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The Armies of Spain

and Portugal

1809-1 914

By G.F.f-.latzigsr

lhlshded by M. Gifc€rt

The Armies of Spainand

Portugaf180B-181 5

B Y G . F . N A F Z I G E R

ILLUSTRATBD BY M. GILBERT

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The Spanish Army

1788-1808

Upcn :he Ceath o f Car los I I I o f Spa in , in t?88, the Span is f . ; r i r . ! cc i r - -s is ted o f twenty e igh t . Span ish in fan t . ry reg imencs , twe lve fo re ign in fan t ryreg iments , th ree I igh t in fan t ry reg iments , twe lve l ine cava l ry reg iment .s ,e igh t d ragoon reg iments , and two cazadore ( l igh t cava l ry ) reg iments . TheSpan ish army v ras organ ized, d r i l l ed , and fought in the manner es tab f ished byFr3der ick the Great o f Pruss ia . The Span ish , l i ke the res t o f Europe, hadi rn i ta ted the grea tesE war r io r o f the l8 th Century . In 1788 the Span ish armyc o n s i s t e d o f :

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i nva l id compan ies and o ther sma11 fo rna t ions , there were a number o f f i xedc o m c a n i e s ( C o m p a n i a . s f i j a s ) t h a t ' , . ; : r e s r a t i o n e d i n v a r i o u s f o r t r e s s e s a r o u n dSpa in . The Escopeteros de ce tar3s were founded in 1705 and served in theCan 'po de Gibra l ta r . In Cata lu f ra v /as the Compaf i ia de fn fan ter fa de fa P laza de-Rosas, in Valencia was the Compaff.: a Sue-Zta de Escopeteros, in Aragon was theCampartia Sue-lta de Fusi-Ieros, and in Ceuta was the Compafria de CabaTTeria deLanzas de Ceuca, t " 'h ich was fo rmed :n 1584. In the minor fo r t resses o f Me l i l -1a , PeR6n de V61ez de la comera a ! - -C A lhucemas there were th ree more f i xed ors ta r ionary compan ies . Tn add i t ion , a long the coas t . o f Granada were s ta t ioned3 leven compan ies o : the Compaf f jas de Granada - Ten o f these compan ies wereform-d in a762 as par t o f the Urba: : M i l i t ia , buL the Roya l Order o f 24 Febru-

:i? ary 1780 renamed them the t, Infaa=eria Fija de -7a Costa de Granada. " Thee f e w e n t h c o m p a n y w a s n o t r a i s e d u n : i l 1 7 9 9 .

Not hav ing engaged in any s iEr i f i can t war fa re i .n Che la t te r ha l f o f thel8 th Century , t .he Span ish army had begun a s teady s l ide in to decay . The da tesL h a t t h e v a r i o u s 1 : n e r e g i m e n t s w : : - e r a i s e d s h o n s v e r y l j t t l e a c t i v i t y a f t e rthe l , la r o f the Span ish Success ion . In fac t , on ly the Lwo cazadore reg iments ,t h r e e I i n e i n f a n t r y r e g i m e n l s , a n d : o u r f o r e i g n i n f a n t r y r e g i m e n t s w e r e r a i s e din - .he per iod f rom the end o f the l ;a r o f the Span ish Success ion and fhe beq in-n ing o f the French Revo lu t ion-

The l ine in fan t ry and cava l ry opera ted accord ing to the ar t . o f war ases tab l i shed Freder ick the c rea t . . The in fancry re l ied on voL leys o f f i re andt h e c a v a l r y r e l i e d o n s h o c k . T h e j r a g o o n s , h o w e v e r , r e t a i n e d t h e i r o r j g i n a lro le as mounted in ian t ry and had : :o t been absorbed in to Lhe l ine cava l ry asanother shock fo rmat ion -

The l igh t in fan t ry and cava l r r / found the i r o r ig in in two sources . Thef i r s t w a s L h e i n c r e a s i n g n e e d f o r l i g h t t r o o p s a s e x p e r i e n c e b y F r e d e r i c k i nh is Bohemian campa. ign . However , : : ie Span ish needed fo rces rha t were ab le Lo

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r ' \ n a r . t - o i n r u g g e d t e r r a i n a n d d e a l w i t h t h e n o t o r i o u s b a n d i t s a n d s m u g g l e r st h a t h a u n t e d t h e P y r e n e e s . T h e y w e r e a l s o n e e d e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e B a r b a r yp i r a t e s . I n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s e t w o g r o u p s , t h e l i g h t f o r c e s a s s u m e d f a r m o r et h a n . t h e n o m i n a l p o l i c e r o l e t h a t o c c u p i e d m a n y n a t i o n ' s m i l i t a r y i n p e a c e -t r m e .

