36
THE ARCTIC SEAS CI i matology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology Edited by Yvonne Herman IOm51 VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY ----- New York
THE ARCTIC SEAS CI i matology,
Oceanography, Geology, and Biology
Edited by
Yvonne Herman
IOm51 VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY ~ ----- New York
This work relates to Department of the Navy Grant NOOOI4-85-G-0252 issued by the Office of Naval Research. The United States Government has a royalty-free license throughout the world in all copyrightable material contained herein. Copyright © 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-33800 ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-8022-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0677-1 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher.
Designed by Beehive Production Services
Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003
Van Nostrand Reinhold (International) Limited 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE, England
Van Nostrand Reinhold 480 La Trobe Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
Nelson Canada 1120 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario MIK 5G4, Canada
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Arctic Seas.
Includes index. 1. Oceanography-Arctic Ocean. 2. Geology-ArctiC
Ocean. 1. Herman, Yvonne. GC401.A76 1989 551.46'8 88-33800 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8022-4
For Anyu
Preface / vii Contributors / ix
Contents
1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past and Future States 1
R. G. Barry
2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics 47 W. D. Hibler III
3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean 93 L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen
4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution 115 M. J. Dunbar
5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota 123 R. A. Horner
6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice 147
O. G. N. Andersen
7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton 193 B. R. Heimdal
8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice: New Distributions 223
Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen
9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna 235 I. A. Mel'nikov
10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period 257 A. N. Golikov and o. A. Scarlato
11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean 281
N. A. Anisimova
12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov
13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs A. N. Golikov
14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea): Evolution, Composition, and Distribution
V. V. Petryashov
303
325
341
373
v
vi Contents
16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas 397 S. D. Stepanjants
17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea 431 S. V. Vassilenko
18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record 445
C. Card
19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians 461 S. B. Kruglikova
20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments 481 E. I. Polyakova
21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean 497
C. Vilks
22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments 571 B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman
23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology 581
Y. Herman, f. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu
24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean 657
D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones
25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea 721
V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich
26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia 729 A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin, and M. A. Faustova
27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic During Late Cenozoic Time 759
I. D. Danilov
28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments 761 A. N. Belyaeva, A. 1. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich
29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor 797
J. R. Weber
30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician Through the Cretaceous 829
L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov
Index / 863
14: Arctic Ocean Bryozoa
Valentina I. Gontar and Nina V. Denisenko
INTRODUCTION
Bryozoans (Bryozoa, Polyzoa, Ectoprocta) are aquatic colonial animals. A few kinds live in fresh water (class Phylactolaemata) while the majority are marine (class Gymnolaemata and Stenolaemata). The phylum contains over 4,000 living species and about 15,000 extinct species. The colonies are formed by asexual reproduction from one individual, the ancestrula, that arises through metamorphosis of the larva developed by sexual reproduction. The bryozoan colony, the zoarium, is almost always firmly attached to the substratum and can be ramified, lobed, fan-shaped, and very frequently have the appearance of crusts covering the substratum. The size of colonies vary from several millimeters to several decimeters. The colonies consist of individuals, the zooids. Bryozoans are bilaterally symmetrical, coelomic, protostomian animals. As a result of their sessile and colonial way of life, their organization
Note: This chapter has been reviewed, edited, and rewritten by the Editor, Yvonne Herman.
has undergone profound changes in different subclasses.
The structure of bryozoans is as follows: Every zooid bears a circlet of tentacles. The mouth is surrounded by tentacles. The anus is located near the mouth, but outside the crown of tentacles. In marine bryozoans, the lophophore, a fleshy structure that surrounds the mouth, is ring-shaped. When the anterior part of the body is withdrawn, the tentacles are also retracted into the body known as the tentacle sheath.
Marine bryozoans have neither heart nor vascular system. The inner zooidal cavity is a coelom that is separated from the lophophore cavity by an incomplete partition. The nervous system comprises a nerve ganglion that lies between the mouth and the anus and a plexus in the body wall. From the nerve ganglion, nerves radiate to the tentacles and other organs. The muscular system consists of circular and longitudinal muscles, namely, circular sphincter muscles, transverse parietal muscles, and strong retractor muscles. Reproduction can be both asexual and sexual; colonies are formed mainly by asexual
341
342 V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
reproduction. Most bryozoans are hermaphrodites.
The zooidal body cavity contains gonads of both sexes that develop simultaneously, although some species show a tendency for protandry (functional male gonad maturation precedes female gonad maturation). Spermatozoa are released from the zooidal cavity either through the terminal pores of tentacles, or through the supraneural pore coelomopore situated at the vertex of the funnel between tentacles. In some species, the coelomopore is transformed into an intertentacular organ in which fertilization occurs. Fertilized eggs can be discharged into the sea, although in many marine taxa their development up to larval stage occurs either in the coelom or the zooid in a special brooding chamber (ovicell). The larvae are close to the trochophore and according to some authors may be significant as a dispersal mechanism. After being set free, the larvae swim for a few hours and eventually settle on a suitable substratum, producing through metamorphosis and budding a primary zooid, the ancestrula, which subsequently initiates a colony.
The above-described complex of organs is termed the polypide; it is encased in the exoskeleton of various shapes, called the zooecium or cystid. It is secreted by the body wall, which consists of cellular layers. The zooidal skeleton can be separated, but its walls are usually in touch with other zooecia or zooecia may have common proximal and distal walls. Connection between separate zooids is through single pores or more complex structures (porous lamellae or septa, porous chamber or dietalia) in the cystid walls. The zooecium bears an orifice through which the anterior end of the polypide is protruded. It can be provided with an operculum. The space between the tips of tentacles withdrawn into the tentacle sheath and the orifice is the atrium or vestibulum. The zooecium can be chitinous, jellylike (other polymer of chitin of Insecta), or calcareous.
In bryozoan colonies the zooids are usually polymorphic, that is, there are in addition to the zooids' typical structures: the autozooids, morphologically modified and physiologically specialized zooids such as the heterozooids, including gonozoids (where maturation of sperm and ooecia occurs), the kenozooids (performing supporting function), the avicularia (defense function), the vibracula (apparently providing water current beneath the colony), and other structures (Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 1983). The phylum Bryozoa is divided into three classes.
Class Stenolaemata with 6 orders:
Order Cyclostomata (Paleozoic-Recent) Order Trepostomata (Paleozoic-Triassic) Order Cystoporata (Paleozoic) Order Rhabdomesonata (Paleozoic) Order Cryptostomata (Paleozoic) Order Fenestrata (Paleozoic)
Class Gymnolaemata with 2 orders:
Order Ctenostomata (Paleozoic-Recent) Order Cheilostomata Gurassic-Recent)
Class Phylactolaemata (CarboniferousRecent)
Bryozoa are known to have been widespread in the Paleozoic seas (7 orders) and are valuable in stratigraphy; their ancestry and early evolutionary relationships are difficult to infer. Skeleton-bearing bryozoans are believed to have evolved during the lower Ordovician (Baltic province), although the high level of organization of the early Ordovician bryozoans suggests that they might have evolved during the early Cambrian. The evolutionary development of skeleton-bearing Bryozoa is divided into large stages, their boundaries corresponding to boundaries of geologic epochs defined by major evolutionary changes that led to a change in the rank of orders (Morosova and Viskova, 1977). The first stage encompasses the period from
early Ordovician up to late Permian; the second stage occurred during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. During the first stage, 7 orders evolved simultaneously with an abrupt change of genera and families at three boundaries: The first boundary corresponds to the end of the Silurian; the second, to the end of the Devonian; and the third, to the end of the Permian. The second stage covers the Mesozoic-Cenozoic eras. It is noteworthy that the currently accepted systematics of the Bryozoa is far from being adequate, as the paleontological classification is based only on the morphology of skeletal elements.
The Permian is the final period of evolution of Paleozoic bryozoans. Permian taxa were widespread in the World Ocean. However, the Arctic region was rich in bryozoans between the Ordovician and Permian (Astrova, 1965; Morosova, 1981; Morosova and Kruchinina, 1986; Nekchorosheva, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1976). About 300 species described by these authors are used for the stratigraphic division of Paleozoic deposits of this region as well as for dividing the Paleozoic Arctic seas into biogeographic regions.
During the Dzchulphinian and Dorosham times, the bryozoan faunas were declining. They survived only in the Tethys Sea. Nearly all bryozoans had disappeared by the end of the Permian. Only 4 genera (Discritella, Reptonodicava, Paralioclema, and Pseudobatostomella) with few species characterized by simple morphological organization continued to evolve in the Triassic seas (known from the Primorsky Territory and the northeastern USSR) together with a small number of Cyclostomata. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic stage commences in Triassic and is characterized by a different type of bryozoans, which must have given rise to all the younger taxa. Favorable environmental conditions in the Middle Jurassic seas, where the Cyclostomata were probably the only bryozoans, may have triggered their rapid speciation. During the Late Jurassic and throughout
Arctic Ocean Bryozoa 343
the entire Cretaceous period, the Cyclostomata, which were the dominant bryozoans, became ubiquitous in the World Ocean. The penetration of the Cyclostomata to relatively great depths in Campanian and Maestrichtian seas must have been related not only to extensive marine transgressions but also to the rapid development of the Cheilostomata that had evolved in early Jurrasic time (Pyriporopsis portlandensis). The Cyclostomata are represented today by relicts of Mesozoic seas.
Another order of recent bryozoans is the Ctenostomata. The fossil record of this group is very scanty because they lack calcareous skeleton; to date 55 genera have been described. They belong to 23 families, 3 of which are Paleozoic while 15 are recent. Most recent species belong to the order Cheilostomata (80 percent of the total number of recent species). In the Early Cretaceous, only the Anasca suborder was represented. Two other suborders, Ascophora and Cribrimorpha, evolved at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. The end of the Late Cretaceous and the beginning of the Cenozoic are characterized by the extinction of most cribrimorphs and by the diversification of the Anasca and Ascophora. The evolution of bryozoans suggests a parallel evolution of colonies of different phylogenetic branches of the phylum owing to polymorphism. This provided bryozoans with a high degree of adaptation to environmental factors with evolutionary plasticity and led to their flourishing in modem oceans and seas.
