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We hear about various problems with bees:
bee mites
Africanized bees
colony collapse disorder. Should we care? After all bees are just a small insect, one of very many.
Pollinator Protection Act of 2007
As a result of the CCD (colony collapse disorder) problem, this bill was submitted to congress on June 26 to fund bee research (>7 M$/yr for several years). As part of the justification, the bill states that:
• “pollination by honey and native bees adds more than $18,000,000,000 annually to the value of United States crops;• “1/3 of the food supply of the United States depends on bee pollination, which makes the management and protection of pollinators an issue of paramount importance to the security of the United States food supply system;”
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-1694
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
* segmented body (2 or 3 regions)
* paired segmented appendages
* exoskeleton
* bilaterally symmetrical with tubular alimentary canal
* open circulatory system (dorsal blood vessel and open body cavity)
* Invertebrates
Class: Insecta (over 1,000 species can be found around your home)
* Head, thorax, abdomen
* one pair of antennae
* 3 pairs of legs
* 1 or 2 pairs of wings
Order: Hymenoptera* clear membrane like wings* includes social insects* constricted abdomen* do not damage plants by direct
feeding
Superfamily: Apoidea* branched body hairs* special body hairs for pollen
transport* plant pollen and nectar sole
source of foodFamily: Apidae
* Includes honey bee and bumble bee
* most are eusocial *cooperative brood care* reproductive castes* generation overlap
Genus: Apis* 6 species (includes Apis mellifera)
The Queen
• She is longer than the worker bee.
• The only job of mated queen is to lay eggs – 800 (typical) to 2000 per day.
• She is groomed and fed by the worker bees.
• There is only one queen in a colony.
• It is difficult to find the queen in the colony.
• Mating takes place 200 to 300 ft. in the air.
• After mating, the drone loses his reproduction organ (barbed) in the queen and he dies.
• Only about 1% of the drones get to mate.
• Over several mating flights the queen will have mated with a dozen or more drones.
• She stores the sperm in a sac in her abdomen and does not mate again.
• She starts laying eggs within 3 days.
• As she lays an egg, a few spermatozoa pass out of the storage and into the vagina where one of them fertilizes the egg.
• Unfertilized eggs become drones.
The Drone
• He is also larger than the worker and is more barrel shaped than the queen.
• He is hatched from unfertilized eggs.• He doesn’t forage for food, he doesn’t help with
the building of comb, nor can he defend the hive having no stinger.
• He is fed and cared for by the workers. • When cold weather approaches and food may be
scarce, the worker bees force the drones out of the hive.
The Worker• is the smallest of the three types. (average weight 80 mg)• there are about 50,000 bees in a hive.• her specific jobs changes with her age:
- clean cells- undertaking- nursing- attending the queen- accepting nectar from foragers, deposit it in cells, add enzyme to nectar, evaporate water from nectar, also accept and pack pollen- fanning for temperature/humidity control- comb and cap building- guard duty- foraging after taking orientation flights
Communication
DanceCommunicates the location and profitability of a food source to other foragers of the hive.
Pheromones* Various pheromones are secreted by the queen and by the workers from their glands.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* “Any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the physiology or behavior of other members of the same species.” (Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Random House, NY, 1991)
Some of the many functions of the pheromones:
Queen bee pheromones1. attracts workers to her2. informs the colony that a queen is present3. serves as sexual attractant4. stimulates small population hive to greater activity
Worker bee pheromones1. are used to identifying bees of a colony2. communicates an alarm signal3. attract bees to the hive
In the future, “it may be possible to artificially introduce specific (chemical) messages into hives.” (Caron)
Seasonal management
• Inspect hives regularly:- summer: once or twice per month.- winter: not at all unless there is a warm day.- spring and fall: thorough inspection every two weeks or so, as needed.
• Inspect for: performance of queen, disease symptoms, poorly drawn combs, damaged hive.
• In the fall: - harvest honey.- check hive for adequate stores of honey and pollen for the bees.
Main Bee Products
• Pollination service• Honey• Wax• Pollen• Royal jelly• Bee brood• Propolis• Bee venom• Mead (honey wine)
Conclusions
• Bee keeping is fun.• It is not time-consuming.• Beekeepers are friendly and very helpful. • It is a relatively inexpensive hobby and can be financially profitable.• There is a lot to learn. New situations arise all the time.• Most bee keepers are older - there is a need for new, young bee keepers.• The world needs more bee keepers - we may be facing an new crisis with CCD. If the problem is not solved (I believe it will be solved.) the cost of fruit, vegetables and meat can rise tremendously.
For
more about beekeeping
and
volunteering to help with hive work:
contact me
extension 4239.
Main ReferencesBlackiston, Howland (2002) Beekeeping for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN.
Caron, Dewey M. (2006) Honey Bee Biology and Beekeeping, Wicwas Press, Chesire, CT.
Crane, Eva (1990) Bees and Beekeeping, Science, Practice and World Resources, Cornell University Press.
Sammataro, Diana and Avitabile, Alphonse (1998) The Beekeeper’s Handbook, Comstock Publ. Assoc.
NOTE: Much of this presentation (including unattributed photos) is based on material in Caron (2006).