T h e S p a n i s h a r t i l l e r y o r g a n i z a t i o n d e v e l o p e d a t t h e s a m e p a c e a s - . - h e. i - € - - F e 'r n r a n E r y . I t f o u n d i t s e l f f a c e d w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n n o r : h e r nE u r o p e a n d i n o r d e r t o r e m a i n v i a b l e i t h a d t o k e e p p a c e . A s a r e s u l - t , e x -p e r i m e n t s w i t h h o r s e a r t i l l e r y w e r e h e l d i n S o u c h A m e r i c a , t h e n u m b e r s o f g u n sp r o v i d e d t o t h e a r m y w e r e i n c r e a s e d , a n d a n a r t i l l e r y a c a d e m y w a s e s t a b l : s h e di n S e g o v i a . A s S p a i n w a s a B o u r b o n m o n a r c h y , F r a n c e h a d p a s s e d o n t o i i t h eb e n e f i t . s o f t h e G r i b e a u v a l s y s t e m , w h i c h w a s a d o p t e d i n i t s e n t , i r e t y i n L 7 9 2 .

T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e a r t i l l e r y ' s p e r f o r m a n c e , h o w e v e r , w a s l i m i t e d b y c h ef a i l u r e o f t h e a r m y t o p r o v i d e a p e r m a n e n t t r a i n . C i v i l i a n t e a m s t e r s w e r eh i r e d t o d r a w t h e g u n s i n t o b a t t l e , a n d t h e y w e r e n o m o r e r e l - i a b l - e t h a n t h o s eF r i r o r r ] - r r r E ' - 1 n c e a n d t h e G e r m a n s t a t e s p r i o r t o t h e i r e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f m i l : t a r yr . r a v s u J l ! 9

t r a i n s .

T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t s a v e d t h e c o s t s o f h a v i n g t o m a i n t a i n s u c h a f o r c e i nr . \ a ' a 1 - a F i m ' b u t t h e r e w e r e h a n d i c a p s , d s S p a i n h a d a s h o r t a g e o f s u i = a b l eh o r s e s . T h i s a l l - o w e d t h e t e a m s t e r s t o c o l l e c t o u t r a g e o u s f e e s a n d c a u s e d t h e mt o b e q u i c k e r t o d e s e r t t h e a r m y i f t h e i r p r e c i o u s h o r s e s w e r e t h r e a t e n e d .I f h o r s e s ! ^ r e r e n o t a v a i l - a b l e , m u l e s a n d o x e n w o u l d b e h i r e d , o e i t h e r o f i ; r i c hi s n o t e d f o r i t s s p e e d . T h i s c a u s e d t h e a r t i l l e r y t o s l o w d o w n t h e p a c e : r a na l r e a d y s l o w a r m y .

T h e S p a n i s h a r m y h a C b e e n r a i s e d p r i n c i p a l l y f r o m v o l - u n t e e r s p r i o r - t oL 7 1 0 , w i t h t h e d e f i c i e n c i e s i n t h e r a n k s f i l l e d b y f o r e i g n e r s . B e c a u s e o : t h el o w e s t e e m i n w h i c h t h e a r m y w a s h e l d a n d t h e p o o r p d y , t h e n u m b e r s o f s u i t -a b l e . r o l u n t e e r s w a s v e r y I o u r a n d t h e S p a n i s h w e r e o b l i g e d t o e n l i s c t h e

" v a g a b o n d s " o f E u r o p e . T h e y w e r e n o t e d f o r d r u n k e n n e s s a n d , b e c a u s e t h eS p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n c o n t i n u e d u n t i l N a p o l e o n ' s i n v a s i o n e n d e d i t , t h e a r m ' . r w a s. 1 t a r r / a r l a n a - t -, * - r - * - r - - , - a s a n e s t o f P r o t e s t a n t s .

A f t e r I 7 ' 1 0 , t h e f o r e i g n v o l u n f e e r s w e r e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o m a k e u p a s 1 9 -n i f i c a n t s h o r t f a } 1 , 7 2 , 0 0 0 m e n w e r e d r a f t e d f r o m t h e p r o v i n c i a l m i I : c i a .F u r t h e r f o r c e s w e r e n e c e s s a r y , b e c a u s e o f t h e s q u a b b l e b e t w e e n S p a i r - a n dE n g l a n d o v e r t h e F a l k l a n d s , a n d a l i m i t e d c o n s c r i p t i o n w a s e s t a b l i s h e d . T h ee n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n o f S p a i n w a s , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , s u b j e c t t o t h e d : a f t .M e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n t o l i m i t t h e d i s c o n t e n t t h i s c a u s e d , b y m i n i m i z i n g t h en u m b e r s a n d t ) 4 ) e s o f e x e m p t i o n s t h a t w e r e a v a i l a b l e . I t w a s h o p e d t h a t : h e s er e f o r m s w o u l d b r i n g " m e n o f p r o p e r L y a n d p r o b i t y " i n t o t h e r a n k s .

