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The Age of Jefferson CHAPTER 10. Jefferson’s Presidency A Republican Takes Office.

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The Age of Jefferson CHAPTER 10
Transcript

The Age of Jefferson

CHAPTER 10

Jefferson’s Presidency A Republican Takes Office

Thomas Jefferson

• One of two Presidents who signed the Declaration of Independence.

• Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence

• Inventor of the dumbwaiter and the swivel chair.

• sold almost 6,500 books of his to the Library of Congress (to replace books that were burned by the British)

• Believed to have fathered children with one of his slaves – Sally Hemings

DescriptionQuiet dinnersCasual ClothesGreeted people by shaking hands (not bowing)President=Ordinary Citizen

Jefferson’s grave• Author of the Declaration of

American Independence

• Author of the Statue of Virginia for Religious Freedom

• Father of the University of Virginia

Jeffersonian Era1800 – 1820s

- Protection for the rights of citizens- Decreased power of the federal government

Wealthy Poor

Inauguration

Date: March 4, 1801Jefferson is thought to have been the first and only president to walk to and from his Inauguration.

First time a newspaper (the

National Intelligencer) printed the

inaugural address on the morning of the inauguration

Jefferson’s Cabinet

Secretary of State

James Madison

Secretary of Treasury

Albert Gallitin

Federalist Fears

• Jefferson supports the French Revolution…will it bring revolutionary change to the U.S.?

• Punishment for the Alien and Sedition acts

“The minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect.”

“We are all Republicans, we

are all Federalists”

Jefferson tries to calm Federalist fears in his inaugural address.

“A little rebellion every now and then is a good

thing.”

Jefferson’s Goals

A. Reduce size of governmentB. Reconcile party differences

Jefferson’s Goals

A. Reduce size of the government

1) Tries to cut federal budget and reduce federal debt

2) Promote laissez-faire policies in economic affairs Laissez-faire = “let alone”

Free Market = goods and services are exchanged with little government regulation

Very different from Hamilton’s point of view

3) Decreases the size of government departments less active role in governing the nation

4) Reduces the size of the army and navy

5) Asks Congress to repeal the Whiskey Tax

Jefferson’s GoalsReduce the size of the government

Jefferson’s GoalsReduce the size of the government

6. Dealing with Alien and Sedition Acts - Sedition Act: expired the day before

Jefferson became president but he pardoned those still in jail

- Alien Act: Asks Congress to restore the law that allowed for a 5 year waiting period for citizenship

Jefferson’s goals

B. Reconcile Party Differences

1. Retains the Bank of the United States

2. Retains the tariff

Jefferson’s goalsReconcile party differences

3. Continues to pay off state debts using federal money

4. Allows many Federalists to keep their government jobs

Goals and Policies

Reduce size of government

GOAL

Reconcile party differences

Policies•Tries to cut federal budget and reduce federal debt•Promote laissez-faire policies in economic affairs•Decreases the size of government departments

•Reduces the size of the army and navy•Asks congress to repeal the whiskey tax

Policies•Retains the Bank of the United States

•Continues to pay off state debts using federal moneys•Allows many Federalists to keep their government jobs

Background

Election of 1800 results:

Executive…Republican – Thomas Jefferson

Legislative…Republican – majority were Republican

JUDICIAL…FEDERALIST

Marbury v. Madison

Before the “new” congress took office, the Federalists passed a law that increased the number of federal judge.

Adams appointed Federalists to the new positions before he left office.

He had to hurry to fill as many of the positions as he could before the Republicans were inaugurated.

He did not have time to get all of them delivered.

John Adams

Marbury v. MadisonMidnight

Appointments

When Thomas Jefferson took office he found four appointments still sitting on the desk.

One of them belonged to William Marbury.

Marbury v. MadisonRepublicans Take

Office

Marbury v. Madison

Jefferson refused to accept these appointment.

They believed the Federalists were unfairly trying to keep control of the courts

Jefferson tells James Madison NOT to deliver Marbury’s confirming papers. Do NOT deliver

those appointments!

Republicans Take Office

Marbury sues Madison

Marbury v. Madison

He asks the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus

- a court order to do something

Marbury vs Madison

District Courts

Appellate Courts

Supreme Court

Court System

Original Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction

Marbury vs Madison

District Courts

Appellate Courts

Supreme Court

Court System

Original Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction

Article III Section 2

- The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in most cases

-The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases:

1. dealing with Ambassadors and other public ministers and Consuls

2. Where the State shall be Party

So why did this case go to the Supreme Court first…..????

