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The Animal Kingdom
Characteristics of Animals• Multicellular eukaryotes• Heterotrophic• Gametic Life Cycle
(dipoid/meiosis/gametes/fertilization/zygote/ embryo with 3 cell layers (not in all)• Are motile at some stage of development• Have no cell walls • Symmetry (body form) radial or bilateral• Cephalization in some (head end w/nerve
tissue)• Type of gut – sac-like with only mouth;
complete digestive tract
X
Animal Kingdom – Phylogenetic Tree
Phylum Phoronida• Phoronida - one of the smallest and
least familiar phyla; there are about twelve living species.
• Phoronids -- or "horseshoe worms," as they are sometimes called -- abundant in shallow marine sediments at certain localities.
• Phoronids are elongated and worm- shaped, but the gut loops and ends close to the mouth, instead of passing straight through the body as in annelids and many other wormlike organisms.
• The mouth is surrounded by the ciliated feeding structure known as a lophophore.
• Live in tubes created by worm – tube worms
Classification Criteria
• Embryology – development
• Biochemistry – metabolic “pathways” similarity
• Genetics – DNA analysis
Subkingdoms
• Parazoa – lacking tissues -not microscopic Sponges (Porifera)• Mesozoa – no tissues/organs…primitive parasites (small, worm-like, 20-50 cells, parasitize cephalopods, echinoderms, mollusks)
• Eumetazoa – true tissues in germ layers and organs (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
All other animal phyla
Possible Ancestors of Animals??
Codosiga – a protozoan – called a choanofagellate – has a structure similar to choanocytes in sponges
Proterospongia
This colonial protozoan is studied by zoologists because of intercellular signaling and adhesion
Sponges – Phylum Porifera
• Means pore-bearing• No true tissues –
specialized cells• Asymmetrical• Adults sessile; larvae
motile• “Zoophytes”• Types: Simple – Ascon Corrugated – Sycon Complex - Leucon
x
Ascon (simple sac type)
Osculum
Water flow
Cell Types of Sponges (no tissues)
• Epidermal – flattened -cover sponge surface - protection
• Choanocytes – collar cells – flagellated -trap food/engulf – line spongocoel
• Porocytes – cells on either side of incurrent pores
• Amoebocytes – amoeba like – digest food & distribute – in mesoglea layer
• Amoebocytes – also make silica based spicules and spongin (structural protein),
and function in reproduction
Sponge “Support”
• Body of sponge stiffened by:
1. Spicules (CaCO3, silica)
2. Tough protein fibers - spongin
Spicules
Other Significant Structures• Osculum – large opening – at top – water
flows out of sponge
• Ostia – aka incurrent pores
Reproductive Modes• Sexual Reproduction
1. Hermaphroditic – eggs/sperm produced on same animal 2. Gametes produced in mesenchyme layer – special amoebocytes 3. Some species x-fertilize; some self 4. Zygote grows by mitosis – larvae flagellated – swims then sessile• Asexual Reproduction Budding on parent; Gemmae internally
Sycon Sponges
Leucon Sponges - solitary
Leucon Sponges - Encrusting
Gemmules - Asexual
Cluster of amoebocytes w/ spicules
Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
Eumetazoa (true tissues)Phylum Cnidaria ( Coelenterates)
“Stinging celled animals”
• Class: Hydrozoa – Hydroids• Class: Scyphozoa - Jellyfish• Class: Anthozoa – Corals, Sea Anemone,
Sea Fans
Polyp and Medusa Forms
Cnidaria - Body Forms
Hydra
Structure of Hydra
Tissues – 2 true layers• Ectoderm
Epidermis –outer layer -protection (special cells – form ovary, testes- zygote forms flagellated larva –planula)
Asexual by buddingCnidoblasts – stinging cells -
Nematocysts are stingers• Mesoglea – gelatinous layer- not cellular;
has Nerve cells – form nerve network; in contact
w/ epidermis, gastrodermis Contractile fibers – movement
Cnidoblast/Nematocyst
• Endoderm Gastrodermis – for nutrition; lines the gastrovascular cavity – mouth at center of tentacles
Colonial Hydroid - Obelia
Obelia – Life Cycle (Hydroid Colony)
Colonial Hydroid - Portuguese Man-O-War
Individual animalslive above tentalces
Scyphozoa – Jelly Fish
Jellyfish Life Cycle
Planula
Sperm
Eggs
Aurelia
Anthozoans - Anemones
Anatomy of Anemones (“flower animals”)
Threads loadedwith nematocysts
Anthozoa - Corals
Coral Reef
Zooxanthellae/Zoochlorellae
Symbiotic relationship –algae reside in animals' gastrodermal cells- sea anemone benefits from algae's photosynthesis (oxygen, food) -algae in turn are assured a reliable exposure to sunlight and protection from micro-feeders,
Sea anemone tentacles
Phylum Ctenophora•Comb jellies (aka - sea gooseberries) are one of the most beautiful animals to inhabit the ocean – 90 species
• 2nd phylum of radially symmetrical animals
•Named for rows of comb-like cilia in bands on body
•Use tentacles to trap prey- do not sting prey
Protostome or Deuterostome?