F : r e m n F i . o n s w e r e a l l o c a t e d t o t h e v a r i o u s u s e f u l c l - a s s e s , a s w e l - 1 a s t o[ h e C h u r c h a n d t h e n o b i l i t y . A s a r e s u ] - t , c l e r i c s , g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c ' a l s ,f a c t o r y w o r k e r s a n d a r t i s a n s , e d u c a t e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s , s t o c k b r e e d e r s , = m a 1 1

f a r m e r s o w n i n g t h e i r o w n l a n d , m e r c h a n t s , m a s t e r c r a f t s m e n , a n d b u s i n e = s m e nw e r e g r a n t e d e x e m p t i o n s . S o , d s a r e s u l - t , t h e d r a f C f e I I m o s t h e a v i l y o r L h ep o o r a n d l a n d l e s s .

E a c h p r o v i n c e w a s a s s i g n e d a q u o t a a n d t h e p r o v i n c i a l I n t e n d a n t d i s c r i b -u [ e d t h e q u o t a t h r o u g h h i s p r o v i n c e b a s e d o n p o p u l a t i o n . A ] I s i n g l e , h e a l r h ym e n b e t w e e n L 7 a n d 3 5 w e r e o b l i g e d t o r e g i s t e r i f t h e y v r e r e o v e r 5 f e e t t a l la n d d i d n o t h a v e a n e x e m p E i o n . A b a l l o c w a s u s e d t o r a n d o m l y s e l e c t - - h o s e

w h o w o u l d s e r v e a n d s t r i c t m e a s u r e s t a k e n t o e n s u r e i t w a s f a i r a n d h o n e s : .D e s p i t e t h e b e s t e f f o r t s o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t , s e r v i c e i n t h e a r m y r e m a i n e d

ve ry unpopu la r , and t i r e announcemen t o f a d ra f t sen t t t i e young men ! - L =s - ! r r yi n t o t h e h i I l s t o a v o i d c o n s c r i p t i o n , o r t o t h e c h a p e l s , w h e r e t h e y m a r r i e C t oo b t a i n a n e x e m p t i o n . T h o s e w h o c o u l d n o t e s c a p e w e r e d r a g g e d i n t o t h e s e = v i c eb y a r m e d g u a r d s .

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Because so many evaded consc r i p t i on as t ime p rog ressed , t he gove rnmen tf o u n d i t s e l i o b l i g e d t o t a k e h a r s h m e a s u r e s t o g e t t h e r e c r u i t s i E n e e d e d .The " Leva " was i ns t . i t u t . ed whe reby mar r i ages t ha t occu r red l ess t han 15 daysp r i o r t o t he announcemen t o f t , he d ra f t we re annu lLed and mag i s t ra tes we rea u t h o r i z e d . c s w e e p t h e s t r e e t s e r a l l c r i m i n a l s , b e g g a r s a n d u n e m p l - o y e C _ t h a tt h e y m i g h t f i n d f o r c o n s c r i p t i o n . .

T h i s l a t t e r a c t i o n h a d t h e a d v a n t a g e o f c l e a r i n g t h e s t r e e t s o f t h em a j o r u r b a n c e n t e r s o f t h e s w a r m s o f b e g g a r s t h a t c r o w d e d t . h e i r s t r e e t s .

O n c e i n t h e m i l i t a r y t h e w o r s t e x p e c t a t i o n s o f t h e s o l d i e r s w e r e q u i c k l ym e t . T h e i r l - i v e s w e r e g o v e r n e d b y a m y r i a d o f p e t t y r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s .T h e y w e r e r e q u i r e d t o r e m a i n o u t o f p o l i t e s o c i e t y . T h e y h a d t o w e a r t h e i rf u 1 1 u n i f o r : a w h e n i n p u b l i c a n d t o k e e p t h e i r h a i r p r o p e r l y p o w d e r e d a n od r e s s e d a t a l - I t i m e s . T h e y w e r e f o r b i d d e n t o s i t o r t o s m o k e i n p u b l i c , w h i c hw a s m u s t p a i n f u l t o t h e s o l d i e r s a s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e S p a n i s h a r m y c o u l dr e p u t e d l y b e d e t e c t e d b y t h e l - i t C e r o f c i g a r e t t e a n d c i g a r b u t t s . I n a d d i -t i o n , t h e y w e r e s u b j e c t . e d t o d i s c i p l i n e b y t h e i r n o n - c o m m i s s i o n e d o f f i c e r s ,w h o c a r r i e d t h i c k c a n e s , t h e s o l e p u r p o s e o f w h i c h w a s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h ew a y w a r d s o l - i i e r c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e d i s p l e a s u r e o f h j - s s e r g e a n t .