John Marshall

Adams had appointed John Marshall to be the Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court

•Virginia planter

•Brilliant mind

•FEDERALIST...

Goal: make the federal government stronger

Feels the courts are weaker than the other 2 branches. Federal courts powers are not clear.

John Marshall

Marshall has a problem:

-The court knew that Jefferson had broken the law and they had to order him to deliver the appointment.

-However, the court needed the executive to enforce their decision and if the court rules that Jefferson must deliver the appointment then Jefferson could say no.

-This would permanently weaken the court

Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison

Ruling:

It came down to three issues:

1. Did Marbury have the right to the commission?

it was official once the President signed the paper.

2. If he had a right to the commission then are there laws that would ensure that right?

Courts can compel government officials to carry out their duties when they refuse to do so

3. Is a writ of madamus presented to the Supreme Court the best way to secure that right?

YES

YES

NO

***The case went directly to the Supreme Court because of a law passed by Congress. The Judiciary Act of 1789. It said the SC must decide a case dealing with writ of mandamus

Marbury v. Madison

District Courts

Appellate Courts

Supreme Court

Marbury’s case went to the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus

Original Jurisdiction

Reason for Ruling

The Court ruled that the Constitution only gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in certain cases and Congress cannot go against the Constitution by adding power to the Supreme Court.

District Courts

Appellate Courts

Supreme Court

Article III Section 2

- The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in most cases

-The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases:

1. dealing with Ambassadors and other public ministers and Consuls

2. Where the State shall be Party

So the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional.

Significance of Marbury v Madison

Judicial Review= power of the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of a president or laws passed by Congress are constitutional

•Set an important precedent

•Gave the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review

Jefferson was unhappy with the ruling

• Marshall had ruled against Marbury

• BUT the decision gave more power to

the court

The President and Congress eventually accepted that the courts had the power to overturn laws

Still a very important power today!!!!

The Louisiana Purchase

Most were farmers. They sent their farm products down the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans where they could then be taken by boat to ports along the eastern seaboard

Spain controlled the port of New Orleans-they would threaten to close the port to Americans

By 1800, almost one million Americans lived between the

Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

Louisiana PurchaseBackground

In 1795, President Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to negotiate with Spain.

Pinckney Treaty Spain agrees to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi River and store them in New Orleans.

**Also known as Treaty of San Lorenzo

For a brief time (about 5 years) Americans used the port of New Orleans without any problems but in 1800 this changed.

Spain signs a treaty with France. This treaty gave the Louisiana territory back to France.

Louisiana Territory

Napoleon Bonaparte’s plan: grow food in Louisiana and ship it to the West Indies. Eventually have a strong control in the Western Hemisphere.

Louisiana PurchaseThe Deal

Robert Livingston James Monroe

From 1801 – 1803 Jefferson sent Livingston and Monroe to negotiate a deal for the US.

They were allowed to offer as much as $10 million to buy New Orleans.

Napoleon tells Talleyrand to offer the Americans all of Louisiana!

Surprise!

Jefferson wanted to ensure that American farmers would get to continue to use the Mississippi River for shipping purposes.

Haitian Revolution • led by Toussaint L’Ouverture• Haiti won its independence in 1804.• This ended Napoleon’s hopes of control in the West.

Why?

Napoleon needs money for his wars in Europe and he is no longer interested in the West.

Why?

Without authorization Livingston and Monroe offer $15 million to buy all of the Louisiana territory.

Jefferson was pleased the deal that was made – it more than double the size of the U.S. for a very good price!

Robert Livingston James Monroe

Problem:Jefferson believes in a strict interpretation of the constitution…no where in the

constitution does it state that a president has the power to purchase land.

How does Jefferson justify it?

Jefferson said that the power of making treaties was designated to the president. He considered the acquisition of Louisiana as a treaty which he sent to the Senate to approve

The Senate approved the treaty in 1803 and our nation was now double its original size

Louisiana PurchaseThe problem

True or False:

At the time Thomas Jefferson was living…

1. There were woolly mammoths roaming the West.

2. The Appalachian Mountains were taller than the Rocky Mountains

3. The West had many erupting volcanoes

4. Unicorns could be found in the west

5. There were mountains in the West made of undissolved salt

6. Some beavers in the West were seven feet tall

7. Peruvian llamas roamed the West

Meriwether Lewis

William Clark

1) Map a route to the Pacific Ocean

2) Study the geography of the territory, including the climate, vegetation and wildlife

3) Learn about the different Indian nations

The exploration team was called the Corps of Discovery

The expedition began in May of 1804 In St. Louis, Missouri.

