The American The American RevolutionRevolution

8-2.4 Compare the perspectives of different groups of South Carolinians during the American Revolution, including Patriots, Tories/Loyalists, women, enslaved and free Africans, and Native Americans.

8-2.5 Summarize the role of South Carolinians in the course of the American Revolution, including the use of partisan warfare and the battles of Charleston, Camden, Cowpens, and Kings Mountain.

The Road to WarThe Road to War Provincial CongressProvincial Congress – name of the governing – name of the governing

body for S.C. established by the General body for S.C. established by the General Committee of 99Committee of 99

1.1. Made plans to Made plans to implement the Continental implement the Continental AssociationAssociation

2.2. Elected Elected representatives to Second representatives to Second Continental CongressContinental Congress

3.3. Began preparations to Began preparations to establish a stronger establish a stronger militia militia

The British are Coming!The British are Coming!The The first two battlesfirst two battles

of the American of the American Revolution were @ Revolution were @ Lexington & ConcordLexington & Concord in Massachusettsin Massachusetts

Paul Revere’s “The Paul Revere’s “The British are coming”British are coming”

““the shots heard the shots heard around the world”around the world”

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress After hearing of these After hearing of these

battles, Christopher battles, Christopher Gadsden wanted the Gadsden wanted the colonies to declare their colonies to declare their independence independence immediately! Most immediately! Most others did not agreeothers did not agree

Established a Established a Continental Army under Continental Army under the command of Gen. the command of Gen. George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Tried again to make Tried again to make peace with Great Britainpeace with Great Britain

Loyalists & PatriotsLoyalists & Patriots Civil warCivil war began in S.C. between began in S.C. between

the Loyalists & Patriotsthe Loyalists & Patriots Most of the Most of the LoyalistsLoyalists were in the were in the

Up CountryUp Country Most of the Most of the PatriotsPatriots were in the were in the

Low CountryLow Country Due to the Due to the high number of high number of

LoyalistsLoyalists in S.C. there were in S.C. there were more more battles in S.C. than any other battles in S.C. than any other colonycolony

S.C.’s First ConstitutionS.C.’s First Constitution Continental CongressContinental Congress suggested that the suggested that the

Provincial CongressProvincial Congress write a constitution write a constitution to set to set up a “temporary government” – up a “temporary government” – made S.C. a made S.C. a state not a colony!state not a colony!

S.C. constitution of 1776S.C. constitution of 1776

1.1. BicameralBicameral legislation legislation

2.2. Voters elected lower houseVoters elected lower house

3.3. Lower house elected upper houseLower house elected upper house

4.4. Both together elected a “president” of the Both together elected a “president” of the statestate

Low CountryLow Country had had moremore representativesrepresentatives in the lower housein the lower house than the Up Countrythan the Up Country

1.1. Was a way to Was a way to keepkeep the the government government in the hands of the in the hands of the patriotspatriots and the and the eliteelite

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Edward RutledgeEdward Rutledge asked Second asked Second Continental Congress for Continental Congress for 3 weeks to 3 weeks to consult with legislatureconsult with legislature

11stst vote vote S.C. voted S.C. voted againstagainst the the Declaration Declaration of Independence!of Independence!

For no known reason, on the For no known reason, on the 22ndnd vote vote they they voted voted yesyes..

The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence Battle for Charles TownBattle for Charles Town British set sail to attack.British set sail to attack. British were British were notnot able to join up able to join up

with a force of loyalistswith a force of loyalists from from N.C. – At the Moore’s Creek N.C. – At the Moore’s Creek Bridge battle, the Bridge battle, the patriots patriots defeated this force of loyalistsdefeated this force of loyalists

British still attacked the fort on British still attacked the fort on Sullivan’s IslandSullivan’s Island

Battle of Fort SullivanBattle of Fort Sullivan To try to To try to finishfinish the fort, they made the walls out the fort, they made the walls out

of of palmetto trees with sand betweenpalmetto trees with sand between British ships ran into British ships ran into shallow watersshallow waters which which

forced them to become forced them to become easy targetseasy targets for the for the cannons on Fort Sullivancannons on Fort Sullivan

British guns were British guns were unable to penetrate the unable to penetrate the spongy palmetto log fort!spongy palmetto log fort!

Sgt. William JasperSgt. William Jasper went over the wallwent over the wall to to rescue the fort’s battle flagrescue the fort’s battle flag

Fort was renamed Fort was renamed Fort MoultrieFort Moultrie after after Gen. Gen. Moultrie who led the patriotsMoultrie who led the patriots

After the battle, After the battle, a a palmetto tree palmetto tree was added to was added to the flag.the flag.