Bryozoans, represented by three orders in the World Ocean-the Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Cheilostomata-are a ubiquitous group of aquatic invertebrates. They occur in every climatic zone and inhabit depths ranging from the littoral to the abyssal zones. Bryozoans constitute a part of many marine bottom biocenoses and play an important role in the total economy of the sea. Colonies live on rocks, algae, hydroids, worm tubes, mollusk shells, crab tests, ascidians, corals,
344 V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
colonies of other bryozoans, fragments of sea urchins' skeletons, and also on various sunken objects such as buoys and nets.
ARCTIC BRYOZOA
The distributional pattern of various biogeographic groups shows that all Arctic seas are dominated by boreal-Arctic* species. The western part of the Barents Sea and areas of the Atlantic Ocean adjoining the Arctic Basin are dominated by Atlantic borealt species. Boreal speciest are replaced by the Arctic taxa:j: in the eastern Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas. Arctic species:j: are replaced by boreal Pacific taxa in the eastern Chukchi Sea and adjoining part of the Bering Sea. North American Arctic waters are dominated by Arctic species. Most species are confined to the Eurasian and Amerasian subbasins with the boundary in the area of the New Siberian Islands. Eurybathyal species are predominant in the western Barents, and the Chukchi Sea fauna exhibits the lowest degree of similarity with the fauna of Siberian seas and the Arctic-American waters.
The majority of bryozoans inhabit rocky substrates. They comprise many marine benthic biocenoses and play an important part in the overall trophic relations of the sea. They are well preserved in sediments of different geological age and are very im-
'Boreal-Arctic species (for their boundaries see map) occur in the boreal and Arctic biogeographic regions. tBoreal species including amphiboreal, widespread boreal, low boreal, and high boreal taxa are distributed within the boreal biogeographic regions. :j:Arctic species include Eurasian species distributed in the Arctic Ocean off the European and Asian coasts; Euroamerican or Amereuropean species distributed in the Arctic Ocean off the Asian and North American coasts. Circumpolar species are distributed in the Arctic Ocean off the coasts of Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Arctic Ocean islands. Amerasian species are distributed in the Arctic Ocean off the Asian and North American coasts. American species are distributed in the Arctic Ocean off the North American coasts.
portant in biostratigraphic zonation. There are numerous reviews dealing with the bryozoan fauna of the Arctic Basin (Packard, 1867; Smitt, 1878, 1879; Vigelius, 1882, 1884; Waters, 1900, 1904; Nordgaard, 1906, 1912, 1918, 1923, 1929; Norman, 1906; Osburn, 1913, 1932, 1936; Kluge, 1962; Gostilovskayja, 1978). While the faunal composition in this region has been adequately studied, knowledge of their ecology remains incomplete. Nevertheless, the literature and material collected during the last 250 years and deposited at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences allows us to summarize their distribution in the Arctic Ocean.
Here we follow the classification of Kluge (1962) with several additions based on recent investigations of Soviet and foreign scientists. In the Arctic Ocean, the phylum is represented by 3 orders, 11 suborders, 41 families, 89 genera, 340 species including 40 varieties and 1 form.
Variations in species composition in different seas of the Arctic Ocean have been analyzed using cluster analysis and estimating the degree of similarity according to Jaccard (1901),
j c x 100%
0 1 + O2 - c
and with the inclusion method
c x 100% ]
Omin
Results are presented in Tables 14-1 and 14-2 (see pages 349-363) and Figure 14-1. As shown in Table 14-1, the decline in number of species occurs from boreal Atlantic waters to the Arctic proper. There is a significant difference between the bryozoan fauna of the western Barents Sea of boreal character, and faunas of eastern Barents Sea and adjoining seas. The groups showing the closest affinity are from the eastern Barents, Kara, and Lap-
tev seas. The fauna of these seas contain a larger proportion of Atlantic taxa than of Pacific elements. There is a significant difference in composition between the fauna of the East Siberian Sea, comprising species of Atlantic and Pacific origin, and the fauna of the Eurasian sector of the Arctic and Chukchi seas.
r93 C8 63 60 64 62
4'7 2II 93 80 76 84
45 78 186 90 85 94
30 40 55 II9 72 68
31 35 46 53 lID 56
25 35 45 53 34 93
roo 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Figure 14-1. Oendrogram expressing similarities; similarities (bottom) and degree of inclusion (top) of bryozoan fauna (%) in Arctic seas. 0 1, western part of the Barents Sea; O2,
eastern part of the Barents Sea; 0 3, Kara Sea; 04 , Laptev Sea; Os, Eastern Siberian Sea; 06, Chukchi Sea.
Arctic Ocean Bryozoa 345
Correlation of different biogeographic groups in the Arctic seas (Fig. 14-2) shows that the boreal-Arctic species are the most abundant group in all seas. Boreal species predominate in the North Atlantic and western Barents Sea as well as in the eastern Chukchi Sea. The number of Arctic species exceeds that of boreal species in the eastern Barents Sea and western Chukchi Sea, delineating the boundaries of the Arctic region. Major faunal differences exist between the Eurasian and the American sectors of the Arctic Basin; the boundary between the two regions is the New Siberian shoals. Boreal-Arctic species are predominant here; however, there is a decline in species numbers in this region. The western part of the Barents and eastern part of the Chukchi seas may be considered a transitional zone between the Atlantic and the Pacific boreal biogeographic regions and the Arctic region (Fig. 14-3).
(number of species) 200
BA / \. I ./ "-\..
\ I
\ I \
1010 "-\.-
B
Figure 14-2. Oepth distribution of different biogeographic groups of bryozoan species in the Arctic Seas. Legend as in Figure 14-1. 00, northern part of the Atlantic Ocean; 0 6,
eastern part of the Chukchi Sea; 0 7 , western part of the Chukchi Sea; 08, northern part of the Pacific Ocean; 09, Arctic coastal waters of North America; BA, boreal-Arctic species; B, boreal species; A, Arctic species.
346 V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
f;L ~IB I •• • :1 A' 11111 El ..... ____ BA
Figure 14-3. Biogeographic distribution of the bryozoan fauna in the Arctic Seas. Legend as in Figures 14-1 and 14-2 except 0 7• northern part of the Pacific Ocean; 0 8, Arctic coastal waters of North America; E, endemic species.
The distribution of bryozoans in the Arctic region (Fig. 14-4) indicates that species number is highest between 50 m and 100 m depths. Valuable information concerning the vertical distribution of water masses is provided by analyses of various biogeographic groups (Fig. 14-5). Boreal-Arctic species are predominant to a depth of 500 m with a maximum at 50-100 m depths. The number of boreal species gradually declines with increasing depth, increasing slightly at 50-100 m depths. Species endemic to the Arctic region occur between a m and 250 m depths, reaching maximum diversity between 50 m and 100 m depths. The number of Arctic species
exceeds that of boreal taxa between 40 m and 450 m depths.
Bryozoa colonies live on a variety of substrates (Fig. 14-6). It should be emphasized that although the number of Bryozoa in different facies depends on various factors, including temperature and currents, generally the most important factor is believed to be the substrate (Hayward and Ryland, 1979). In our opinion, the low number of species on rocky substrates and their relatively high number on sandy and argillaceous facies is principally due to the total area occupied by these types of facies in the Arctic seas.
260 1-
-240 220 I-
I-
I-
I-
1-
200
180
160
140
1-120
I-100
80 -
60
40
-I--
-
20 -
o
-
-
;-- -
!---
!--
-. . -:-:--;--;- . .
L :iII -i-+r . . . -25 50 100 150200 300 400 500 600 700 800 gOO
III
I
II
M
o OJ] -
Figure 14-4. Depth distribution of species. Patterns indicate species confined to certain depth ranges. I. Barents Sea; II. western part of the Barents Sea; III. other Arctic seas. Ordinate: number of species; abscissa: water depth in meters.
240 '-
220 ,-
200 i-
1-
I-
ISO
160
i-
1-
I-
140
120
100
80 I-
60 )-
)-
)-
40
20
o
r--
I '" '" ..>< Q) 0 :0 e .0
a 0
-~
-
-
-
'" '" '" ~ !!>. Q) Q) '0 :0 :; c: ~ Qi
<U .J:: .0 c:
'" '" Ql ~ a. 0>
Figure 14-5. Distribution of bryozoans on various substrates. Ordinate: number of species.
347
348
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
llO
10
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
V I. Gontar and N. V Denisenko
I'
i'\ . \
I \ . \ I
I \ . \ I . .
/ \ •
/ \
\ / . BA \
• \ . \ \ "-
"-'\
B \ \
\
25 50 100 150 200 250 300 350400450500550 600 7008009001000 M
Figure 14-6. Depth distribution of species belonging to different biogeographic groups. Ordinate: number of species. Legend as in Figure 14-2.
~
'0
Tab
le 1
4-1.
D
istr
ibut
ion
of B
ryoz
oa i
n th
e A
rcti
c O
ce
an
Spec
ies
Pre
senc
e
Spec
ies
Biog
eogr
aphy
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Par
asm
ittin
a tr
ispi
nosa
su
b.-b
. +
+
+
+
+
(J
ohns
ton)
Sc
hizo
mav
ella
aur
icul
ata
sub.
-b.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Has
sail)
Pr
obos
cina
maj
or (
John
ston
) at
l.su
b.-b
. +
+
Tu
bulip
ora
dila
tans
at
l.su
b.-b
. +
+
+
+
+
(J
ohns
ton)
Tu
bulip
ora
lilia
cea
(Pal
las)
at
l.su
b.-b
. +
+
+
+
+
C
risi
dia
corn
uta
(Lin
naeu
s)
atl.
sub.
-b.
+
+
+
+
Dip
loso
len
obel
ia (
John
ston
) at
l.su
b.-b
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
St
egoh
orne
ra v
iola
cea
atl.
sub.
-b.
+
+
+
(M.
Sar
s)
Bow
erba
nkia
pus
tulo
sa
atl.
sub.
-b.
+
+
(Elli
s et
Sol
ande
r)
Bow
erba
nkia
im
bric
ata
atl.
sub.
-b.