Lewis and Clark

The Goals of the Mission

Sacagawea: Indian woman staying with the Mandan Indians. She belonged to the Shoshone people. She, went along with the Lewis and Clark Expedition.There are no pictures of

Sacagawea. The model for the coin was a modern Shoshone woman.

Lewis and Clark hired a man named Charbonneau (he spoke several languages) and his wife spoke Shoshone.

In February 1805 Sacagawea gave birth to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau.

Despite having an infant Sacagawea helped the expedition.• Translator• Medical help – she knew the local plants• when a boat capsized she saved important documents• showed the expedition was friendly

Lewis & Clark Expedition meets the Shoshone

• Sacagawea finds her brother• the expedition is able to buy food and horses • The Shoshone advised the expedition which route would be best to get over the Rockies.

“Great joy in camp. We are in view of the ocean, this great Pacific Ocean which we have been so long anxious to see” ~Clark Nov. 7, 1805

Lewis & Clark Expedition reach the Pacific Ocean in November 1805.

Jefferson code

The expedition returns home in September 1806.

Zebulon Pike explored the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River and parts or present day Colorado and New Mexico from 1805-1807

Pike’s Peak= a mountain peak named for Zebulon Pike that he saw in November of 1806 above the Colorado plains

Pike is arrested by Spanish authorities and confiscated his detailed maps and journals.

Luckily, he was able to hide one map in the barrel of his gun.

Zebulon Pike

New Threats from Overseas

Election of 1808

Barbary StatesThe nations along the north coast of Africa

Countries would have to pay a yearly tribute to the Barbary States in order to protect their ships

Tripoli increases its demands

• Jefferson refuses to pay

• Tripoli declares war on the U.S.

• Jefferson orders a naval blockade on the port of Tripoli

The US ship Philadelphia runs

aground near Tripoli

The crew set fire to the ship to prevent the pirates from

using it.

Surprise Attack! American marines march 500 miles to Tripoli and attacked. Treaty:

Tripoli will no longer interfere with American

ships

Britain and France go to war again in 1803.

Again, Britain and France ignore U.S. neutrality and they…

Seize American Ships!

The British violate U.S. neutrality further by impressing U.S. sailors

Impressments=the practice of forcing people into service

What do Americans call

for?

WAR !!

Conflict with Britain and France

Like Washington and Adams before him, Jefferson wanted to AVOID WAR.

Jefferson’s plan=

Embargo Act

The Embargo Act would place a ban on trade. Jefferson asked Congress to ban ALL foreign trade.

Jefferson hoped that this act would hurt Britain and France because it would cut off much needed supplies.

Who did the Embargo Act hurt the most?

Americans…it cut off many imports…but it hurt New England merchants most of all.

The merchants protested through smuggling.

The Embargo Act has failed. It is replaced with the Nonintercourse Act.

Nonintercourse Act allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France.

United States Exports, 1800 - 1810

020406080

100120

1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810

Year

Millions

of D

ollar

s

Election of 1808

James Madison

Political Party: Democratic Republican

Home state: Virginia

Charles Pinckney

Political Party: Federalist

Home state: South Carolina

Winner!

Jefferson steps down after 2 terms.

Smallest President, weighing 100 pounds, and standing 5 feet and 4 inches tall

Madison was the first President to wear trousers instead of knee breeches.

Madison was younger than both of his vice presidents, and both of his vice presidents died while they were in office. (George Clinton and John Langdon)

James Madison was one of two Presidents to sign the U.S. Constitution

Wife: Dolley Madison

The Road to War

Many Native Americans resented the white settlers

The settlers took their land and built farms

The settlers took their resources

The British gave them muskets and gunpowder to use against the U.S.

WHY?

Fallen Timbers: Native Americans gathered here thinking that the Americans would not be able to fight due to the fallen trees.

US defeats Native Americans.

Treaty of Greenville•1795

• leaders of the Miamis and other Indian nations signed

Miami chief Little Turtle, representing the confederation, ceded to the United States most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.

Terms:

1. Native Americans gave up land that would later become part of Ohio

2. The U.S. would pay the Native Americans $20,000 plus more money in the future if they promised to keep the peace.

Indian Confederation

Also was a religious leader called the Prophet.

• To get all the Indians to return to the old ways of life.

• resist white settlers

“He is one of those uncommon geniuses which spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established

order of things.”~William Henry Harrison

Tecumseh Tenskwatawa

Results :

*Both sides suffered heavy loses *Harrison’s troops defeats the Prophet’s forces *Prophetstown is destroyed

Battle of Tippecanoe

In 1808 Tenskwatawa built a village called

Prophetstown along the Tippecanoe Creek.