Coelom Evolution
Cleavage Comparison
Protostome Worms
Phylum Platyhelminthes(Flatworms)
• Flattened dorsoventrally
• Acoelomate• 3 distinct tissue
layers• Turbellaria – Free
living flatworms – Planaria
• Trematoda – Liver flukes and Blood Flukes
• Cestoda - Tapeworms
Class: Turbellaria - Planaria
•Sac-like gut•Bilateral symmetry•Cephalization with eyespots, ganglia, nerve cords•Acoelomate•3 tissue layers (ecto,meso,endo)•Cell to cell diffusion•Primitive kidney – protonephridia with flame cells•Hermaphroditic – cross fertilize•Regeneration studies•Systems: Digestive Nervous Reproductive Excretory
Organ Systems of Planaria
Other Turbellarians
Class: Trematoda Liver Flukes
Human Liver
Fluke – Life Cycle
Trematodes – Blood Fluke (Schistosoma)
•Causes “Swimmers itch”•Requires 2 hosts – one for reproduction, one for development
Cestoda - Tapeworm
Tapeworm Anatomy
Proglottid
Scolex
ROSTRUM SUCKERS
Beef Tape Worm – Life Cycle
(measley beef – encysted larvae))
gravidproglottids
Phylum Nemertea – Ribbon Worms
proboscis
Ribbon Worms
• Aquatic,sandy areas• One way gut-
mouth,anus• Proboscis – fires out –
lined with nail shaped spines –wrap around prey
• Can be 3 x body length
• Separate sexes• Eat small
invertebrates or scavenge
Ribbon Worm Anatomy
Protostome Worms
Phyla
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)•25,000 species•Parasitic & some free living•Habitats – aquatic, terrestrial, parasitic•Cuticle covers body (note striations)-protects•Digestive tract with mouth,anus•Pseudocoel – hydrostatic skeleton•Nervous system – nerve ring, dorsal & ventral nerve cords•Respiration - diffusion•Dioecious –separate sexes •200,000 eggs/day
Nematode Anatomy
Ascaris Infestation
Can cause intestinal blockage
Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm)
Filiaria worm in bloodstream
HeartwormLife Cycle
Worms, Worms, and More Worms…
Guinea Worm – Dracunculus mediensisAfrica – adult female 3 feet long – comes through skin;
Water flea has larvae – man drinks water w/fleas;Natives wind on a stick until it comes out
And more….
•Filaria worms – Wuchereria sp.
•Elephantiasis
•Hosts – mosquito, man
•Worms – 1/1000 of an inch block lymphatic system causing severe edema (swelling)
•Tropical areas
And more…
•Loa loa worm
•Worm migrates through subdermal tissue – can go across eye
•West Africa
Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus
•Buccal cavity with hooks•Hook to intestinal wall – causes anemia, bleeding
Trichina (pork worm) – “Trichinosis”
Worm encysted in muscle tissue – undercooked pork products
Acanthocephala – Spiny Headed Worms•Retractable proboscis armed w/curved hooks
•Parasites in vertebrates (1000 in seal’s gut)
•No digestive tract-diffusion through cuticle
•Dioecious
Phylum Rotifera“wheel animals”
•Cilia beating around mouth –looks like wheel rotating
•Tail-like foot - attaches
•Dioecious
•Digestive tract with mouth and cloaca (important !)
•Excretory system-flame cells – bladder/water balance organ also
•Important food chain members
COELOMATES
Highly developed invertebrates & vertebrateshave a internal body cavity outside intestinal
tract.
