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TheAMERICAN
Revolutionary War1775-1783
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS Philadelphia - September, 1774
• Prepare colonies for possible revolt
• Begin to create militias
• Most colonists don’t want a total split…yet
• Just don’t want to be taxed unfairly
• “No taxation w/out Representation”
KEEPING THE CLIMATE RIPE FOR REVOLUTIONSons of Liberty
Colonial Populations
• PATRIOTS – • Want Independence /
War
• TORY – • British Loyalists / NO
Independence
• Undecided
• 33%
• 33%
• 33%
The Opening of the Revolt
• King George III interprets colonists’ actions as rebellion
• Sends Redcoats to supress
• Brits learn where John Hancock & Sam Adams are (Lexington)
• Also learn where secret militia storage supply is (Concord)
• 700 British troops secretly set out to capture both
• BUT…
Patriots learn of British Plan
“TWO IF BY LAND, ONE IF BY SEA”
• Need to send someone to ride out to Lexington and Concord & to Philadelphia
• Warn of the coming British ambush
• Who???
PAUL REVERE’S MIDNIGHT RIDE???• Riders: Sam Prescott,
William Dawes, Israel Bissell & Revere
• Revere and Dawes captured after 20 miles
• Prescott made it to Concord
• Only Bissell made it to Philadelphia to warn
• Killed his horse he rode so hard
Why Revere so Famous???
• Jump to 1860• USA on brink of Civil
War• Need something to unify
people• Poet Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow wants to sell a book
• Writes “Midnight Ride of Paul Revere”
• Becomes a hit – legend becomes truth
• “LISTEN, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year.”
The Midnight Ride of William Dawes
• I am a wandering, bitter shade,Never of me was a hero made;Poets have never sung my praise,Nobody crowned my brow with bays;And if you ask me the fatal cause,I answer only, "My name was Dawes“
• When the lights from the old North Church flashed out,Paul Revere was waiting about,But I was already on my way.The shadows of night fell cold and grayAs I rode, with never a break or a pause;But what was the use, when my name was Dawes!
MINUTEMEN UNITS
THE BRITISH REDCOATS
BATTLE OF LEXINGTONAPRIL 19, 1775
“THE SHOTS HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD”
• First battles of war• British looking to
capture rebel leaders and supplies
• Brits meet 70 Militia, who begin to disperse
• Someone fires?• British gun down
militiamen• 8 killed, 10 wounded
BATTLE OF CONCORDAPRIL 19, 1775 (later that day)
• Word spreads about the “murders”
• Patriots want revenge
• Assemble 300 on North Bridge
• Kill 14 British, who are exhausted
• Brits retreat back to Boston
NORTH BRIDGE OVER CONCORD RIVER
BATTLE MAP
• Patriots keep attacking from trees the whole march back. 250 British killed. (90 minutemen)
THE BRITISH SEIGE OF BOSTON
SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS Philadelphia - MAY 10, 1775
• Continental Army officially created
• Washington named C in C of Army
• Accepts w/ no pay• Still No Call for
Independence from “Gov’t”
• Olive Branch Petition – plea to King to work it out
Characters at the Continental Congress
• FOR INDEPENDENCE
• John Adams (MA)• Sam Adams (MA)
• KEYS TO INDEP. VOTE• Richard Henry Lee (VA)• Thomas Jefferson (VA)• George Washington (VA)
• Ben Franklin (PA)
• AGAINST INDEPENDENCE
• John Dickenson (PA)• Edward Rutledge (SC)• James Duane (NY)
• PRESIDENT OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
• John Hancock
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILLJUNE 17, 1775
• British foolishly advance up hill numerous times – thought Patriots would run
• They didn’t• 1,000 British Killed• 250 Patriots killed
• Compromise now unreachable to King• Colonial Gov’t STILL not want total
independence!!! • Until…
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
BUNKER HILL BATTLE“Don’t fire until you can see the Whites of their Eyes”
- Patriot William Prescott
BUNKER HILL MEMORIAL
GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON
• On the day he is commissioned General…
Common Sense by:THOMAS PAINE
THOMAS PAINE MEMORIALS
• Convinced colonists to use common sense and declare Independence
THOMAS JEFFERSON
WRITING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
(WITH BEN FRANKLIN & JOHN ADAMS)
• Independence Vote taken…• July 2, 1776
• SIGNING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE…
• JULY 4, 1776
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
National Archives in DC
So we are at war…How can we win???
• American Strategy: • Can’t go head to head with British
Empire• Must make war last as long as possible • Make British give it up• Use guerilla tactics – quick strikes and
get out BUT…• GW did want a traditional army and
trained for it
After a while…
• War NOT going well at all• Morale very low in Continental Army• Washington has not yet won a battle• Enlistments will expire end of 1776• Sooooooo…• Washington plans to deliver Xmas
Victory• Attack a Hessian camp at Trenton, NJ
WASHINGTON CROSSES THE DELAWARE RIVEREmanuel Leutze 1851
XMAS Campaigns, 1776
• Trenton Battle
• Small Victory, but gave Army HOPE
• GW gets new enlistments
• Tells British colonists are tough and this will be a long fight
Army Grinds it out for another year
• October 17, 1777 – Battle of Saratoga, NY
• Continentals win, but more importantly• Win convinces France to intervene in the War
on Patriots side
• British want to negotiate, Colonists Don’t
SUFFERING AT VALLEY FORGE
WASHINGTON PRAYER
Continental Army Problems
• Only GW holds it together – his strength and personality
• Army size always changing
• Very short of supplies
• (Never know what if anything will get from Congress)
BATTLE OF YORKTOWN
SEIGE OF YORKTOWNWAR ENDS WITH PEACE OF PARIS 1781
BRITISH SURRENDER AT YORKTOWN 1781
October 17, 1781
• Treaty (PEACE OF PARIS) signed 2 years later on Sept. 3, 1783
• Ends the American Revolution
Why did America win???
• Colonials able to drag out the war
• British Gave it up
• Became too Expensive to keep fighting
• French Alliance
• American strategy pays off…
• NOW THERE IS A NEW COUNTRY!!!!