William Henry Harrison was sent to defeat

Tenskwatawa.

• The French and British were seizing American ships

• The British were supplying the Indians with guns and ammunition.

• The British were impressing American sailors

If either country (Britain or France) would stop seizing American Ships, then the U.S.

would halt trading with the other nation.

France

accepts the offer.

Road to War

War Hawk: Members of Congress from the South and the West that called for war against Britain.

Nationalism

The most outspoken War

Hawk

Henry Clay (Kentucky)

Road to War

Advantages:* Could punish Britain for seizing American ships 

*Could conquer Canada 

*The U.S. could seize Florida from Britain’s ally, Spain 

*Bring lasting security and safety for the settlers on the frontier

Why go to war

Disadvantages:

* Taxes to pay for the war 

*Feared that the British navy would attack American sea ports 

In June 1812, President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain.

*Jefferson had decreased spending on the military so we had a small and ill-equipped navy and army* debt*Ill-trained soldiers (most were volunteers)

The British navy blockaded

American ports in order to stop

American trade.

Famous sea battle:

•American ship: USS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”)

•British ship: HMS Guerriere

Outcome:After an hour the British ship surrendered to the American.

Brock paraded his Canadian soldiers, (mostly untrained) in red coats to make it appear that many experienced British troops were helping them. He also made the Americans think that a large number of Indians were fighting too.

Conquering Canada…Americans thought that if they moved into Canada the Canadians would want to join the Americans in overthrowing British rule.

The attempts to conquer Canada failed.

Isaac Brock

Let’s conquer Canada!

They were wrong

Captain Perry abandoned his ship and rowed through gunfire to another American ship where he eventually won the battle.

Battle of Lake ErieTo take control of Lake Erie Captain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built his own fleet.

Outcome: American Victory

In 1814, Britain defeats France and can now focus solely on the U.S.

Britain can now send more resources and troops to fight the Americans.

August 1814 the British land in Chesapeake Bay.

Dolley Madison was able to save presidential papers and a portrait of George Washington.

British soldiers burn down the White House.

Burning of Washington

After witnessing the Battle at Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key wrote a poem entitled,

“Defense of Fort McHenry”

After being set to music, this song became our national anthem which is entitled, “The Star Spangled Banner.”

The to Baltimore’s defense was Fort McHenry

Flag of Fort McHenry

Battle of Fort McHenry

It occurred 2 weeks AFTER the end of

the war.

British plan to attack New Orleans and then sail up the Mississippi River.

Andrew Jackson was in command of the American

forces.

Jackson’s forces:• Frontiersman,• Native Americans,• citizens of New Orleans,• African American

volunteers

More than 2,000 British soldier died.

Battle of New OrleansDec. 1814 – Jan. 1815

Only 7 Americans

died.

Andrew Jackson got the distinction for being a national hero.

Irony…

While the delegates debated news of the peace

treaty arrived and the convention ended…there

was no longer a point.

New Englanders (esp. merchants) protested “Mr. Madison’s War.”

Why? It hurt the sea trade

Most at the Hartford Convention were…

FederalistThey threatened to leave the union if the war continued

The threat of cession further weakened the Federalist party.

Hartford Convention

Opinions of the War of 1812

Terms:*Britain and the U.S. restore prewar conditions

Anti Pro

Results of the War of 1812Treaty of Ghent

Dec. 1814

*Thought the war was a mistake

*Nothing had changed

*Believed other countries will now treat the U.S. with more respect*Increased sense of nationalism (pride in the country)

Throughout the War of 1812, African Americans joined in

defending the nationAfrican Americans volunteered to

defend Philadelphia, and New York, and they served with distinction in the U.S. navy.

During the War of 1812, black men accounted for between 15 and 20 percent of enlisted men on all ships and all stations in the United States Navy.

At the Battle of New Orleans in 1814, the Battalion of Free Men of Color was with General Jackson. They held their portion of the line against British attack and then counterattacked. Jackson said, "I expected much from you…but you surpass my hopes…the American nation shall applaud your valor, as your General now praises your ardor."

Jefferson Code

The roaring noise made by the waves breaking on the rocky shores (as I suppose) may be heard distinctly.

Great joy in camp. We are in view of the ocean, this great Pacific ocean which we been so long anxious to see.

Writing Prompt

Put a heading on the paper Full First and Last name SS teacher name and ELA teacher name Class period Date

Writing Prompt: What do you like and/or dislike about social studies

class


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