+
+
(Ada
ms)
C
allo
pora
aur
ita (
Hin
cks)
at
l.su
b.-b
. +
+
+
+
Te
ssar
odom
a bo
real
e (B
usk)
at
l.su
b.-b
. +
+
+
+
Tu
bulip
ora
peni
cilla
ta
atl.
b.
+
+
+
+
(Fab
rici
us)
Bow
erba
nkia
gra
cilis
L
eidy
at
l.b.
+
+
Va
lker
ia u
va (
Lin
naeu
s)
atl.
b.
+
+
Am
phib
lest
rum
fle
min
gii
atl.
b.
+
+
(Bus
k»
Am
phib
lest
rum
sol
idum
at
l.b.
+
(P
acka
rd)
Cha
rtel
la b
arle
ei (
Bus
k)
atl.
b.
+
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
esp
read
; at
l.su
b.-b
., A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
hig
h b
orea
l; a
mph
.b.,
am
phib
orea
l; b
.-a.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
wid
espr
ead;
b.-
a.at
l.ci
rc.-
p.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
circ
umpo
lar;
b.-
a.at
l.eu
rasi
an,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
Eur
asia
n;
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
Am
eric
an-E
urop
ean;
b.-
a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.,
bor
eal-
arct
ic P
acif
ic c
ircu
mpo
lar;
b.-
a-pa
c.am
er.-
as,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
ci
fic
Am
eras
ian;
b.-
a.pa
c.eu
r.-a
s.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c P
acif
ic E
uras
ian;
arc
.cir
c.-p
., A
rcti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; a
rc.e
ur.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.a
mer
.-as
., A
rctic
A
mer
asia
n; a
rc.e
ur.-
am.,
Arc
tic
Eur
oam
eric
an;
arc.
amer
., A
rcti
c A
mer
ican
; pa
c.b.
, Pa
cifi
c bo
real
. +
=
spec
ies
in:
I, n
ort
hw
este
rn c
oast
of
Ala
ska;
2,
no
rth
ern
coa
st o
f N
ort
h A
mer
ica;
3,
the
Arc
hipe
lago
of
Can
adia
n I
slan
ds;
4, B
affi
n B
ay;
5,
Dav
is S
trai
t; 6
, H
ud
son
Bay
; 7,
G
ulf
of L
abra
dor;
8,
New
fou
nd
lan
d;
9,
St.
Law
renc
e G
ulf;
10,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd
; 11
, ea
ster
n G
reen
land
; 12
, G
reen
lan
d S
ea;
13,
Icel
and;
14,
Jan
May
en;
15,
No
rweg
ian
Sea
; 16
, N
ort
h S
ea;
17,
no
rth
ern
Nor
way
; 18
, W
hite
Sea
; 19
, B
aren
ts S
ea;
20,
Kar
a S
ea;
21,
Lap
tev
Sea
; 22
, E
ast
Sib
eria
n S
ea;
23,
Chu
kchi
Sea
; 24
, B
erin
g S
trai
t.
Thi
s ta
ble
is b
ased
on
the
au
tho
rs'
pres
ent
dat
a an
d t
he
lite
ratu
re l
iste
d.
W
01
Tab
le 1
4-1.
(co
ntin
ue
d)
a Sp
ecie
s Pr
esen
ce
Spec
ies
Biog
eogr
aphy
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Mem
bran
ipor
ella
niti
da
atl.
b.
+
+
(Joh
nsto
n)
Cri
brili
na p
unct
ata
(Has
sall
) at
l.b.
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
ribr
ilina
cry
ptoo
eciu
m
atl.
b.
+
Nor
man
Es
char
ella
laq
ueat
a (N
orm
an)
atl.
b.
+
+
Fene
stru
lina
mal
usii
(Aud
ouin
) at
l.b.
+
C
elle
pora
pum
icos
a (L
inna
eus)
at
l.b.
+
Tu
rbic
elle
pora
avi
cula
ris
atl.
b.
+
(Hin
cks)
Pr
obos
cina
gra
cilis
(K
luge
) at
l.h.
-b
+
Tubu
lipor
a m
aris
albi
at
l.h.
-b.
+
Gos
tilo
vska
ja
Tubu
lipor
a [r
uctu
osa
atl.
h.-b
. +
G
osti
lovs
kaja
Tu
bulip
ora
smitt
i at
l.h.
-b.
+
Gos
tilo
vska
ja
Tubu
lipor
a un
iform
is
atl.
h.-b
. +
+
G
osti
lovs
kaja
Tu
bulip
ora
aper
ta H
arm
er
atl.
h.-b
. +
Tu
bulip
ora
mur
man
ica
Klu
ge
atl.
h.-b
. +
D
efra
ncia
luc
emar
ia v
ar.
atl.
h.-b
. +
+
pr
olif
era
Klu
ge
Alc
yoni
dium
exc
avat
um
atl.
h.-b
. +
H
inck
s A
lcyo
nidi
um i
rreg
ular
e K
luge
at
l.h.
-b.
+
A/c
yoni
dium
pro
bosc
ideu
m
atl.
h.-b
. +
K
luge
A
rach
nidi
um s
impl
ex H
inck
s at
l.h.
-b.
+
Arac
hnoi
dea
bare
ntsi
a K
luge
at
l.h.
-b.
+
Elec
tra c
rust
ulen
ta v
ar.
atl.
h.-b
. +
ca
tenu
lari
asim
ilis
Klu
ge
Tege
lla k
ildin
ensi
s K
luge
at
l.h.
-b.
+
Ca/
lopo
ra d
erju
geni
(K
luge
) at
l.h.
-b.
+
Ram
phon
otus
min
ax (
Bus
k)
atl.
h.-b
. +
+
+
La
rnac
icus
com
iger
(B
usk)
at
l.h.
-b.
+
+
Meg
apor
a ri
ngen
s (B
usk)
at
l.h.
-b.
+
w
CJ1
->..
Reu
ssin
a im
pres
sa (
Reu
ss)
atl.
h.-b
. +
D
endr
obea
nia
mur
man
ica
atl.
h.-b
. +
K
luge
B
icel
lari
na a
lder
i (B
usk)
at
l.h.
-b.
+
+
Not
oplit
es j
effr
eysi
i N
orm
an
atl.
h.-b
. +
Sc
rupo
cella
ria
inte
rmed
ia
atl.
h.-b
. +
N
orm
an
Gep
hyro
tes
nitid
opun
ctat
a at
l.h.
-b.
+
+
(Sm
itt)
E
scha
rella
oct
oden
lala
Hin
cks
atl.
h.-b
. +
E
scha
rella
lat
odon
fa K
luge
at
l.h.
-b.
+
Sch
izop
orel
la h
exag
ona
atl.
h.-b
. +
N
ord
gaa
rd
Schi
zopo
rella
sm
itti
Klu
ge
atl.
h.-b
. +
+
Sc
hizo
pore
lla f
hom
pson
i at
l.h.
-b.
+
Klu
ge
Turb
icel
lepo
ra s
mit
ti K
luge
at
l.h.
-b.
+
+
+
Bere
nice
a m
eand
rina
(S.
am
ph
.-b
. +
+
W
ood)
Fi
licri
sia
geni
cula
ta (
Mil
ne-
amp
h.b
. +
+
E
dwar
ds)
Lich
enop
ora
radi
ala
(Aud
ouin
) am
ph
.b.
+
Flu
stre
llidr
a hi
spid
a (F
abri
cius
) am
ph
.b.
+
+
+
+
+
Bow
erba
nkia
com
posi
ta (
Klu
ge)
amp
h.b
. +
+
Tr
itice
lla p
edic
ella
ta (
Ald
er)
amp
h.b
. +
+
M
embr
anip
ora
mem
bran
acea
am
ph
.b.
+
+
(Lin
naeu
s)
Tege
lla u
nico
rnis
(F
lem
ing)
am
ph
.b.
+
+
+
+
+
Cau
lora
mph
us s
pini
feru
m
amp
h.b
. +
+
(J
ohns
ton)
F
lust
ra f
olia
cea
(Lin
naeu
s)
amp
h.b
. +
+
+
+
+
C
oryn
opor
ella
len
uis
Hin
cks
amp
h.b
. +
+
Tr
icel
lari
a pe
achi
i va
r. b
erin
gia
amp
h.b
. +
K
luge
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
hig
h b
orea
l; a
mp
h.b
.,
amph
ibor
eal;
b.-
a.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c w
ides
prea
d; b
.-a.
atl.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; b
.-a.
atl.
eura
sian
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c E
uras
ian;
b.
-a. a
tl. a
m. -
eur.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c A
mer
ican
-Eur
opea
n; b
. -a.
pac
. cir
e. -p
., b
orea
l-ar
ctic
Pac
ific
cir
cum
pola
r; b
. -a-
pac.
am
er. -
as,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
ci
fic
Am
eras
ian;
b.-
a.pa
e.eu
r.-a
s.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
cifi
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.cir
c.-p
., A
rcti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; a
rc.e
ur.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.a
mer
.-as
., A
rctic
A
mer
asia
n; a
rc.e
ur.-
am.,
Arc
tic
Eur
oam
eric
an;
are.
amer
., A
rcti
c A
mer
ican
; pa
c.b.
, Pa
cifi
c bo
real
. +
=
spec
ies
in:
1, n
ort
hw
este
rn c
oast
of
Ala
ska;
2,
no
rth
ern
coa
st o
f N
ort
h A
mer
ica;
3,
the
Arc
hipe
lago
of
Can
adia
n I
slan
ds;
4,
Baf
fin
Bay
; 5,
D
avis
Str
ait;
6,
Hu
dso
n B
ay;
7,
Gul
f of
Lab
rado
r; 8
, N
ewfo
un
dla
nd
; 9,
SI
. L
awre
nce
Gul
f; 1
0,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd
; 11
, ea
ster
n G
reen
land
; 12
, G
reen
lan
d S
ea;
13,
Icel
and;
14,
Jan
May
en;
15,
No
rweg
ian
Sea
; 16
, N
ort
h S
ea;
17,
no
rth
ern
Nor
way
; 18
, W
hite
Sea
; 19
, B
aren
ts S
ea;
20,
Kar
a S
ea;
21,
Lap
tev
Sea
; 22
, E
ast
Sib
eria
n S
ea;
23,
Chu
kchi
Sea
; 24
, B
erin
g S
trai
t.