B y a 7 7 5 , t h e d r a f t h a d b e c o m e s o u n w o r k a b l e t h a t i t w a s a b a n d o n e d ,l e a v i n g p o p u l a r e n l i s t m e n t a n d t h e " l - e v a " a s t h e o n l y s o u r c e o f m e n . l i o w e v e r ,t h e " f e v a " a D p e a r s t o h a w e s e l d o n - , b e e n e m p l o y e d , a s i n l - 8 0 1 t h e r e w e r e o n l y4 , ' 7 ' 7 1 m e n , ' ; h c h a d e n t e r e d t h e a r n . y t h r o u g h [ h a t p r o c e s s .

T h e s t : 3 a m o f v o l - u n t e e r s f e F . r d i n e d l o w a n d t h e S p a n i s h a r m y b e g a n i t st r a d i r i o n 6 : u n d e r s t r e n g t h u n i t s . T h e d e c l i n e g r e w s o h i g h t h a t t h e f o r e i g nr o n i m c n f . ^ : I ' I i L 5 . n , F f a n d 1 s , B r a b a n t e , a n d B r u s e - Z a s v J e r e d i s b a n d e d i n 1 7 9 2 ,a n d t h e i r r e i r t a i n i n g m e n w e r e d i s t r i b u t . e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e s t o f t h e a r m y .

T h e s h r r t a g e o f m e n w a s l e s s s e v e r e i n t h e S w i s s r e g i m e n t s , b u t t h e yb e c a m e l e s s S w i s s i n n a t u r e , d s t h e i r r a n k s w e r e o p e n e d t o n e a r l y a n y o n e w h oc a r e c l t o v o - u n t e e r , a n d m o r e t h a n a n o c c a s i o n a l i n d i v i d u a l w h o d i d n ' t c a r e t ov o l - u n t e e r -

T h e f a i l - u r e o f t h e S p a n i s h a : m y t o r e c n - r i t . s u f f i c i e n t m e n b e c a m e a p p a r -e n t i n I 7 9 2 , w h e n t h e a r m y w a s a b l e t o f i e l d o n l y a b o u c 3 5 , 0 0 0 m e n . A s ar e s u l t , w h e : l a m a j o r w a r f i n a l l y c a m e t o S p a i n ' s d o o r , i t f o u n d i t s a r m yf l o o C e d w i t ; : s w a r m s o f u n t r a i n e d , r a r v r e c r u i t s . I n a d d i - t i o n t o o t h e r d e f i -

c i e n c i e s i n i t s o f f i c e r c o r p s , t h i s m a s s o f u n t r a i n e d r e c r u i t s w a s t h e p r i n c i -z r . a I r a a q . , r 1 r o r i t s m i s e r a b l e s h o w : n g a n d l a u g h i n g s t o c k r e p u t a t i o n d u r i n g t h e- v * *

Rewo lu t i ona r - y and Napo leon i c l 4a rs

T h e s e c o n d m a j o r h a n d i c a p o . t h e S p a n i s h a r m y w a s i t s o f f i c e r c o r p s -T h e y h e l d a n e l e v a t e d p o s i t i o n i n s o c i e c y f o r w h i c h t h e y l a c k e d a n y s i g n i f i -

c a n t c l a i m - T h e y w e r e n o t e d f o r : h e i r l o w l e v e l o f t e c h n i c a l s k i l l s a n d l a c ko f p r o f e s s i c n a l u n i t y . W h e n i t c a m e u n d e r a r t a c k f o r i t s m i s e r a b l - e s h o w i n g s ,t J - r , o Q r r a r r i c l - r o f f i c e r C o r p s p r o v e i i n c a p a b l e o f d e f e n d i n g i t s e l f , a n d d i s i n -F o ^ r : i - o r l ' i - : o a n e n d l e s s s t r e a m o f p e t t y b i c k e r i n g a n d j o c k e y i n g f o r p o s i t i o n .s u Y r u u u u r t t r

A f u r t n e r p r o b l e m f a c i n g t h e o f f i c e r c o r p s , w a s i t s s u r p r i s i n g l y h i g hp e r c e n t a g e o r f o r e i g n o f f i c e r s i n v e r y h i g h p o s i t i o n s . O f t h e 3 2 7 g e n e r a l - s i nt h e S p a n i s h a r r n y i n I ' / 9 2 , a t o t a l o f

