in 1867modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the Japan was competitive with the

west in many modern industrieswest in many modern industries

Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War

(1904)(1904) Treaty of Treaty of

PortsmouthPortsmouth Japan gained Japan gained

Russian territoryRussian territory Russia forced out Russia forced out

of Koreaof Korea Japan Controls KoreaJapan Controls Korea

Takes control of the Takes control of the peninsula in 1910peninsula in 1910

Begins a period of Begins a period of extreme oppression extreme oppression

THE END