The Age of RealpolitikThe Age of Realpolitik(1848-1871)(1848-1871)

By Miss RaiaBy Miss Raia

Emergence of RealpolitikEmergence of Realpolitik Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 Failure of the Revolutions of 1848

for liberals and romantics for liberals and romantics demonstrated that strong idealism demonstrated that strong idealism was not enough to accomplish was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goalsrevolutionary goals

Political outgrowth of realism was Political outgrowth of realism was the notion of realpolitik – the the notion of realpolitik – the accomplishing of one’s political accomplishing of one’s political goals via practical meansgoals via practical means

A new political era emerged where A new political era emerged where nationalist goals were achieved by nationalist goals were achieved by a step by step process in a step by step process in Machiavellian fashionMachiavellian fashion

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Russia[claimed

protectorship over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

Failure of the Concert of EuropeFailure of the Concert of Europe Credibility undermined by failure of the powers to Credibility undermined by failure of the powers to

cooperate during revolutions of 1848-49.cooperate during revolutions of 1848-49. Between 1848 and 1878, peace in Europe interrupted by Between 1848 and 1878, peace in Europe interrupted by

the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.

CausesCauses Main:Main: Dispute between two groups of Christians over Dispute between two groups of Christians over

privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine)privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine) 1852, Turks (who controlled the region) negotiated an 1852, Turks (who controlled the region) negotiated an

agreement with France to provide enclaves in the Holy agreement with France to provide enclaves in the Holy Land to Roman Catholic religious orders.Land to Roman Catholic religious orders.

This arrangement seemed to jeopardize existing This arrangement seemed to jeopardize existing agreements which provided access to Greek Orthodox agreements which provided access to Greek Orthodox religious orders (that Russia favored)religious orders (that Russia favored)

Czar Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several Czar Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several provinces on the Danubeprovinces on the Danube

Russia would withdraw once Turks had guaranteed rights Russia would withdraw once Turks had guaranteed rights for Orthodox Christiansfor Orthodox Christians

Causes ContinuedCauses Continued Turks declared war on Russia in 1853, when Nicholas Turks declared war on Russia in 1853, when Nicholas

refused to withdrawrefused to withdraw 1854, Britain & France declared war against Russia 1854, Britain & France declared war against Russia

(surprise! Turks were not Christians)(surprise! Turks were not Christians) ““Four Points” included the following provisions:Four Points” included the following provisions:

– Russia had to renounce claims to the occupied principalities on Russia had to renounce claims to the occupied principalities on the Danubethe Danube

– Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River were Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River were internationalizedinternationalized

– Russia had to renounce its special role of Greek Orthodox Russia had to renounce its special role of Greek Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman empireChristians within the Ottoman empire

1855, Piedmont joined in the war against Russia1855, Piedmont joined in the war against Russia Most of the war fought on the Crimean peninsula in the Most of the war fought on the Crimean peninsula in the

Black SeaBlack Sea

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

“The Lady with the Lamp”

Peace of ParisPeace of Paris Russia emerged as the big loser in the conflictRussia emerged as the big loser in the conflict Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on

the Danube, had to recognize Turkish control of the Danube, had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danube, and renounced claims the mouth of the Danube, and renounced claims to Moldavia and Wallachia to Moldavia and Wallachia

Russia renounced role of protector of the Greek Russia renounced role of protector of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire.Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire.

Agreed to return all occupied territories to the Agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

Second French RepublicSecond French Republic(1848-1852)(1848-1852)

Constitution: Unicameral legislature Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly-elected president of the power; popularly-elected president of the RepublicRepublic

President Louis NapoleonPresident Louis Napoleon: seen by : seen by voters as a symbol of stability and voters as a symbol of stability and greatnessgreatness

Dedicated to law and order, opposed to Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes—the Church, army, conservative classes—the Church, army, property-owners, and business.property-owners, and business.

Universal suffrageUniversal suffrage Falloux LawFalloux Law: Napoleon returned control : Napoleon returned control

of education to the Church (in return for of education to the Church (in return for support)support)

The Assembly did not grant Louis The Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon either payment of personal debt Napoleon either payment of personal debt or allowance for a 2nd presidential term or allowance for a 2nd presidential term resulting in his plotting a coup (1851)resulting in his plotting a coup (1851)

The Second EmpireThe Second Empire (or Liberal Empire)(or Liberal Empire)

Emperor Napoleon IIIEmperor Napoleon III, 1851: took , 1851: took control of gov’t in coup d’etat control of gov’t in coup d’etat (December 1851) and became (December 1851) and became emperor the following yearemperor the following year

1851-1860: Napoleon III’s control 1851-1860: Napoleon III’s control was direct and authoritarian.was direct and authoritarian.