Thi
s ta
ble
is b
ased
on
the
auth
ors
' p
rese
nt
dat
a an
d t
he
lite
ratu
re l
iste
d.
~ T
able
14-
1. (
con
tin
ue
d)
Spec
ies
Smitt
oide
a re
ticul
ata
(Mac
G
illi
vray
) St
omac
heto
sella
mag
nipo
rata
(N
ordg
aard
) M
icro
pore
lla c
iliat
a (P
alla
s)
Rete
pora
bea
nian
a K
ing
Tubu
lipor
a lo
bulif
era
Has
ting
s Tu
bulip
ora
flabe
llari
s (F
lahr
iciu
s)
Dip
loso
len
obel
ia v
ar.
arct
ica
(Wat
ers)
C
risia
ebu
rnea
(L
inna
eus)
C
risia
klu
gei
(Ryl
and)
Li
chen
opor
a ve
rruc
aria
(F
ahri
cius
) Li
chen
opor
a hi
spid
a (F
lem
ing)
A
lcyo
nidi
um g
elat
inos
um
(Lin
naeu
s)
Alc
yoni
dium
myt
ili D
alye
ll
Busk
ia n
itens
Ald
er
E uc
rate
a lo
ricat
a (L
inna
eus)
El
ectra
arc
tica
(Bor
g)
Tege
lla a
rmife
ra (
Hin
cks)
Te
gella
spi
tzbe
rgen
sis
(Bid
enka
p)
Tege
lla a
rctic
a (d
'Orh
igny
) Te
gella
nig
rans
(H
inck
s)
Cal
lopo
ra l
inea
ta (
Lin
naeu
s)
Cal
lopo
ra c
ratic
ula
(Ald
er)
Cau
lora
mph
us c
ymba
efor
mis
(H
inck
s)
Dor
ypor
ella
spa
tulif
era
(Sm
itt)
Ca
rbas
ea c
arba
sea
(Elli
s et
S
olan
der)
Te
rmin
oflu
stra
m
embr
anac
eotr
unca
ta (
Sm
itt)
D
endr
obea
nia
mur
raya
na (
Bea
n in
Joh
nsto
n)
Biog
eogr
aphy
amp
h.h
.
amph
.h.
amph
.h.
amph
.h.
amp
h.h
.
h.-a
.
h.-a
.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
.
h.-a
. h.
-a.
h.-a
.
h.-a
.
Spec
ies
Pres
ence
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
w ~
Den
drob
eani
a ps
eudo
mur
raya
na
Klu
ge
Den
drob
eani
a ps
eudo
mur
raya
na
var.
fes
sa K
luge
D
endr
obea
nia
frut
icos
a (P
acka
rd)
Den
drob
eani
a fr
utic
osa
var.
qu
adri
dent
ata
(Low
en)
Tric
e/la
ria
peac
hii
(Bus
k)
Tric
e/la
ria
tern
ata
(Elli
s et
S
olan
der)
Tr
ice/
lari
a gr
acili
s (V
an
Ben
eden
) Sc
rupo
cella
ria
scab
ra (
Van
B
ened
en)
Scru
poce
llari
a sc
abra
var
. pa
enul
ata
(Van
Ben
eden
) Sc
rupo
cella
ria
e/an
gata
(S
mit
t)
Cabe
rea
ellis
ii (F
lem
ing)
C
ribr
ilina
ann
ulat
a (F
abri
cius
) Es
char
ella
im
mer
sa (
Fle
min
g)
Esch
arel
la v
entr
icos
a (H
assa
ll)
Smitt
ina
maj
uscu
la (
Sm
itt)
Sm
ittin
a be
lla (
Bus
k)
Smitt
ina
min
uscu
la (
Sm
itt)
Sm
ittin
a ri
gida
Lor
enz
Pare
lla c
onci
nna
(Bus
k)
Pare
lla c
anci
nna
var.
bel
li (D
awso
n)
Par
asm
ittin
a je
ffrey
sii
(Nor
man
) Pa
rella
cam
pres
sa (
Sow
erby
) Pa
rella
acu
tiras
tris
Sm
itt
Pare
lla s
mitt
i K
luge
b.-a
.
b.-a
.
b.-a
.
b.-a
.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
.
b.-a
.
b.-a
.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
high
bor
eal;
am
ph.b
.,
amph
ibor
eal;
b.-
a.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c w
ides
prea
d; b
.-a.
atl.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; b
.-a.
atl.
eura
sian
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c E
uras
ian;
b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c A
mer
ican
-Eur
opea
n; b
.-a.
pac
.cir
c.-p
., b
orea
l-ar
ctic
Pac
ific
cir
cum
pola
r; b
.-a-
pac.
amer
.-as
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Pa
cifi
c A
mer
asia
n; b
.-a.
pac.
eur.
-as.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Paci
fic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.c
irc.
-p.,
Arc
tic
circ
umpo
lar;
arc
.eur
.-as
., A
rcti
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.am
er.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Am
eras
ian;
arc
.eur
.-am
., A
rctic
Eur
oam
eric
an;
arc.
amer
., A
rcti
c A
mer
ican
; pa
c.b.
, Pa
cifi
c bo
real
. +
=
spec
ies
in:
1, n
orth
wes
tern
coa
st o
f A
lask
a; 2
, n
ort
her
n c
oast
of
Nor
th A
mer
ica;
3,
the
Arc
hipe
lago
of
Can
adia
n Is
land
s; 4
, B
affi
n B
ay;
5,
Dav
is S
trai
t; 6
, H
ud
son
Bay
; 7,
G
ulf
of L
abra
dor;
8,
New
foun
dlan
d; 9
, S
t. L
awre
nce
Gul
f; 1
0, w
este
rn G
reen
land
; 11
, ea
ster
n G
reen
land
; 12
, G
reen
lan
d S
ea;
13,
Icel
and;
14,
Jan
May
en;
15,
Nor
weg
ian
Sea
; 16
, N
orth
Sea
; 17
, n
ort
her
n N
orw
ay;
18,
Whi
te S
ea;
19,
Bar
ents
Sea
; 20
, K
ara
Sea
; 21
, L
apte
v S
ea;
22,
Eas
t S
iber
ian
Sea
; 23
, C
hukc
hi S
ea;
24,
Ber
ing
Str
ait.
T
his
tabl
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e au
tho
rs'
pres
ent
dat
a an
d t
he l
iter
atur
e li
sted
.
(".)
~
Tab
le 1
4-1.
(co
nti
nu
ed
)
Spec
ies
Cys
lisel
la s
acca
ta (
Bus
k)
Um
bonu
la p
aten
s (S
mit
t)
Buffo
nella
ria
biap
erta
M
iche
lin
Myr
iozo
ella
cru
stac
ea (
Sm
itt)
Sc
hizo
mav
ella
aur
icul
ala
var.
lin
eata
(N
ordg
aard
) Sc
hizo
mav
ella
por
ifera
(S
mit
t)
Siom
ache
lose
lla i
ncer
ta (
Klu
ge)
Siom
ache
lose
lla s
inuo
sa (
Bus
k)
Stom
ache
lose
lla c
ruen
la (
Bus
k)
Hip
popo
rina
pro
pinq
ua (
Sm
itt)
M
yria
pora
coa
re/a
la (
M.
Sar
s)
Hip
poth
oa d
ivar
ical
a va
r.
arcl
ica
Klu
ge
Hip
poth
oa h
ya/in
a (L
inna
eus)
H
ippo
pone
l/a h
ippo
pus
(Sm
itt)
R
ham
phos
tom
ella
sca
bra
(Fab
rici
us)
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la c
osta
la
Lor
enz
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la o
vata
(S
mit
t)
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la r
adia
tula
(H
inck
s)
Rag
ionu
la r
osac
ea (
Bus
k)
Stom
atop
ora
gran
ulat
a (M
ilne
E
dwar
ds)
Prob
osci
na i
ncra
ssat
a (S
mit
t)
Onc
ouso
ecia
dia
stop
oroi
des
(Nor
man
) Tu
bulip
ora
vent
rico
sa B
usk
Idm
onea
atla
ntic
a F
orbe
s M
SS
En
lalo
phor
a cl
avat
a (B
usk)
En
lalo
phor
a ha
rmer
i (O
sbu
rn)
Def
ranc
ia l
ucer
nari
a M
. S
ars
Fasc
icu/
ipor
oide
s am
eric
ana
(d'O
rbig
ny)
Biog
eogr
aphy
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
.
b.-a
.
b.-a
. b.
-a.
b.-a
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
Spec
ies
Pres
ence
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Co.
) ~
Steg
ohor
nera
lic
heno
ides
(L
inna
eus)
A
lcyo
nidi
um m
amm
i/atu
m
Ald
er
Nol
ella
dila
tata
(H
inck
s)
Elec
tra
pi/o
sa (
Lin
naeu
s)
Am
phib
lest
rum
sep
tent
rion
alis
(K
luge
) A
mph
ible
stru
m t
rifo
lium
var
. qu
adra
ta (
Hin
cks)
Se
curi
flust
ra s
ecur
ifron
s (P
alla
s)
Sars
iflus
tra
abys
sico
la (
G.O
. S
ars)
B
ugul
a el
onga
ta (
Nor
dgaa
rd)
Kin
etos
kias
arb
ores
cens
D
anie
llse
n K
inet
oski
as s
mit
ti D
anie
llse
n Le
pral
ioid
es n
ordl
andi
ca
(Nor
dgaa
rd)
Pac
hyeg
is g
roen
land
ica
No
rman
R
etep
ora
cellu
losa
(L
inna
eus)
Id
mon
ea a
tlant
ica
var.
gr
acill
ima
Bus
k A
lcyo
nidi
um h
irsu
tum
(F
lem
ing)
A
lcyo
nidi
um g
elat
inos
um v
ar.
diap
hanu
m (
Far
re)
Alc
yoni
dium
alb
idum
Ald
er
Ara
chni
dium
cla
vatu
m
Hin
cks
Ara
chni
dium
hip
poth
oide
s H
inck
s
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
.
b.-a
.atl
.cir
c.-p
. b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
.