' 7 7 w e r e f o r e i g n e r s -

S p a i n a l s o h a d t h e p r a c t i c e ' c f s e v e r e l y l i m i t i n g t h e n u m b e r s o f c o m m o n -e r s u r h o c o u l d o b t a i n c o m m i s s i o n s . M a n y w h o d i d s o b y f o r g i n g p a t e n t s o fn o b i l i t y o r b y b r i b i n g t h e e v e r w i l l i n q S p a n i s h b u r e a u c r a t . I n a C d i t i o n ,t h o s e w h o d i d g a i n a c o m m i s s i o n , w e r e f u r t h e r l i m i t e d b y a p r o c e s s w h i c hu s u a l l y k e p i t h e m f . r o m r i s i n g a n y h i g h e r t h a r r t h e r a n k o f c a p [ a i n . T h e p r o -

c e s s a l s o r e s u l t e d i n b a b e s , s t i l l i n t h e i r m o t h e r ' s a r m s , b e i n g c o m m i s s i o n e dand men suc i r as t he Duque de A l -buque rque be ing p romo ted f r om cap ta in t ol i e u t e n a n t g 3 n e r a l i n f o u r y e a r s .

5

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A s n o b l e s g e n e r a l l y d i s l i k e d t h e i d e a o f s e r v i c e i n t h e f i e l d , t h e ya v o i d e d s u c h s e r v i c e . T h e y a t t e m p t . e d t o s p e n d a s m u c h o f t h e i r t i m e a s p o s s i -b l e a t cou rE . whe re t hey couLd ga in p romoE ion much fas te r and w i t hou t . t he r i s ko f c o m b a t - T h i s h a d t h e r e s u l t o f . k e e p i n g t h e c o m m i s s i o n e d c o m m o n e r s e r v i n qa s a c o m p a n y o f f i c e r f o r e x t r e r n e l v 1 0 n q p e r i o d s .

r n t h e e n g i n e e r s a n d a r t i l l e r y , s e r v i c e w a s b a s e d e n t i r e l y u p o n s e n i o r i -tY , sxcept where an o f f i cer may have commic ted some fau l - t tha t was observed byt h e K i n g - S u c h p e t t y a c t , s a s c a r r y i n g a p a r a s o l o n p a r a d e c o u l d r e s u l t i n t h er e j e c t i o n o f a p r o p o s e d p r o m o t i o n f o r a n o f f i c e r o f 3 0 y e a r s s e r v i c e .

The French Revo lu t ion

I n 1 7 9 2 , S p a i n w a s , i n e s s e n c e , r u l e d b y G o d o y , t h e C a p t a i n G e n e r a l o fthe Army and Duque de l -a A lcudf a . He was to ru l -e Spa in f rom 1792 to 1g0g,w i t h o n l y a s h o r t b r e a k f r o m L 7 9 8 t o 1 8 0 0 , b e c a u s e o f h i s c o n t r o ] o v e r t h eK i n g a n d Q u e e n o f S p a i n .

F \ t r r i n n t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n G o d o y ' s f i r s t e f f o r t s w e r e t o c o n c i l i a t ev s r f r r Y

bot ! - t s ioes anC an a t tempt t .o save the French roya l fami ly . However , whenL o u i s X V I a n d M a r i e A n t . o i n e t t e w e r e e x e c u t e d , S p a i n d e c l a r e d w a r . A t t h i st - i n - , = r h a Q rL a , ! ! = L r r s . , p a n i s h a r m y c o n s i s t e d o f 4 I s q u a d r o n s o f c a v a l r y a n d 3 B b a t t a l i o n so f i n f a n t r y . T h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e i n f a n t r y w h i c h s t o o d i n p e r m a n e n t b r i g a d e s ,w a s c r i g a d e d a s f o l L o w s :

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G u a r d i a s E s p a f l o l e s2 n d s r i o a C e : P e d r o F o r t d e S t . M a u r i n

G u a r d i a s W a l o n a s3 r i t s r i o a d e : E u g e n i o N a v a r r o

G r a n a c e r o s y c a z a d o r e s ( g r e n a d i e r s & l i g h t i n f a n t r y )4 t h 3 r i q a C e : P e d r o R o d r i g u e s d e l a B u r r i a