Became our Became our present day present day State FlagState Flag

The Early CampaignsThe Early Campaigns Gen. George Washington’s most skillful Gen. George Washington’s most skillful

accomplishment was his ability to know accomplishment was his ability to know when to retreat to keep the Continental when to retreat to keep the Continental Army from being captured!Army from being captured!

American victory @ Saratoga was American victory @ Saratoga was important for the Americansimportant for the Americans

1. improved morale1. improved morale

2.2. led directly to France entering into an led directly to France entering into an alliance with the U.S. in early 1778alliance with the U.S. in early 1778

The War Moves SouthThe War Moves South

Vast majority of South Carolinians were Vast majority of South Carolinians were afraidafraid that that slaves would rebel if they had slaves would rebel if they had gunsguns

Agreed to Agreed to only allowonly allow slaves to join the army slaves to join the army as as cooks or engineerscooks or engineers, thereby freeing up , thereby freeing up white men to fightwhite men to fight

British decided that British decided that if the South was if the South was captured the rebellion could be stoppedcaptured the rebellion could be stopped Many Many slavesslaves & more & more loyalistsloyalists in the in the SouthSouth

The Siege of Charles TownThe Siege of Charles Town Charleston was under siege by the Charleston was under siege by the

British land forces for many days.British land forces for many days. Charleston harbor was blockaded Charleston harbor was blockaded

and supply lines were cut off.and supply lines were cut off. Patriot troops, trapped on the Patriot troops, trapped on the

peninsula, were forced to surrender peninsula, were forced to surrender to the British.to the British.

Other Patriot forces in SC also Other Patriot forces in SC also surrendered.surrendered.

British hoped that SC loyalists and British hoped that SC loyalists and the large numbers of South the large numbers of South Carolinians who remained neutral Carolinians who remained neutral would help them to control the state would help them to control the state and contribute to winning the war. and contribute to winning the war.

British MistakesBritish Mistakes

British forces treated the colonists harshly, British forces treated the colonists harshly, burning churches, looting or confiscating homes burning churches, looting or confiscating homes and harassing and mistreating citizens.and harassing and mistreating citizens.

This harsh treatment turned many South This harsh treatment turned many South Carolinians against the British and they formed Carolinians against the British and they formed partisan bands.partisan bands.

Soon Patriot partisans were fighting both the Soon Patriot partisans were fighting both the British regular troops and Loyalist forces using British regular troops and Loyalist forces using hit and run tactics.hit and run tactics.

““Tarleton’s Quarters”Tarleton’s Quarters” After British captured After British captured

Charles Town, they Charles Town, they began began an offensive to conquer the an offensive to conquer the whole statewhole state

Colonel Banastre Colonel Banastre “Bloody”Tarleton“Bloody”Tarleton slaughtered slaughtered the patriots @ Waxhaws – the patriots @ Waxhaws – “Tarleton’s Quarters”!“Tarleton’s Quarters”! ConvincedConvinced some some neutrals neutrals

to join patriotsto join patriots

Battle of CamdenBattle of Camden Major defeat for the regular Continental Major defeat for the regular Continental

ArmyArmy SC militia was not prepared and turned SC militia was not prepared and turned

and fled in the face of the regular British and fled in the face of the regular British forces.forces.

British on the brink of conquering the British on the brink of conquering the entire state of South Carolina!entire state of South Carolina!

Battle of King’s MountainBattle of King’s Mountain Mountainmen from both NC Mountainmen from both NC

and SC attacked the Tory and SC attacked the Tory forces from behind rocks and forces from behind rocks and trees.trees.

Loyalists lost = 1100 menLoyalists lost = 1100 men Patriots lost = 40Patriots lost = 40 ““No quarter!” for the BritishNo quarter!” for the British This battle has been called This battle has been called

the the “turning point of the war”“turning point of the war”

Battle of King’s Mountain – Battle of King’s Mountain – The Turning Point in the WarThe Turning Point in the War

PARTISAN TROOPSPARTISAN TROOPS

SUMTERSUMTER MARIONMARION

PICKENSPICKENS

Pickens

Battle of CowpensBattle of Cowpens Showed cooperation of the regular Showed cooperation of the regular

Continental Army and the irregular Continental Army and the irregular partisan forces.partisan forces.