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
.
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
. b.
-a.a
tl.e
ur.-
as.
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
I-+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
high
bor
eal;
am
ph.b
.,
amph
ibor
eal;
b.-
a.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c w
ides
prea
d; b
.-a.
atl.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; b
.-a.
atl.
eura
sian
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c E
uras
ian;
b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c A
mer
ican
-Eur
opea
n; b
.-a.
pac.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-arc
tic
Paci
fic
circ
umpo
lar;
b.-
a-pa
c.am
er.-
as,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
ci
fic Am~rasian; b.
-a.p
ac.e
ur.-
as.,
bor
eal-
Arc
tic
Paci
fic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.c
irc.
-p.,
Arc
tic
circ
umpo
lar;
arc
.eur
.-as
., A
rcti
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.am
er.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Am
eras
ian;
arc
.eur
.-am
., A
rctic
Eur
oam
eric
an;
arc.
amer
., A
rcti
c A
mer
ican
; pa
c.b.
, Pa
cifi
c bo
real
. +
=
spec
ies
in:
1, n
orth
wes
tern
coa
st o
f A
lask
a; 2
, n
ort
her
n c
oast
of
Nor
th A
mer
ica;
3,
the
Arc
hipe
lago
of
Can
adia
n Is
land
s; 4
, B
affi
n B
ay;
5,
Dav
is S
trai
t; 6
, H
ud
son
Bay
; 7,
Gul
f of
Lab
rado
r; 8
, N
ewfo
undl
and;
9,
St.
Law
renc
e G
ulf;
10,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd;
11,
east
ern
Gre
enla
nd;
12,
Gre
enla
nd S
ea;
13,
Icel
and;
14,
Jan
May
en;
15,
Nor
weg
ian
Sea
; 16
, N
orth
Sea
; 17
, n
ort
her
n N
orw
ay;
18,
Whi
te S
ea;
19,
Bar
ents
Sea
; 20
, K
ara
Sea;
21
, L
apte
v S
ea;
22,
Eas
t S
iber
ian
Sea;
23,
Chu
kchi
Sea
; 24
, B
erin
g S
trai
t.
Thi
s ta
ble
is b
ased
on
the
aut
hors
' pr
esen
t da
ta a
nd
th
e li
tera
ture
lis
ted.
(...)
T
able
14-
1. (
con
tin
ue
d)
CJ'!
0-
Spec
ies
Pres
ence
Spec
ies
Biog
eogr
aphy
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Elec
tra
pilo
sa v
ar.
dent
ata
Elli
s b.
-a.a
tl.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
+
et S
olan
der
Elec
tra
pilo
sa v
ar.
balti
ca
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
. +
B
org
Bug
ula
purp
urot
inct
a b.
-a.a
tl.e
ur.-
as.
+
No
rman
Sm
ittin
a pe
rist
omat
a b.
-a.a
tl.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
+
+
+
(Nor
dgaa
rd)
Smitt
ina
pseu
doac
utir
ostr
is
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
. +
+
G
osti
lovs
kaja
H
aplo
pom
a im
pres
sum
b.
-a.a
tl.e
ur.-
as.
+
(Aud
ouin
) Bi
cella
riel
la c
iliat
a (L
inna
eus)
b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
+
+
+
C
ribr
ilina
wat
ersi
An
der
sso
n
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Esch
arel
la m
icro
stom
a b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(N
orm
an)
Phy
lact
ella
lab
iata
(B
oeck
in
b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M
S.
Sm
itt)
Po
rello
ides
str
uma
(Nor
man
) b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Po
rello
ides
lae
vis (Flemi~g)
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.
+
+
+
+
Pore
lla m
inut
a (N
orm
an)
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Palm
icel
lari
a sk
enei
(E
llis
et
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.
+
+
+
+
Sol
ande
r)
Palm
icel
lari
a sk
enei
var
. b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
as.
+
bico
rnis
(B
usk)
E
scha
rina
ald
eri
(Bus
k)
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.
+
+
Schi
zopo
rella
pac
hyst
ega
b.-a
.atl
.arn
.-eu
r.
+
+
+
+
+
Klu
ge
Mic
ropo
rina
art
icul
ata
b.-a
. pae
.eir
e.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
(F
abri
eius
) Sm
ittin
a m
ucro
nata
(S
mit
t)
b.-a
. pae
.eir
e.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
U
mbo
nula
arc
tica
(M.
Sar
s)
b.-a
.pac
.eir
c.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Po
rella
fra
gilis
Lev
inse
n b.
-a. p
ac.e
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Stom
ache
tose
lla l
imba
ta
b.-a
.pac
.eir
c.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(L
oren
z)
Schi
zobr
achi
ella
sty
liter
a b.
-a.p
ae.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Lev
inse
n)
Hip
popo
rina
ret
icul
atop
unct
ata
b.-a
.pac
.cir
e.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(H
inek
s)
Pare
lla o
besa
Wat
ers
b.-a
. pac
.cir
c.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
H
ippo
thoa
exp
ansa
Daw
son
b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cyl
indr
opor
ella
tub
ulos
a b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Nor
man
) P
hydo
lopo
ra e
long
ata
(Sm
itt)
b.
-a.p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Lepr
alie
lla c
ontig
ua (
Sm
itt)
b.
-a.p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la h
inks
i b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
No
rdg
aard
R
ham
phos
tom
ella
plic
ata
b.-a
. pac
.cir
c.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(S
mit
t)
Esc
haro
psis
lob
ata
b.-a
.pac
.cir
c.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(L
amou
roux
) C
elle
pori
na i
ncra
ssat
a b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Lam
arck
C
elle
pori
na v
entr
icos
a L
oren
z b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Filic
risi
a sm
itti
(Klu
ge)
b.-a
. pac
.am
.-as
. +
+
+
+
+
C
risi
ella
pro
duct
a (S
mit
t)
b.-a
. pac
.am
.-as
. +
+
+
+
Sm
ittin
a th
omps
oni
Klu
ge
b.-a
. pac
.am
.-as
. +
+
+
+
M
yria
pora
ori
enta
lis (
Klu
ge)
b.-a
. pac
.am
.-as
. +
+
+
+
M
yria
pora
sub
grac
ilis
b.-a
. pac
.am
.-as
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(d
'Orb
igny
) Eu
crat
ea l
oric
ata
var.
b.
-a. p
ac.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
mac
rost
oma
(Ort
man
n)
Tege
lla a
rctic
a va
r. r
etro
vers
a b.
-a. p
ac.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
+
+
Klu
ge
Che
ilopo
rina
sin
cera
Sm
itt
b.-a
.pac
.cir
c.-p
. +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
aulo
ram
phus
int
erm
ediu
s b.
-a.p
ac.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
+
+
+
Klu
ge
Flu
stra
nor
dens
kjol
di K
luge
b.
-a.p
ac.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
+
Den
drob
eani
a ps
eudo
mur
raya
na
b.-a
. pac
.eur
.-as
. +
va
r. t
enui
s K
luge
D
endr
obea
nia
fIust
roid
es
b.-a
.pac
.eur
.-as
. +
L
evin
sen
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
high
bor
eal;
am
ph
.b.,
am
phib
orea
l; b
.-a.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
wid
espr
ead;
b.-
a.at
l.ci
rc.-
p.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
circ
umpo
lar;
b.-
a.at
l.eu
rasi
an,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
Eur
asia
n;
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
Am
eric
an-E
urop
ean;
b.-
a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.,
bor
eal-
arct
ic P
acif
ic c
ircu
mpo
lar;
b.-
a-pa
c.am
er.-
as,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
-ci
fic
Am
eras
ian;
b.-
a.pa
c.eu
r.-a
s.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
cifi
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.cir
c.-p
., A
rcti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; a
rc.e
ur.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.a
mer
.-as
., A
rctic
A
mer
asia
n; a
rc.e
ur.-
am.,
Arc
tic
Eur
oam
eric
an;
arc.
amer
., A
rcti
c A
mer
ican
; pa
c.b.
, Pa
cifi
c bo
real
. +
= sp
ecie
s in
: 1,
no
rth
wes
tern
coa
st o
f A
lask
a; 2
, n
ort
her
n c
oast
of
No
rth
Am
eric
a; 3
, th
e A
rchi
pela
go o
f C
anad
ian
Isl
ands
; 4,
Baf
fin
Bay
; 5,
D
avis
Str
ait;
6,
Hu
dso
n B
ay;
7,
Gul
f of
Lab
rado
r; 8
, N
ewfo
un
dla
nd
; 9,
S
t. L
awre
nce
Gul
f; 1
0,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd
; 11
, ea
ster
n G
reen
land
; 12
,
W
Gre
enla
nd
Sea
; 13
, Ic
elan
d; 1
4, J
an M
ayen
; 15
, N
orw
egia
n S
ea;
16,
No
rth
Sea
; 17
, n
ort
her
n N
orw
ay;
18,
Whi
te S
ea;
19,
Bar
ents
Sea
; 20
, K
ara
Sea
;
CJ'l
21,
Lap
tev
Sea
; 22
, E
ast
Sib
eria
n S
ea;
23,
Chu
kchi
Sea
; 24
, B
erin
g S
trai
t.
'-J
Thi
s ta
ble
is b
ased
on
the
au
tho
rs'
pre
sen
t da
ta a
nd
the
lit
erat
ure
list
ed.
w
Tab
le 1
4-1.
(co
nti
nu
ed)
0..
00
Sp
ecie
s Pr
esen
ce
Spec
ies
Biog
eogr
aphy
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sem
ibug
ula
biru
lai
Klu
ge
b.-a
. pac
.eur
.-as
. +
+
+
Sc
rupo
cella
ria s
cabr
a va
r.
b.-a
. pac
.eur
.-as
. +
pa
enul
ata
lonn
a or
ient
alis
K
luge
Sc
hizo
pare
lla c
osta
ta K
luge
b.
-a. p
ac.e
ur.-
as.
+
Hip
popo
rina
uss
owi
(Klu
ge)
b.-a
. pac
.eur
.-as
. +
+
+
+
St
omac
heto
sella
hin
cksi
b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pow
ell
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la b
ilam
inat
a b.