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I t ' s a c t i o n s w e r e l i m i L e d t o t h e f r o n t i e r a r e a a n d , t h o u g h s o m e v e r yb lc t rdy 3ngagements \ ^ re re fought , the French revo lu t ionary a rn ies were more thana b l 3 t o k e e p t h 3 S p a n i s h a r m y t r o m m a k i n g a n y i n r o a d s i n r o F r a n c e . H o w e v e r ,h p . a , r s p S n " i n e , r . l d - n l w f . \ , r n . l i r e F l f F n . ' ^ - ^ - . i o r F , , r ^ n a : nr ! r s r . e L - : j e v c

pov/er i t was onc3 aga in ob l iged t ro ra ise a number o f new mi l i ta ry fo rmat ions .\ - r - c r ' ' - n - i c i n . r ' l v l - h a r a u l r r r F i e p d f . r . m ^ t i . n s i n . - ' l . l e d a \ / p r v h i d h

o ' L l i g h l f o r m a t i o n s , b o t h i n f a n t r y a n d c a v a l r y . T h i s w a s p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e t h eFrench taught th3 Span ish some very sharp lessons about the wor th and use o fl i g h L L : o o p s - I n a d d i t i o n , i n a n e i f o r t t o s u p p o r t L h e a r m y , f i e f d d e p o cb a t t a l i o n s w e r e a d d e d t o e v e r y l i n e r e g i m e n t , T h e f o l l o w i n g r e g i m e n t s w e r er a i s e d b y r h e S p a n i s h a f t e r t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n :

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Because o f i t s recru i tment p rob lems, Spa in was abLe to f ie ld on ly about .55 ,000 men to the f ron t ie r . Recru ies were more p len t i fu l t .han usua l , however ,because o f Ehe in te rvent ion o f the Catho l i c Church , wh ich preached tha t theFrench revo lu t ionar ies were here t ics . Fur ther men became ava i lab le w i th theraising of a nurnber of irregular units known as , ' somantenes', and ',.rnique_letes".In add ic ion , bands o f smugg lers were fo rmed in to " f re ikorps ' , mode led a f te rthe Pxuss ian mode ls o f Ehe Seven years War . Desp i t .e these improvemenEs, tn1793 a conscr ip t ion was ca l led and the s t ree ts were serep t c lean o f vagrantsa g a i n .

:Che Spanish formed the Army of Rose116n (Ejercixo de Rose.ll.dn) andinwaded Perp ignan w i t .h i t . That a rmy cons is ted o f :

.I!-:-e-E!.L]a:Independent Formations :

E x p e d i t i o n a r y B a t r a l i o n s ( 5 b n s ) ( 4 , 3 1 6 m e n )v o l u n t a r y E x p e d i t i c n a r y B a t t a l i o n s ( 3 ) ( 1 , 4 1 0 )

Prov inc ia l c renad ier Br : r -qade :D i v i s i o n d e C a s t i . 1 1 a ( 1 , 4 4 9 )D i v i s i o n d e A n d a l u c i a ( 1 , 4 ? 8 )

D r : n . c r < R r i ^ A . 1 6 .

2 i / Pr i nc ipe In fanr ry Reg iment (658)c r a n a d a I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 5 1 8 )1 /Ex t remadura In fan t ry Reg imenC (622)

Saboya Br iqade:S a b o y a I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 4 3 6 )N a v a r r a I n f a n t r y R 3 g i m e n t ( 1 , 4 3 4 )Malaga In fan t ry ReEiment (2 ) (763)

S o - i a B r i q a d e :Sor ia In fan t ry Reg imenc (1 ,644)v a l e n c i a I n f a n L r y R e g i m e n t . ( I , 4 4 2 \

C6rdoba Br iqade:1 /C6rdoba In fan t ry Reg iment (E9g)7 /Zaragosa In fan t ry Reg iment (?69)

1p Murc ia In fan t ry ReEiment (1 ,493)Ja6n ln fan t ry Reg iment (732)

c u a d a l a i a r a B r i g a d e :cuada la ja ra In fan l ry Reg iment (1 ,206)B u r g o s I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 3 3 0 )

S e v i l l a B r i q a d e :S e v i f l a I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 2 5 1 )E s p a n a I n f a n r r y R e g i m e n e ( 1 , 4 8 I )

L i g h t I n f a n L r v :1 o C a r a l u f l a ( 9 7 9 )T a r r a g o n a ( 9 0 2 )3 " B a r c e l o n a ( 7 9 4 )2 o B a r c e L o n a ( 9 3 1 )

O t h e r I n f a n t r v :L e g i 6 n d e l o s p i r i n e o s ( 5 0 0 )vo lun tar ios de va t lesp in (123 )Dos de Cueta (51 . )I r r e g u l a r F o r c e s { 5 0 )

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C a : , r a I r r r .

