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THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
A New Republic and
the Rise of Parties
1789-1800
8
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
A New Republic and the Rise of Parties
1789-1800
• Washington’s America
• Forging a New Government
• The Emergence of Parties
• The Last Federalist Administration
• Conclusion
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This engraving shows respectful
crowds greeting Washington as he
passes through Trenton on the way to
New York City for his inauguration as
president.
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Learning Objectives
• What explains the differing role of slavery
in the country’s regional economies?
• What forces shaped the development of
party politics in America?
• Why was Adams defeated in the election
of 1800?
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Washington’s America
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The Uniformity of New England
• Political values and a harsh environment
combined to make New England the most
religiously and ethnically uniform region in
the United States.
• Most New Englanders were descended
from 17th century English immigrants and
followed the Congregationalist faith.
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The Uniformity of New England
(cont'd)
• Slavery had always been marginal and
while women outnumbered men, they
remained in a dependent state.
• The Puritan past influenced political and
social life.
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FIGURE 8–1 Ethnic Breakdown of the United
States in 1790, by Region
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The Pluralism of the
Mid-Atlantic Region
• New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
were the most ethnically and religiously
diverse states in the nation.
• Diversity arose in part because the middle
colonies had offered religious freedom and
greater economic opportunities than New
England.
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The Pluralism of the
Mid-Atlantic Region (cont'd)
• The region was the nation’s first
breadbasket and slavery was never a
major labor system.
• The region’s diversity created a complex
political environment.
Pietists
- Protestants who stress a religion of the heart and
the spirit of Christian living.
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Idealized classical images of
women—white, chaste, and pure
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The Slave South and Its Backcountry
• Climate and soil conditions favored the
production staple crops in the South and
slavery was a major labor system. Forty
percent of the southerners were slaves.
• Economic conditions spanned a spectrum
from wealthy low country plantations to the
raw poverty of the Piedmont backcountry.
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The Slave South and Its Backcountry
(cont'd)
• Tidewater planters were largely of English
descent and Anglican. Piedmont farmers
were generally Scots-Irish Presbyterian
and Baptists.
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Hung above the gallery in this interior view of a
Lutheran church in York are paintings of the twelve
apostles and of figures drawn from the Old
Testament.
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The Growing West
• The most rapidly growing region was
between the Appalachian Mountains and
the Mississippi River.
• Native Americans strongly resisted white
claims on their lands and often blocked
white settlement.
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The Growing West (cont'd)
• In Kentucky and Tennessee, most white
migrants were the young, rural poor from
the southern slave states. But many
planters speculated in western lands.
• Life in the West was harsh and isolated.
Westerners desired the freedom to control
their own affairs and their allegiance to the
United States was uncertain.
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Forging a New Government
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“Mr. President” and the Bill of Rights
• Not wanting a monarchical title,
Washington chose to be addressed as “Mr.
President.” He also laid down strict rules of
etiquette to increase respect for the office
of president.
• Congress passed the Bill of Rights and
they were quickly ratified by the states,
broadening the popular support for the
new government.
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“Mr. President” and the Bill of Rights
(cont’d)
Bill of Rights
- A written summary of inalienable rights and
liberties.
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Departments and Courts
• The Constitution authorized the first
executive departments and they were
closely bound to the president, eventually
evolving into the cabinet.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 set up the
national court system.
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Departments and Courts (cont'd)
Judiciary Act of 1789
- Act of Congress that implemented the judiciary
clause of the Constitution by establishing the
Supreme Court and a system of lower federal
courts.
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Revenue and Trade
• Revenue was the government’s most
pressing need.
• The Tariff Act of 1789 raised revenue and
protected some industries considered vital
to the nation’s economic health.
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Revenue and Trade
• The Tonnage Act of 1789 treated all
foreign ships equally.
Tariff Act of 1789
- Apart from a few selected industries, this first tariff
passed by Congress was intended primarily to
raise revenue and not protect American
manufacturers from foreign competition.
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Waterborne commerce was the key in the early
emergence of New York City as a trading center.
Shown here is the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn
Ferry in 1790.
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Hamilton and the Public Credit
• The Treasury was the largest and most
important new department.
• Alexander Hamilton proposed addressing
the debt issue by having the federal
government fund the national debt at full
face value by exchanging it for new
government bonds. He also proposed the
federal assume the remaining war debts of
the states.
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Forging a New Government (cont'd)
• Hamilton proposed an excise tax on
whiskey distilled in the nation to raise
revenue. He also called for the chartering
of a national Bank of the United States
and the diversification of the national
economy to promote manufacturing.
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Shown here in 1799, the neoclassical design of the
First Bank of the United States in Philadelphia
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Reaction and Opposition
• Opposition to Hamilton’s debt proposal
reflected sectional differences. The
southern states except South Carolina had
paid most of their debts and opposed the
plan but it eventually passed.
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Reaction and Opposition (cont'd)
• Opinion on the Bank bill also followed
sectional lines and opened the issue of
strict versus broad construction of the
Constitution. Washington supported
Hamilton and the Bank bill passed.
• While Congress passed a large excise tax
and tariff duties were raised, no funds
were made available to accelerate
industrial development.
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The Emergence of Parties
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The Emergence of Parties
• By the end of Washington’s first term,
Americans were dividing into two camps:
Federalists and Republicans.
• A series of crises in Washington’s second
term deepened and broadened the party
divisions.
Federalist
- A supporter of the Constitution who favored its
ratification.
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The Emergence of Parties (cont'd)
Republican Party (Jeffersonian)
- Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath
of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-
Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some
northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings.
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This contemporary cartoon shows Republican
Matthew Lyon, in the center with the fire tongs,
fighting against Roger Griswold, a Connecticut
Federalist.