-a. p
ac.e
ur.-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
var.
sib
irica
Klu
ge
as.-
am.
Cel
lepo
rina
nord
ensk
jold
i b.
-a. p
ac.e
ur.-
as.
+
+
+
(Klu
ge)
Che
lopo
rina
ine
nnis
(B
usk)
b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Onc
ouso
ecia
can
aden
sis
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(O
sbur
n)
Onc
ouso
ecia
pol
ygon
a/is
ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
(Klu
ge)
Dip
loso
len
intr
icar
ius
(Sm
itt)
ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cris
ia e
bum
eode
ntic
ulat
a ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Sm
itt
Cris
ia d
entic
ulat
a va
r. b
orgi
ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Klu
ge
Lich
enop
ora
cras
sius
cula
ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Sm
itt)
C
risia
den
ticul
ata
var.
arc
tica
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
M
.Sar
s A
lcyo
nidi
um m
amm
ilatu
m v
ar.
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
er
ectu
m A
nd
erss
on
A
lcyo
nidi
um d
isci
fonn
e S
mit
t ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Flus
trel
lidra
com
icul
ata
(Sm
itt)
ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
Bow
erba
nkia
arc
tica
Bus
k ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Eucr
atea
lor
icat
a va
r. c
omut
a ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
(Osb
urn)
Eu
crat
ea l
oric
ata
var.
arc
tica
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
(K
luge
) C
allo
pora
sm
itti
Klu
ge
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
allo
pora
whi
teav
esi
No
rman
ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cal
lopo
ra l
ata
(Klu
ge)
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fl
ustra
ser
rula
ta B
usk
arc.
circ
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not
oplit
es s
mitt
i (N
orm
an)
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Tr
ice/
laria
gra
cilis
var
. in
erm
is
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
K
luge
Es
char
ella
aby
ssic
ola
(Nor
man
) ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Smitt
ina
smitt
i (K
ireh
enpa
uer)
ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pse
udof
lust
ra s
olid
a ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Sti
mps
on)
Pse
udof
lust
ra h
inck
si K
luge
ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
Pse
udof
lust
ra a
nder
sson
i ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
Klu
ge
Pse
udof
lust
ra s
inuo
sa
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A
nder
sson
) Po
rella
ape
rta (
Boe
ck)
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pa
chye
gis
prod
ucta
(P
acka
rd)
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Po
rella
pro
bosc
idea
Hin
eks
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Po
rella
pla
na H
inek
s ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Palm
icel
laria
ske
nei
var.
tri
dens
ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Bus
k)
Hip
popo
rina
har
msw
orth
i ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Wat
ers)
H
arm
eria
scu
tula
ta (
Bus
k)
are.
cire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M
icro
pore
lla c
iliat
a va
r. a
rctic
a ar
e.ei
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
No
rman
R
ham
phos
tom
ella
cos
tata
var
. ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
cris
tata
Hin
eks
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la s
pini
gera
ar
e.ei
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Lor
enz
Rha
mph
osto
mel
la b
ilam
inat
a ar
e.ci
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Hin
eks)
C
elle
porin
a no
dulo
sa (
Lor
enz)
ar
e.ei
re.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Esch
aroi
des
jack
soni
(W
ater
s)
are.
eire
.-p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pr
obos
cina
fec
unda
Klu
ge
arc.
eur
. -as
. +
Tu
bulip
ora
min
uta
Klu
ge
arc.
eur
. -as
. +
+
+
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
high
bor
eal;
am
ph.b
.,
amph
ibor
eal;
b.-
a.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c w
ides
prea
d; b
.-a.
atl.
cire
.-p.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; b
.-a.
atl.
eura
sian
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c E
uras
ian;
b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c A
mer
ican
-Eur
opea
n; b
.-a.
pac.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-arc
tic
Paci
fic
circ
umpo
lar;
b.-
a-pa
c.am
er.-
as,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
-ci
fic
Am
eras
ian;
b.-
a.pa
c.eu
r.-a
s.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
cifi
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.cir
c.-p
., A
rcti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; a
rc.e
ur.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.a
mer
.-as
., A
rctic
A
mer
asia
n; a
rc.e
ur.-
am.,
Arc
tic E
uroa
mer
ican
; ar
e.am
er.,
Arc
tic
Am
eric
an;
pac.
b.,
Paci
fic
bore
al.
+ =
sp
ecie
s in
: 1,
nor
thw
este
rn c
oast
of
Ala
ska;
2,
nort
hern
coa
st o
f N
orth
Am
eric
a; 3
, th
e A
rchi
pela
go o
f C
anad
ian
Isla
nds;
4,
Baf
fin
Bay
; 5,
D
avis
Str
ait;
6,
Hu
dso
n B
ay;
7,
Gul
f of
Lab
rado
r; 8
, N
ewfo
undl
and;
9,
St.
Law
renc
e G
ulf;
10,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd;
11,
east
ern
Gre
enla
nd;
12,
CAl
Gre
enla
nd S
ea;
13,
Icel
and;
14,
Jan
May
en;
15,
Nor
weg
ian
Sea
; 16
, N
orth
Sea
; 17
, no
rthe
rn N
orw
ay;
18,
Whi
te S
ea;
19,
Bar
ents
Sea
; 20
, K
ara
Sea;
0
, 21
, L
apte
v S
ea;
22,
Eas
t S
iber
ian
Sea
; 23
, C
hukc
hi S
ea;
24,
Ber
ing
Str
ait.
'0
T
his
tabl
e is
bas
ed o
n t
he a
uth
ors
' pr
esen
t da
ta a
nd
th
e li
tera
ture
lis
ted.
CAl
Tab
le 1
4·1.
(co
ntin
ue
d)
0-
C>
Spec
ies
Pres
ence
Spec
ies
Biog
eogr
aphy
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Tubu
lipor
a em
inen
s K
luge
ar
c. eu
r. -a
s.
+
Tubu
lipor
a bo
rgi
Klu
ge
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
Tu
bulip
ora
solu
ta K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
+
+
Tubu
lipor
a no
rdga
ardi
Klu
ge
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
Tu
bulip
ora
frut
icos
a K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
+
+
Idm
onea
tum
ida
(Sm
itt)
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
+
Idm
onea
bid
enka
pi K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Idm
oneo
ides
arc
tofla
bella
ris
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
+
+
+
(K
luge
) Id
mon
eoid
es s
impl
ex K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Bere
nice
a ar
ctic
a K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
Bere
nice
a ob
long
a K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
Cri
siel
la d
iver
sa (
Klu
ge)
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
+
C
risi
ella
com
plec
ta (
Klu
ge)
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
+
C
risi
s ac
ulea
ta v
ar.
bath
yalis
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Klu
ge
Cris
ia c
ons t
ans
Klu
ge
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
St
egoh
orne
ra a
rctic
a (K
luge
) ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
Lich
enop
ora
mul
ticen
tra
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
K
luge
Li
chen
opor
a si
biri
ca K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Fung
ella
dal
li K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Alc
yoni
dium
gel
atin
osum
var
. ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
+
+
+
+
ande
rsso
ni A
brik
osov
A
/cyo
nidi
um g
elat
inos
um v
ar.
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
+
pa
chyd
erm
atum
Klu
ge
Alc
yoni
dium
rad
icel
latu
m
arc.
eur.
-as.
+
+
+
+
K
luge
Te
gella
arm
ifero
ides
Klu
ge
arc.
eur
. -as
. +
C
allo
pora
cra
ticul
a va
r. s
edov
i ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Klu
ge
Rha
mph
onot
us g
orbu
novi
ar
c. e
ur. -
as.
+
Klu
ge
Den
drob
eani
a fr
utic
osa
var.
ar
c. e
ur. -
as.
+
frig
ida
(Wat
ers)
Bu
gula
tri
cusp
is K
luge
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
+
Usc
hako
via
gorb
unov
i K
luge
ar
c. e
ur. -
as.
+
+
Not
oplit
es s
ibir
ica
(Klu
ge)
arc.
eur
. -as
. +
+
+
+
&
.....
Not
oplit
es n
onna
ni
(Nor
dgaa
rd)
Cri
brili
na s
pitz
berg
ensi
s N
orm
an
Cri
brili
na s
picu
lifer
a K
luge
Es
char
ella
ven
tric
osa
var.
pe
rist
omat
a K
luge
Es
char
ello
ides
can
cella
tum
(S
mit
t)
Esch
arel
loid
es s
impl
ex K
luge
Sm
itlin
a gl
acia
ta (
Wat
ers)
Sm
itlin
a m
ulie
bris
Klu
ge
Pse
udof
lust
ra b
irul
ai K
luge
U
mbo
nula
ina
nnat
a K
luge
Sc
hizo
pore
lla e
lmw
oodi
a va
r.
mam
mila
ta K
luge
H
ippo
pori
na b
orea
lis (
Wat
ers)
St
omac
heto
sella
col
laris
(K
luge
) Re
tepo
ra b
eani
ana
var.
wat
ersi
N
ord
gaa
rd
Echa
roid
es b
iden
kapi
(K
luge
) Ec
haro
ides
jac
kson
i va
r.
rost
rata
(K
luge
) Es
char
oide
s m
onst
ruos
a (K
luge
) ld
mon
ea f
enes
trat
a B
usk
Bug
ula
hann
swor
thi
Wat
ers
Esch
arel
la d
iimph
nae
(Klu
ge)
Esch
arel
la i
ndiv
isa
Lev
inse
n H
ippo
pori
na t
schu
kotk
ensi
s K
luge
Es
char
ello
ides
spi
nulif
era
(Hin
cks)
Es
hare
lloid
es s
teno
stom
a (S
mit
t)
arc.
eur.
-as.
arc.
eur.
-as.
arc.
eur.
-as.
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
arc.
circ
.-p.
arc.
eur.
-as.
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
arc.
eur.
-as.
ar
c. e
ur. -
as.
arc.
eur.
-as.
ar
c. eu
r. -a
s.
arc.
eur.
-as.
ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
arc.
eur.
-as.
arc.
eur.
-as.
ar
c. e
ur. -
as.
arc.
amer
.-as
.
arc.
amer
.-as
. ar
c.am
er.-
as.
arc.
amer
.-as
. ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
arc.
amer
.-as
.
arc.
circ
.-p.
arc.
eur.