C " r a b i n i e r o s r e a l e s ( 5 7 7 )

P r i n c i p e ( 4 n 0 )

E s p a f a { 5 3 0 )A l g a r v e ( 4 5 7 )V o l - u n t a r i o s d e E s p a f r a ( 1 5 0 )A l m a n s a ( 4 7 7 )

P a r r i a ( 4 3 2 )

S a g u n r o ( 4 6 9 )

N u m a n c i a ( 4 7 2 )

L u s i t a n i a ( 4 1 1 )

The war went poor ly because t .he Span ish genera ls a t tempted to run the warn n r l ' r o D r r r o l l s s s f r o m M a d r i d . f n i t i a l l y t h e S p a n i s h a r m i e s w e r e a b l e t o p u s hp a s t t h e r a w F r e n c h f o r c e s f a c i n g t . h e m , b u t t h e i r s u c c e s s w a s l i m i t e d b y t h e i ro x d r a w n a r t i l l e r y a n d s u p p l y t r a i n s . T h e S p a n i s h a d v a n c e d t o t h e w a l l e d c i t ye r P e r o i g n a n , w o n t w o m i n o r b a t t l e s a t T r o u i a l l s a n d B o u l o u , a n d t h e n s e t t l e di r : : o t h e i r w i n t e r q u a r t e r s e x p e c t i n g t o f i g h t a 1 7 t h C e n t u r y w a r .

T n e F r e n c h s e n t r e i n f o r c e m e n t s t o t h e s o u t h a n d , o n c e t h e 1 ' / 9 4 c a m p a i g n! - ^ - - . . + l - ^ . .t - ) = y . 7 \ r , L r r c v s t r u c k t h e S p a n i s h , d r i v i n g t h e m b a c k o v e r t h e P y r e n e e s , o c c u p i e dc h e p r c v i n c e o f G u i p r l z c o a a n d s e i z e d t h e f o r t r e s s o f F i g u e r a s .

D = s p i t e G o d o y ' s e f f o r t s t o r e i n f o r c e t h e a r m y , i c s b a s i c u n p o p u l a r i t yg r 3 \ v a s d i d t h a t o f t h e w a r . T h e S p a n i s h l o g i s t i c a l s y s t e m f a i l e d a n d S p a i n

e r - - + r - " 1 7 9 6 i t h a d n o h o p e o f s u c c e s s . O n 2 2 J u l y 1 - 7 9 6 G o d o y s i g n e d t h e5 c . . ' r L I I 3 L D ) '

T r = a t y o f B a s l e , e a r n i n g t h e m u c h d e s e r v e d t i t l e P r i n c e o f P e a c e , a n d S p a i n

r e l o i c = d a t j - t s r e t u r n t o p e a c e .

T h o u g h i n i t i a l l y G o d o y a t t e m p t e d t o m a i n t a i n a n a r m e d n e u t r a l i t y , n e i t h e r

t h = B r i t i s h n o r t h e F r e n c h r e s p e c t e d i t I o n g . E v e n t u a l l y e v e n t s o b l i g e d G o d o y

t r c n r a k = a c h o i c e . T h e B r i t i s h o n l y o f f e r e d m o n e y , b u t G o d o y h a d l e a r n e d t h eh = - r l , r r r \ / r . , h 3 f t h e F r e n c h a r m i e s s i t t i n g j u s t a C r o s S t h e P y r e n e e s c o u l d d o . H e"

4 , l

c : : r s e a n a l l i a n c e r v i t h F r a n c e . O n 1 8 A u g u s t 7 ' / 9 6 G o d o y s i g n e d t h e T r e a t y o f

S a n I l : r = f o n s o , w h i c h w a s a n o f f e n s i v e a n d d e f e n s i v e a l l i a n c e a g a i n s t E n g l a n d .

T h o u g h t e c h n i c a l l y a l 1 i e s , S p a i n w a s l i t t l e m o r e t h a n a s a t e l l i t e . G o d o yn - n l r a ) ^ r . l r r r r i s j s g d t h i S a l l i a n c e a S a m e a n s t o b u V t i m e u n t i l h e c o u l d b u i l d t h ev r v Y r v u u r l r u

S p a n i s h a r m y i n t o a f o r c e t h a t c o u l d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y d e f e n d i t s b o r d e r s f r o m

b o t h t h e F r e n c h a n d E h e E n g 1 i s h .