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The French Revolution
• Most Americans supported the early phase
of the French Revolution but when it
turned radical and violent, Federalists
backed off but Republicans remained
supporters.
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The French Revolution (cont’d)
• French ambassador, Citizen Genet
unsuccessfully tried to involve the United
States in France’s war with Britain. Pro-
French sentiment was shown by the
growth of Democratic-Republican
societies.
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Securing the Frontier
• Indian resistance initially blocked white
entry into the Northwest territory north of
the Ohio River. American troops suffered
two defeats leading western settlers to feel
abandoned by the government. They
supported the French cause and free and
open navigation of the Mississippi River.
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Securing the Frontier (cont'd)
• Following a reorganization of the War
Department in 1794, an American army
defeated the Indians leading to the Treaty
of Greenville and the cession of most of
the present state of Ohio to the United
States.
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Securing the Frontier (cont'd)
• The Ohio country was open for white
settlement.
Treaty of Greenville
- Treaty of 1795 in which Native Americans in the
Old Northwest were forced to cede most of the
present state of Ohio to the United States.
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MAP 8–1 Indian Land Cessions, 1784–1800
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Federalist Party versus
Republican Party
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The Whiskey Rebellion
• Western Pennsylvania farmers and other
western settlers openly resisted Hamilton’s
excise tax on whiskey. Washington called
on the governors of the mid-Atlantic states
to dispatch a militia to put down the
Whiskey Rebellion but it met no
resistance.
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The Whiskey Rebellion (cont’d)
Whiskey Rebellion
- Armed uprising in 1794 by farmers in western
Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the
collection of the excise tax on whiskey.
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Treaties with Britain and Spain
• Western unrest stemmed largely from the
menacing presence of Britain and Spain
on the nation’s borders.
• Jay’s Treaty settled some of the issues
with Britain but caused an uproar in the
United States because of its economic
implications.
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Treaties with Britain and Spain (cont'd)
• The Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain
established the northern boundary of
Spanish Florida and opened the port of
New Orleans to Americans.
Jay’s Treaty
- Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 in which the
United States made major concessions to avert a
war over the British seizure of American ships.
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The First Partisan Election
• Political partisanship increased in the
1790s and led to the establishment of the
Federalist and Republican parties.
• The election of 1796 pitted Federalist
candidate John Adams against Republican
standard-bearer Thomas Jefferson.
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The First Partisan Election (cont'd)
• Adams won but the election showed the
sectional support of each party. Except for
Pennsylvania, Adams received all the
northern electoral votes and Jefferson won
the South.
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This suburban estate outside Philadelphia was
converted to a hospital for the victims of the city’s
yellow fever epidemic in 1793.
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The Last Federalist Administration
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The French Crisis and the XYZ Affair
• After Jefferson lost the election, the
French government enacted hostile
measures against the United States,
including the seizure of American ships
carrying goods to the British.
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The French Crisis and the XYZ
Affair(cont'd)
• Adams sent three commissioners to
France in an attempt to avoid war and
through intermediaries, the French foreign
minister demanded a large bribe to begin
talks.
• Publication of the XYZ Affair aroused
public outrage and led to a Quasi-War
against France in the Caribbean
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The French Crisis and the XYZ
Affair(cont'd)
• Congress voted to vastly expand the army.
XYZ Affair
- Diplomatic incident in 1798 in which Americans
were outraged by the demand of the French for a
bribe as a condition for negotiating with American
diplomats.
Quasi-War
- Undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between
the United States and France.
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Crisis at Home
• In 1798, the Federalists passed the Alien
and Sedition Acts.
• Three of the acts were directed at
immigrants, especially those who
supported the republicans. The Sedition
Act harshly curbed criticism of the
government.
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Crisis at Home (cont'd)
• Jefferson and Madison opposed the Alien
and Sedition Acts drafting resolutions for
Kentucky and Virginia state legislatures
that challenged government actions by
appealing to states’ rights. The Kentucky
resolution also introduced the idea of
nullification.
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Crisis at Home (cont'd)
• The Direct tax of 1798 aroused
widespread opposition to the Federalists.
Alien Friends Act
- Law passed by Congress in 1798 authorizing the
president during peacetime to expel aliens
suspected of subversive activities; one of the
Alien and Sedition Acts.
States’ rights
- Favoring the rights of individual states over rights
claimed by the national government.
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Crisis at Home (cont'd)
Nullification
- A constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a
legal right to declare a national law null and void
within its borders.
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U.S. soldiers were needed for the pacification of
Iraqi cities.
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General Anthony Wayne wins a decisive victory over
the Miami Confederation at the battle of Fallen
Timbers in 1794.
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The End of the Federalists
• The Federalist faction led by Hamilton
pushed for war against France but Adams
resisted declaring war and opened
negotiations that eventually led to the
Franco-American Accord of 1800 that
defused the tense situation.
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The End of the Federalists (cont'd)
• The Republicans developed strong party
organizations that mobilized voters. Voter
turnout in 1800 doubled that of the early
1790s and most new voters were
Republicans.
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The End of the Federalists (cont'd)
• Thomas Jefferson won the election of
1800.
Franco-American Accord of 1800
- Settlement reached with France that brought an
end to the Quasi-War and released the United
States from its 1778 alliance with France.
Deism
- Religious orientation that rejects divine revelation
and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal
God’s design for the universe.
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MAP 8–2 The Election of 1800
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By associating their Federalist opponents with the
hated Tories of the American Revolution, the
Republicans appealed to the voters as the true
defenders of American liberation.
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
• In 1789, the United States was basically
an experiment in self-government.
• The election of 1800 marked the first time
in modern political history that a party in
power peacefully turned over the
government to its opposition.