-am
.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not
e: s
ub.-
b.,
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
hig
h b
orea
l; a
mph
.b.,
am
phib
orea
l; b
.-a.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
wid
espr
ead;
b.-
a.at
l.ci
rc.-
p.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
circ
umpo
lar;
b.-
a.at
l.eu
rasi
an,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
Eur
asia
n;
b.-a
.atl
.am
.-eu
r.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c A
tlan
tic
Am
eric
an-E
urop
ean;
b.-
a.pa
c.ci
rc.-
p.,
bore
al-a
rcti
c Pa
cifi
c ci
rcum
pola
r; b
.-a-
pac.
amer
.-as
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Pa
cifi
c A
mer
asia
n; b
.-a.
pac
.eur
.-as
., b
orea
l-A
rcti
c Pa
cifi
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.cir
c.-p
., A
rcti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; a
rc.e
ur.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.a
mer
.-as
., A
rctic
A
mer
asia
n; a
rc.e
ur.-
am.,
Arc
tic
Eur
oam
eric
an;
arc.
amer
., A
rcti
c A
mer
ican
; pa
c.b.
, Pa
cifi
c bo
real
. +
=
spec
ies
in:
1, n
orth
wes
tern
coa
st o
f A
lask
a; 2
, n
ort
her
n c
oast
of
No
rth
Am
eric
a; 3
, th
e A
rchi
pela
go o
f C
anad
ian
Isl
ands
; 4,
Baf
fin
Bay
; 5,
D
avis
Str
ait;
6,
Hu
dso
n B
ay;
7, G
ulf
of L
abra
dor;
8,
New
foun
dlan
d; 9
, S
t.
Law
renc
e G
ulf;
10,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd;
11,
east
ern
Gre
enla
nd;
12,
Gre
enla
nd
Sea
; 13
, Ic
elan
d; 1
4, J
an M
ayen
; 15
, N
orw
egia
n S
ea;
16,
Nor
th S
ea;
17,
no
rth
ern
Nor
way
; 18
, W
hite
Sea
; 19
, B
aren
ts S
ea;
20,
Kar
a Se
a;
21,
Lap
tev
Sea
; 22
, E
ast
Sib
eria
n S
ea;
23,
Chu
kchi
Sea
; 24
, B
erin
g S
trai
t .
Thi
s ta
ble
is b
ased
on
the
auth
ors
' pr
esen
t da
ta a
nd
the
lit
erat
ure
list
ed.
w
R;
Tab
le 1
4-1.
(co
nti
nu
ed)
Spec
ies
Pres
ence
Spec
ies
Biog
eogr
aphy
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Hem
icyc
lopo
ra e
muc
rona
ta
arc.
eur.
-arn
. +
+
+
+
(S
rnit
t)
Schi
zopo
rella
bis
pino
sa
arc.
eur.
-arn
. +
+
+
N
ord
gaa
rd
Schi
zopo
rella
elm
woo
diae
ar
c.eu
r.-a
rn.
+
+
+
+
Wat
ers
Ce/
lepo
ra c
anal
icul
ata
Bus
k ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Esch
arel
la m
acro
dont
a ar
c.ar
ner.
+
L
evin
sen
Smitt
ina
tube
rosa
Klu
ge
arc.
arne
r.
+
Cys
tisel
la e
/ega
ntul
a ar
c.ar
ner.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(d
'Orb
igny
) M
embr
anip
orel
la c
rass
icos
ta
arc.
arne
r.
+
+
+
Hin
cks
Hip
popo
rina
mur
doch
i K
luge
ar
e.ar
ner.
+
Sc
hizo
pore
lla o
rtm
anni
Klu
ge
arc.
arne
r.
+
+
Che
ilopo
rina
sin
cera
var
. ar
e.ar
ner.
+
+
+
+
+
pr
ae/u
cida
(H
inck
s)
Vesic
ular
ia f
asci
cula
ta S
oule
ar
e.ar
ner.
+
A
lcyo
nidi
um v
erm
icul
are
pae.
b +
O
kad
a Te
gella
ang
uloa
vicu
lari
s pa
c.b
+
Klu
ge
Tege
lla i
nerm
is K
luge
pa
e.b
+
Tege
lla a
mis
savi
cula
ris
(Klu
ge)
pac.
b +
C
allo
pora
obe
sa K
luge
pa
e.b
+
Den
drob
eani
a ps
eudo
/evi
nsen
i pa
c.b
+
Klu
ge
Bugu
la t
schu
kotk
ensi
s (K
luge
) pa
c.b
+
Cys
tisel
la s
acca
ta v
ar.
beri
ngia
pa
c.b
+
Klu
ge
Pore
lla t
umid
a (K
luge
) pa
c.b
+
Schi
zobr
achi
ella
sty
lifer
a va
r.
pac.
b +
pe
rfora
ta (
Klu
ge)
Co.
) 0
-C
o.)
Hip
popo
nella
fas
tigat
oavi
cula
ris
pac.
b +
(K
luge
) A
deon
ello
psis
tub
ercu
lata
pa
c.b
+
(Bus
k)
Smitt
ina
beri
ngia
(K
luge
) ar
c.am
. +
Sc
rupo
cella
ria
min
or K
luge
am
er.
+
+
+
+
+
N(l
fe:
sub.
-b.,
sub
trop
ical
bor
eal;
atl
.b.,
Atl
anti
c bo
real
wid
espr
ead;
atl
.sub
.-b.
, A
tlan
tic
subt
ropi
cal
bore
al;
atl.
h.-b
., A
tlan
tic
hig
h b
orea
l; a
mp
h.b
.,
amph
ibor
eal;
b.-
a.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c w
ides
prea
d; b
.-a.
atl.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; b
.-a.
atl.
eura
sian
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c E
uras
ian;
b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
, bo
real
-Arc
tic
Atl
anti
c A
mer
ican
-Eur
opea
n; b
.-a.
pac.
circ
.-p.
, bo
real
-arc
tic
Paci
fic
circ
umpo
lar;
b.-
a-pa
c.am
er.-
as,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
ci
fic
Am
eras
ian;
b.-
a.pa
c.eu
r.-a
s.,
bore
al-A
rcti
c Pa
cifi
c E
uras
ian;
arc
.cir
c.-p
., A
rcti
c ci
rcum
pola
r; a
rc.e
ur.-
as.,
Arc
tic
Eur
asia
n; a
rc.a
mer
.-as
., A
rctic
A
mer
asia
n; a
rc.e
ur.-
am.,
Arc
tic E
uroa
mer
ican
; ar
c.am
er.,
Arc
tic
Am
eric
an;
pac.
b.,
Paci
fic
bore
al.
+ =
sp
ecie
s in
: 1,
nor
thw
este
rn c
oast
of
Ala
ska;
2,
no
rth
ern
coa
st o
f N
ort
h A
mer
ica;
3,
the
Arc
hipe
lago
of
Can
adia
n I
slan
ds;
4,
Baf
fin
Bay
; 5,
D
avis
Str
ait;
6,
Hu
dso
n B
ay;
7,
Gul
f of
Lab
rado
r; 8
, N
ewfo
un
dla
nd
; 9,
SI
. L
awre
nce
Gul
f; 1
0,
wes
tern
Gre
enla
nd
; 11
, ea
ster
n G
reen
land
; 12
, G
reen
lan
d S
ea;
13,
Icel
and;
14,
Jan
May
en;
15,
No
rweg
ian
Sea
; 16
, N
orth
Sea
; 17
, n
ort
her
n N
orw
ay;
18,
Whi
te S
ea;
19,
Bar
ents
Sea
; 20
, K
ara
Sea
; 21
, L
apte
v S
ea;
22,
Eas
t S
iber
ian
Sea
; 23
, C
hukc
hi S
ea;
24,
Ber
ing
Str
ait.
T
his
tabl
e is
bas
ed o
n t
he a
uth
ors
' pr
esen
t da
ta a
nd
th
e li
tera
ture
lis
ted.
Tab
le 1
4-2.
B
iog
eog
rap
hic
Dis
trib
utio
n of
th
e B
ryoz
oan
Fau
na
of t
he
Arc
tic
Oc
ea
n (
%)
Ent
ire
Reg
ions
B
ioge
ogra
phic
A
rctic
G
roup
s O
cean
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
sub.
-b.
0.6
0 0
0 1.
4 0
1.6
2.6
5.9
1.65
0
0.8
0 1.
8 0
0 0
1.4
0 0.
3 0
0.85
0
0.9
0 at
l.su
b.-b
. 2.
9 0
0 0
1.4
2.6
3.2
2.6
5.9
2.5
2.5
0.8
0 1.
8 1.
4 o
14.3
1.
4 2.
3 3.
8 1.
6 0.
85
0 0
0 at
l.b.
wid
esp
read
3.
9 0
2.3
1 0
0 1.
6 0
0 0.
8 1.
2 0
0 0
0 o
14.3
1.
4 2.
3 4.
4 0
0 0
0 0
atl.
h.-b
. 9.
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0.
8 1.
2 2.
6 0
1.8
0 0
0 4.
1 3.
1 9.
5 0.
5 0
0 0
0 am
ph
.-b
. 5.
0 0
2.3
2.0
0 0
3.2
1.3
5.9
4.1
3.1
0.8
0 1.
8 0
0 9.
5 5.
5 4.
6 4.
8 0.
5 0
0 3.
6 0
b.-a
. w
ides
pre
ad
19.2
47
4
7.1
48
.54
7.9
31
.65
3.3
59
.33
5
40.6
38.
9 41
o
46.4
46.
5 o
47.7
43.
7 44
.2 2
3.5
32.1
33.
3 31
.4 4
3.6
0 b.
-a.a
tl.c
irc.
-p.
7.1
0 5.
8 10
.1
2.8
2.6
3.2
3.9
11.8
11.
6 10
.5
9.4
0 8.
9 16
.4
0 9.
5 4.
1 6.
2 8.
1 10
.3 1
0.2
10.8
6.
4 0
b.-a
.atl
.eur
.-as
. 3.
5 0
1.2
1.0
0 0
0 1.
3 0.
8 0.
5 0.
5 0.