Partisans led by Andrew Pickens, led Partisans led by Andrew Pickens, led the attack and then fled the field, the attack and then fled the field, tricking the British regulars into thinking tricking the British regulars into thinking that the Americans were retreating. that the Americans were retreating.

Instead, the partisans lured the British Instead, the partisans lured the British forces into the guns of the regular forces into the guns of the regular American army.American army.

The victory had a The victory had a tremendous effect on tremendous effect on the American Revolutionthe American Revolution

The British were soundly defeated and The British were soundly defeated and retreated northward toward Virginiaretreated northward toward Virginia

Battle of CowpensBattle of Cowpens

Guerilla WarfareGuerilla Warfare A A tactictactic in which in which small groups of soldiers small groups of soldiers

harass of launch surprise attacks on the enemy harass of launch surprise attacks on the enemy and then suddenly disappearand then suddenly disappear

““Swamp Fox” – Francis MarionSwamp Fox” – Francis Marion ““The Gamecock” – Thomas SumterThe Gamecock” – Thomas Sumter ““Wizard Owl” – Andrew PickensWizard Owl” – Andrew Pickens

Andrew PickensAndrew Pickens

Was named the “Wizard Owl” Was named the “Wizard Owl”

by Upcountry Native by Upcountry Native

AmericansAmericans Defeated the British in the Defeated the British in the

Battle of CowpensBattle of Cowpens

Thomas SumterThomas Sumter

British burned his home and he responded British burned his home and he responded by rallying backcountry men into a partisan by rallying backcountry men into a partisan fighting force.fighting force.

His hit and run guerrilla tactics and his His hit and run guerrilla tactics and his tenacity earned him the nickname tenacity earned him the nickname “Gamecock.”“Gamecock.”

His forces attacked British supply lines His forces attacked British supply lines and loyalist forces in the Upcountry giving and loyalist forces in the Upcountry giving hope to the Patriot cause.hope to the Patriot cause.

Francis MarionFrancis Marion

Organized on SC’s northeast coastOrganized on SC’s northeast coast Launched surprise attacks on the British Launched surprise attacks on the British

and then disappeared into the lowcountry and then disappeared into the lowcountry swamps earning him the nickname swamps earning him the nickname “Swamp Fox”“Swamp Fox”

Battle of YorktownBattle of Yorktown

The effect of the The effect of the harassing led toharassing led to Cornwallis’s troops Cornwallis’s troops not not getting rest or getting rest or supplies!supplies!

By Oct. 1781, By Oct. 1781, Cornwallis Cornwallis was was cornered near cornered near Yorktown, Va. and Yorktown, Va. and forced to surrenderforced to surrender..

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Henry LaurensHenry Laurens appointed as a delegate appointed as a delegate Was generous for the United StatesWas generous for the United States

U.S. was U.S. was independentindependent Western boundaryWestern boundary of U.S. was Mississippi River of U.S. was Mississippi River

down to 31 degrees north latitudedown to 31 degrees north latitude Spain would control the territory belowSpain would control the territory below that line that line

(included Florida)(included Florida) Received Received fishing rightsfishing rights off coast of Canada off coast of Canada Both would Both would pay any prewar debtspay any prewar debts Americans Americans would would not confiscate any more land that not confiscate any more land that

had belonged to loyalistshad belonged to loyalists BritishBritish would would leave their forts in the westleave their forts in the west

South Carolina’s 2South Carolina’s 2ndnd Constitution Constitution For the most part For the most part 1778 document1778 document was was

almost the same as the 1776 constitutionalmost the same as the 1776 constitution PresidentPresident would now be would now be called governorcalled governor

((John RutledgeJohn Rutledge was elected 1 was elected 1stst governor) governor) Representation in the lower houseRepresentation in the lower house was was

shared a shared a little more equallylittle more equally between the between the Low & Up CountryLow & Up Country

Anglican religionAnglican religion was was disestablisheddisestablished Guaranteed Guaranteed right of a free pressright of a free press

Slavery During the RevolutionSlavery During the Revolution

How do you fight for freedom and liberty and How do you fight for freedom and liberty and yet own slaves?yet own slaves?

Henry LaurensHenry Laurens told his son that he was…”trying told his son that he was…”trying to find ways to free his slaves, but the to find ways to free his slaves, but the law law restricted his actions”restricted his actions”

Did Did notnot want to offer slaves freedom in return want to offer slaves freedom in return for fighting in the war as the British didfor fighting in the war as the British did The The threat of a slave rebellionthreat of a slave rebellion was was alwaysalways

on their mindson their minds