• Allows organs to develop & work more freely - not pushing against muscles
• Can provide hydrostatic skeleton
(fluid –filled coelom works with muscles
to change body shape)
• Provides protected space for production of sperm and ova
Coelom Advantages
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
• Coelomate Protostomes:
Annelids (segmented worms)
Mollusks (soft bodied animals)
Arthropods (jointed appendages)
Coelomate Deuterostomes Echinoderms (spiny skin) Chordates (vertebrates &
notochord animals)
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Phylum Mollusca (Latin – molluscus -soft-bodied)
• 2nd largest phylum• Bilateral symmetry• Type of shell & foot used to classify• Torsion in Gastropods – 180 °• Mantle- makes shell• Mantle cavity – encloses gills or lungs • Visceral mass – digestive, excretory, reproductive• Foot – muscular for movement; can be modified into
tentacles• Radula – rasping tongue with microscope teeth –
tears, shreds, bores holes in mollusk shells• Trochophore and Veliger larval stages in some
Classes of Mollusca
• Aplacophora – Chaetoderma
• Monoplacophora - Neopilina
• Polyplacophora – Chitons
• Scaphopoda – Tooth shells
• Gastropoda – Snails, slugs, whelks
• Bivalvia – Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
• Cephalopoda – Squid, octopus, nautilus
Gastropoda Respiration•Aquatic snails – gills•Terrestrial snails – mantle cavity
Snail “Tongue”
Radula – Snail Tongue
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Muscular Foot
•Used for movement•May be modified into tentacles
Larval Forms of Mollusks
Trochophore
Veliger
Aplacophora
•No shell•Reduced foot•Move w/cilia•Benthic(bottom)•Deep water•5cm–30 cm•Epidermis secretes calcareous spicules
Monoplacophora Neopilina
•“single-plate bearer”•1952 rediscovered•Costa Rica•3,590 meters
Polyplacophora Chitons
•Ancient class•Notable – 8 dorsal plates•Herbivores
Scaphopoda – Tooth Shells (Tusk Shell)
•Elongated shell •Sticky tentacles – catch prey•Marine – sandy bottom
Gastropoda
Featuring - Gastropoda
• Snails, conchs, abalones, slugs, nudibranches (poisonous), limpet, etc.• Stomach-footed• Univalve – most• Respiration – gills or mantle cavity• Snails – eyes on tentacles (light, touch)• Radula (food shredding tongue)• Only mollusk to invade land
Bivalvia
Cockles Giant clam
Oyster
Mussel
Scallop
Here-s-s-s….Bivalvia
• Formerly called Pelecypoda (hatchet-foot)• 2 shells• Marine & freshwater• Filter feeders (incurrent siphon, labial palps
funnel to mouth)• Gills• Shells – CaC03 – mother of pearl buttons• Open circulatory system• Dioecious• Mussels, oysters are sessile as adults• Scallops swim by “clapping action” of shells
Cephalopoda
BAD
SQUID
Cephalopoda Talk About a Big Head…
• Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, chambered Nautilus• Predators• Can swim, crawl, jet propulsion (siphons)• Tentacles (modified foot) – suckers• Well developed eyes, nervous system• Defense – “inky spray” – foul tasting• Chromatophores –change color to match environment• Shells – octopus (none), squid – internal pen, cuttlefish – coiled, flat, plate-like… Pet bird cuttlebone
Mollusk “Claim to Fame”
• Important food sources – man
• Research – snails – cancer free
• Pollution indicators
• Snails/slugs – crop damage
• Shipworms – damage docks, boats
• Filter feeders – can concentrate toxins – human consume – sick/die
• Octopus – beak; also learning & memory
Segmented Worms
Phylum Annelida ~ Characteristics
• True coelom - coelomate
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Segmentation (metameres)
• Closed blood vascular system
Oligochaeta - Earthworms
•Nephridia – tubules remove liquid wastes•Digestive system –mouth-pharynx-crop- gizzard- intestine- anus•Circulatory system – closed – 1st distribution tissue•Respiration – moist skin – diffusion•Nervous system – cerebral ganglia, nerve cord•Reproduction – hermaphrodite – cross fertilize; clitellum•Muscular system – circular & longitudinal•Environmental benefit – castings fertilize soil, aeration of soil
•Segmented body•Metameres – adaptation for burrowing•Setae for movement
Earthworm Anatomy
Polychaetes - Marine – Sand & Tube Worms
Hirudinea - Leeches
I Am Stuck on YOU !!!