8 0
5.3
1.4
0 4.
7 1.
4 3.
1 3.
7 2
.20
.85
0.
9 0
0 b.
-a.a
tl.a
m.-
eur.
29
0
3.4
2.0
2.8
5.3
1.6
3.9
0 3.
3 3.
1 2.
5 0
5.3
1.4
0 0
5.5
2.3
3.7
3.3
2.6
2.0
0.9
0 b.
-a. p
ac.c
irc.
-p.
5.9
~.4V.2~.2D.9W.4U.911.611.8M
11.1
11.
9 o
16.2
15.
1 0
0 17
.8 1
1 7.
3 9.
8 9.
4 6.
9 14
.6
0 b.
-a.p
ac.a
m.-
as.
1.5
5.9
1.2
1.0
4.2
5.3
1.6
1.3
5.91
1.65
2.
5 1.
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0.
8 1.
1 1.
6 1.
7 2.
9 1.
8 0
b.-a
.pac
.eur
.-as
. 3.
5 5.
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.8
1.2
0.8
0 0
0 0
0 0
2.3
2.6
3.8
4.3
4.9
4.6
0 ar
c.ci
rc.-
p.
12.4
5.
9 17
.2 1
4.2
11.4
23.
7 14
.6
9.3
11.8
14.
9 20
.9 2
2.2
100
8.9
16.4
50
0
U.3
13.
1 15
.1 1
9.6
25
.62
2.6
12
.7
0 ar
c.eu
r.-a
s.
13.6
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.5
0.8
0 1.
8 0
50
0 1.
4 3.
9 10
.3 1
2.6
9.4
17.6
3.
6 0
arc.
am.a
s.
0.9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0.
5 0.
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.3
0.5
0.85
0
1.8
0 ar
c.eu
r.-a
m.
1.2
0 0
2.0
1.4
2.6
0 0
0 0
0.5
1.6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.8
1.5
1.6
0 0
0 0
arc.
amer
. 3.
2 11
.8
2.3
2.0
2.8
7.9
3.2
3.9
0 2.
5 1.
8 1.
6 0
0 1.
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 pa
c.b.
3.
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
5.9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
5.5
100
Not
e: L
egen
d o
f bi
ogeo
grap
hic
gro
up
s ap
pea
rs i
n fo
otno
te t
o T
able
14-
1.
364 V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
APPENDIX
Plate 14-1
1. Proboscina sp., x 21, Barents Sea, incrusting kelp. 2. Tubulipora sp., x 35, Barents Sea, incrusting kelp. 3. Tubulipora sp., x 21, Barents Sea, incrusting kelp. 4. Tubulipora soluta Kluge, x 21, Barents Sea, incrusting kelp. 5. Idmoneoides sp., x 5, Barents Sea, on polychaetes tubes.
Sa. Idmoneoides sp., fragment of zoarium with oecistome. 6. Entalophora clavata (Busk), x 3.5, Barents Sea, on rock. 7. Tubulipora sp., x 14, Barents Sea, incrusting kelp. 8. Tubulipora eminens Kluge, x 3.5, East Siberian Sea, on rock and argillaceous
sand.
Plate 14-11
1. Berenicea sp., x 10.5, Chukchi Sea, on rocks. 2. Fasciculiporoides sp., x 10.5, East Siberian Sea, on a hydrozoa. 3. Berenicea sp., x 7, Barents Sea, on polychaetes tubes. 4. Lichenopora multicentra Kluge, solitary zoarium, x 3.5, substratum: argillaceous
sand with rocks, Laptev Sea. 5. Lichenopora multicentra Kluge, compound zoarium, x 6, Laptev Sea, on the legs
of sea spiders. 6. Lichenopora sibirica Kluge, x 6, Laptev Sea, on hydrozoa, on argillaceous sub
stratum.
Plate 14-111
1. Eucratea loricata var. arctica (Kluge), x 17.5, Kara Sea, on rocks; argillaceous rocky substratum.
2. Notoplires smitti (Norman), x 14, Barents Sea, on shells; on argillaceous rocky substratum.
3. Semibugula birulai Kluge, x 28, Barents Sea, on rocks; on argillaceous rocky substratum.
4. Dendrobeania fruticosa (Packard), x 17.5, Barents Sea, on rocks; substratum: rocks, shells, clays. a. marginal avicularium side view, x 42. b, c. middle avicularium view from above, x 52.5.
5. Dendrobeania levinseni (Kluge), x 17.5, Kara Sea, on rocks. a. marginal avicularium side view, x 28. b. middle avicularium side view, x 28. c. middle avicularium frontal view, x 28.
6. Flustra serrulata Busk, Chukchi Sea, x 17.5, on hydrozoa; on argillaceous rocky substratum.
Arctic Ocean Bryozoa 365
I
)
PLATE 14-1
366 V. /. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
PLATE 14-11
Arctic Ocean B ryozoa 367
6
PLATE 14-111
368 V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
Plate 14-IV
1. Callopora smitti (Kluge), x 21, Kara Sea, on shells; on argillaceous-rocky-sandy substratum.
2. Stomachetosella incerta (Kluge), x 21, Barents Sea, on rocks. 3. Schizoporella pachystega (Kluge), x 21, Barents Sea, on shells, on argillaceous
rocky-sandy substratum. 4. Pseudoflustra solida (Stimpson), x 21, Laptev Sea, on rocks. 5. Pseudoflustra birulai (Kluge), x 21, Barents Sea, on rocks, on argillaceous rocky
substratum. 6. Rhamphostomella bilaminata var. sibirica (Kluge), x 21, on shells, Chukchi Sea, on
rocky argillaceous substratum. 7. Rhamphostomella ovata (Smitt), x 21, Barents Sea, on algae, on rocky argillaceous
substratum. 8. Cellepora canaliculata Busk, x 28, on shells, Kara Sea. 9. Celleporina nordenskjoldi (Kluge), x 17.5, East Siberian Sea, on algae.
All illustrations were drawn by Kluge in 1916 but were never published.
Map 14-1
Map of the seas of the Northern Hemisphere divided into biogeographic regions, subregions, and provinces.
I. Arctic subregion, Arc-Atlantic region. II-IV. Atlantic boreal subregion, Arc-Atlantic region. II. Celtic high boreal province. III. Delaware low boreal province. IV. Scandinavian low boreal province. V. Aleutian high boreal subregion, Pacific boreal region. VI. Ainian low boreal subregion, Pacific boreal region. VII. Oregonian low boreal subregion, Pacific boreal region.
Map 14-2
Distribution of the three Arctic species:
• Dendrobeania fruticosa (Packard) • Semibugula birulai Kluge .6. Rhamphostomella ovata (Smitt)
Arctic Ocean Bryozoa 369
PLATE 14-IV
g
'"
"
370
15:1
~
j:!!:1
II i
,~,
§
[:J ...
a.. « ~
..,. ~I~~~------~~~-l~--
o C\I
o ~
0 C\I
0 CD
0
~ ~
~ •
REFERENCES
Gostilovskayja, M. G. 1978. Oprede/ite/ Mschanok Belogo Morya. Leningrad, 246p. (In Russian.)
Hayward, P. J., and J. S. Ryland. 1979. British Ascophoran Bryozoa, in D. M. Kermack and R. S. K. Barnes (eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (new series), 14:312p.
Jaccard, P. 1901. Distribution de la £lore alpine dous Ie Bassin de Drouces et dans quelques regions voisines. Bull. Soc. Vandoise Sci. Natur. 37(140):241-272.
Kluge, G. A. 1961. Mschanki Severnych Morei SSSR. Moscow and Leningrad, 582p. (In Russian.)
Nordgaard, O. 1906. Bryozoa from 2nd "Fram" expedition 1898-1902. Rep. 2nd Norweg. Arctic. Exp. of the Fram, pp. 1-44.
Nordgaard, O. 1912. Bryozoaires. Duc d'Orleans Campagne Arctique de 1907. Bruxelles, pp. 1-43.
Nordgaard, O. 1918. Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. Bromso. Mus. Aarshefter XL (1917) 1:1-99.
Nordgaard, O. 1923. Bryozoa. Rep. Sci. Res. Norweg. Exp. Novaja Zwmlya, 192117:1-19.
Nordgaard, O. 1929. Bryozoa. The Norweg. North. Polar Exp. with the "Maud" 1918-1925. Sci. Res. V 10:1-10.
Norman, A. 1906. Greenlandic Polyzoa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 27:90-93.
Osburn, R. C. 1913. Bryozoa from Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, collected by Dr. Owen Bryant. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 43:275-289.
Osburn, R. C. 1932. Biological and oceano-
Arctic Ocean Bryozoa 371
graphic conditions in Hudson Bay and Strait. Contrib. Canada BioI. Fish. 7(20):361-376 (1-10).
Osburn, R. C. 1936. Bryozoa collected in the American Arctic by Captain R. A. Barlett. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 26:538-543.
Packard, A. S. 1867. Observations on the glacial phenomena of Labrador and Maine, with a view of recent invertebrate fauna of Labrador. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem. Part 11:270-303, pI. 7-8.
Smitt, F. 1879. Recensio systematic a animalium Bryozoorum, quae in itineribus, annis 1875 et 1876, and insulas Novaja Zemlja et adostium fluminis jenisei duce, Professore A. E. Nordensrioli. Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh. XXXV, 3:11-26.
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. 1983. Bryozoa 1, Raymond C. Moore and R. A. Robinson (eds.). Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 621p.
Vigelius, W. 1882. Catalogue of the Polyzoe collected during the Dutch North Polar Cruises of the "Willem Barents" in 1878 and 1879. Niederl. Arch. Zool. Suppl. I 3:1-20, pI. 1.
Vigelius, W. 1884. Die Bryozoen, gesammelt wahrend der dritten und vierten Polarfahrt des "Willem Barents" in den Jahren 1880-1881. Bijdr. Dierkunde 11:1-104.
Waters, A. W. 1900. Bryozoe from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, 1896-1897. Part I: Cheilostomata. Linn. Soc. Zool. London J. 27:43-105.
Waters, A. W. 1904. Bryozoe from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, 1896-1897. Part II: Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata and Endroprocts. Linn. Soc. Zool. London J. 29:161-184.