1860-1870: Regime liberalized by a 1860-1870: Regime liberalized by a series of reforms.series of reforms.

Economic reforms resulted in a Economic reforms resulted in a healthy economyhealthy economy

Infrastructure: canals, roads; Baron Infrastructure: canals, roads; Baron Haussmann redevelops ParisHaussmann redevelops Paris

Movement towards free tradeMovement towards free trade Banking: Banking: Credit MobilierCredit Mobilier funded funded

industrial and infrastructure growthindustrial and infrastructure growth

The Second Empire Cont.The Second Empire Cont. Foreign policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of Foreign policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of

Napoleon IIINapoleon III Algeria, Crimean War, Italian unification struggles, Algeria, Crimean War, Italian unification struggles,

colonial possessions in Africacolonial possessions in Africa Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III

results in collapse of 2nd Empireresults in collapse of 2nd Empire Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political

leaders in Europe.leaders in Europe. Demonstrated how gov’t could reconcile popular and Demonstrated how gov’t could reconcile popular and

conservative forces in an authoritarian nationalism.conservative forces in an authoritarian nationalism.

Liberal ReformsLiberal Reforms Done in part to divert attention Done in part to divert attention

from unsuccessful foreign policyfrom unsuccessful foreign policy Extended power of the Legislative Extended power of the Legislative

AssemblyAssembly Returned control of secondary Returned control of secondary

education to the government education to the government (instead of Catholic Church)(instead of Catholic Church)– In response, Pope Pius IX issued In response, Pope Pius IX issued

Syllabus of ErrorsSyllabus of Errors, , condemning liberalism.condemning liberalism.

Permitted trade unions and right to Permitted trade unions and right to strikestrike

Eased censorship and granted Eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisonersamnesty to political prisoners

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Count CavourCount Cavour (1810-1861 (1810-1861 of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for

Italian unificationItalian unification King's prime minister between 1852 and King's prime minister between 1852 and

18611861 Editor of Editor of Il RisorgimentoIl Risorgimento, a newspaper , a newspaper

arguing Sardinia should be the basis of a arguing Sardinia should be the basis of a new Italy.new Italy.

Built Sardinia into a liberal and economically Built Sardinia into a liberal and economically sound statesound state

Modeled on French system: some civil Modeled on French system: some civil liberties, parliamentary gov't with elections liberties, parliamentary gov't with elections and parliamentary control of taxes.and parliamentary control of taxes.

Built up infrastructure (roads, canals)Built up infrastructure (roads, canals) The The Law on ConventsLaw on Convents and and Siccardi LawSiccardi Law

sought to curtail influence of the Catholic sought to curtail influence of the Catholic Church.Church.

1864, 1864, Pope Pius IX'Pope Pius IX's s Syllabus of ErrorsSyllabus of Errors warned Catholics against liberalism, warned Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty.and state, and religious liberty.

UnificationUnification Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of

ItalyItaly 1855, joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against 1855, joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against

Russia (gained an ally in France)Russia (gained an ally in France) PlombiérèsPlombiérès (1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that (1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that

France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia)Sardinia)– In return, France would get Savoy and NiceIn return, France would get Savoy and Nice– Austria declared war on Sardinia in 1859 after being Austria declared war on Sardinia in 1859 after being

provokedprovoked– France backed away from Plombieres agreement: fear of France backed away from Plombieres agreement: fear of

war with Prussia, surprising Austrian military power, war with Prussia, surprising Austrian military power, revolutionary unrest in northern Italy, and French revolutionary unrest in northern Italy, and French public's consternation over a war with Catholic Austria.public's consternation over a war with Catholic Austria.

Austro-Sardinian War,1859

Austro-Sardinian War,1859

Austro-Prussian War, 1866Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

What problems still remain for Italy?

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Helmut von MoltkeHelmut von Moltke

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

German for “Empire.”

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Augsliech Augsliech

Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the Crimean War.

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program.

Jews forced migration to the Pale

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

The

Pale

The

Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”