• Ectoparasites –sanguivorus – blood sucker
• Sacculated intestine – stores blood – several months between feedings
• Hirudin – anticoagulant
• Anterior/posterior suckers
• Sense light/temperature changes, vibrations
• Sensory cells – smell; may have eyes
Phylum Onychophora – Velvet Worms
• Phylum means “claw-bearers”•Terrestrial, tropical, moist habitats•Antennae & clawed legs•Carnivores•Papillae on surface give velvety appearance•May be “missing link” between annelids and arthropods
Trilobites
•Extinct ancient arthropods•Mass Extinction 250 mya
Phylum Arthropoda
• Most successful group of animals…species diversity, distribution, vast numbers
• Segmentation in body• Hard exoskeleton (chitin and protein) – molt to grow
– muscles attach; prevents desiccation• Jointed appendages (feeding, movement, mating,
defense, mating)• Extensive cephalization & sensory organs• Open circulatory system – hemolymph• Gas exchange – varies from gills/tracheal
tubes/book lungs
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum ChelicerataClass Meristomata
Horseshoe Crab
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida
Have chelicerae – claw like appendage for feeding – fangsin spiders
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum CrustaceaClass Malacostraca
Crayfish External Anatomy
Crayfish – Internal Anatomy
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum CrustaceaClass Maxillopoda
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda
Centipedes – 1 pr legs/segment; carnivores; poison claws
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum UniramiaClass Diplopoda
Millipedes – 2 prs legs/segment; vegetarians
• More known species than all other groups• Body regions – head, thorax, abdomen• Mouthparts very diverse – biting, sucking, chewing,
piercing,etc.• 1 pr antennae; pr of compound eyes• Complete digestive tract• Nervous system – cerebral ganglia with nerve cords• Malpighian tubules – excretion of liquid wastes• Tracheal tubes from spiracles for respiration• Ovipositor for laying eggs• Wings/flight –major adaptation for success of insects• Incomplete metamorphosis; complete metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum UniramiaClass Insecta – 32 orders
Insect Anatomy
Compound Eye
Especially good for detecting motion…
x Metamorphosis
Incomplete – young are smaller versions of adult
Complete – egg to larvae – eats/grows – pupates -adult
Thysanura - silverfish
Odonata – Dragonfly and Damselfly
Orthoptera – Grasshopper and Cricket
Blattaria - Cockroach
Isoptera - Termite
Anoplura - Louse
Hemiptera – true bugs
Homoptera – Aphid, Leafhopper, Cicada, Scale Insect
Lepidoptera – Moths, Butterflies
Diptera – Flies and Mosquitoes
Siphonaptera - Flea
Coleoptera - Beetles
Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees, and Wasps
Deuterostomes
X Phylum - Echinodermata
• Asteroidea – Sea Stars
• Crinoidea – Sea Lilies
• Echinoidea – Sand Dollars and Sea Urchins
• Ophiuroidea – Brittle Stars
• Holothuroidea – Sea Cucumbers
Echinoderm Characteristics
• Bilateral bipinnaria larval stage to pentaradial adults
• Spiny skin – subcutaneous calcareous plates (endoskeleton)
• Water vascular system –hydraulic canals control tube feet
• Stomach everts through mouth to feed in starfish
• Dermal Branchia for respiration
Bipinnaria LarvaMouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Asteriodea - Sea Stars (Star Fish)
Water Vascular System
Dermal Branchiae
Pedicellariae
CrinoideaCrinoidea – Sea Lily
Echinoidea – sand dollars, sea Echinoidea – sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchinsbiscuits, sea urchins
Ophiuroidea
HolothuroideaHolothuroidea
Phylum - Hemichordata
• Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
• Graptolithina (graptolites) extinct
• Pterobranchia (pterobranchs) 20 sp.
Acorn Worms - to 8 ft
Tornaria Larva
Pterobranchs – Rhabdopleura – 1 mm
Phylum Chordata3 subphyla
• Cephalochordata - Amphioxus
• Urochordata – Sea squirts
• Vertebrata – Animals with vertebrae
here
Chordate Characteristics
• Notochord -cartilage rod (endoskeleton)
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
• Myotomes – segmented muscle bundles
• Pharyngeal gill slits – gill basket
• Post-anal tail
Cephalochordates – Amphioxus
Urochordates – Tunicates (sea squirts)
Ostracoderms
Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class - Agnatha
Hagfish
Evolution of Jaws
Placoderms
Class Chondrichthyes
Lobe-finned Lung Fish
Class Osteichthyes – boney fishes
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia
3 subclasses
Monotremata – Platypus and Echidna
Marsupiales – Marsupials
Placentals – Mammals that have placenta
Monotremes
Peleomaps
Marsupials
Placental Mammals – 19 Orders
Insectivora
Chiroptera
Carnivora
XenarthraXenarthra
RodentiaRodentia
LagomorphaLagomorpha
Pika
PerissodactylaPerissodactyla
ArtiodactylaArtiodactyla
Proboscidea
SireniaSirenia
CetaceaCetacea
PinnipediaPinnipedia
PrimatesPrimates
Tarsier