G c d o y q u i c k l y e m b a r k e d o n a p r o g r a m o f m i l i t a r y r e f o r m w h i c h e a r n e d h i mr i . - o n m ' i t - r z o f t h o s e w h o s e i n t e r e s t s h e t h r e a t e n e d . H e p r o p o s e d t h e a d o p t i o n

o f t h e F r e n c h D r i 1 1 R e g u l a t i o n o f 1 7 9 I a n d i t w a s e v e n t u a l l y a d o p t e d . H e

e s : a b l - r s h e d " c a m p s o f i n s t r u c t i o n " a n d m i l i t a r y a c a d e m i e s , w h i l e a t t h e s a m et 1 m e e l - i m i n a t i n g s u c h u s e l - e s s f o r m a t i o n s a s t h e R o y a l G u a r d s a n d t h e p r o v i n -

c i a l m i l i t i a s , w h o s e c o s t s f a r e x c e e d e d t h e s e r v i c e t h e y r e n d e r e d o r t h e i rm i I j t - . a - r r - n t e n t i a l . H e a d d r e s s e d t h e m i s e r a b l - e S p a n i s h l o g i s t i c a l s y s t e m , a st , ; e i 1 a s p r o v i d i n g s u p p o r t f o r i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e e n g i n e e r i n g a n d a r t i l l e r ys e r v i c e s .

G c d o y e v e n p e r s u a d e d t h e K i n g t o a l } o w h i m t o e s t a b l i s h t h e t ' J u n t a d eC o n s t - r , c u c i 6 n y O r d e n a n z a s d e L E j 6 r c i t o " w h i c h c o n s i s t e d o f 2 3 s e n i o r g e n e r a l s

a n d i > u r e a u c r a t s c h a r g e d w i t h r e v i e w i n g t h e c o m p o s i t i o n , s i z e , l o g i s t i c s ,t : e 3 r ' u i t - . m e n t , t r a i n i n g , t a c t i c s , e t c . , e t c . , o f t h e a r m y , t h e r o l e o f t h ep : o v i n c i a l m i l i t i a , a s w e l l - a s t h e c o n C i t i o n o f t h e k i n g d o m ' s a r m a r n e n t s a n df o r t r e s s e s .

D e s p i t e i t s p o t e n t i a l f o r d e s i r a b l e r e f o r m , t h i s p a n e l f o u n d e r e d o n t h es a m e s h o a l s t h a t h a d d e v a s t a t e d t h e S p a n i s h a r m y f o r y e a r s - r e c r u i t m e n t .

8 . . ' 3 n t u a 1 l y , d e s p i t e i t s d i s l i k e o f t h e d r a f t , a c o n s c r i p t i o n w a s i n s t i t u t e d .

9

unfor tunate ly fo r spa in , i t had no t . Learned f rom the French tha t mass ivearmies could and wourd be formed by Tev€e er masse and they resorted to new,but ine f feceua l methods .

Seek ing gu idance in h is t .o ry , the - . .Span ish dec ided tha t Freder j -ck - the_ _ r : r a ^ F , . - - ^ ^ - . - ^ e '

r !E< - - - - - - , ; , rov inces ass ign ing spec i f i c quotas o f recru i t . s fo r spec i f -i c reg iments was the bes t approach. They fu r ther d iv ided the army in to aejercito permanente and a ejdrcito de campafi2 - The ejdrcito permanenxe was tobe fo rmed n i th the war ious fo re ign reg iments , the th i rd ba t ta l ions o f the l inein fanCry reg iments , the I igh t in fan t ry , the cava l ry and the ar t i .11ery . Th isfo rce was to be recru i ted f rom fo re igners , the usua l co l lec t . ion o f d ra f tedbeggars , and vo lun teers who wou ld remain under a rms in a sEand ing ar rny .

The ejdrciLo de campaita was to be formed wiEh the tst and 2nd Battalionsof the Span ish l ine in fan t ry reg imenEs tha t wou ld be fo rmed f rom new con-scr ip ts ra ised and t ra ined accord ing to Lhe Pruss ian sys tem.

Theore t . i ca l l y , Lh is wou ld a l low the Span ish army to expand s ign i f i can t . l yin t ime o f war , bu t wou ld be fa r smalLer and more economica l in peacet ime. I twou ld no t s t r ip the fa rms o f the manpower they needed to opera te and theconscr ip ts wou ld no t have been sub jec ted to tshe undes i rab le l i fe in peacet imeb a r r a c k s .

I t e /as fe f t tha t hos t i l i t y to conscr ip t ion wou l -d be reduced because theso ld ie rs wou l .d no t be sh ipped to d is tanL gar r isons , bu t wou ld be serv ing inthe i r home prov inces , amongst f r iends and fami ty . Fur thermore , i t was fe l ttha t the i r mora le wou ld be improved by the i r separa t ion f rom the no tor iousundes i rab les or the e je rc i to permanente .

As a lways t .here was a mass ive conserva t ive lobby tha t fought aga ins tthese proposed re fo rms and evenLua l ly they were re iec ted . The commiss ion waso r d e r e d t o s t o p i t s m e e t i n g s o n 7 J u l y 1 7 9 6 , a n d t w o m o n t h s l a t e r i t c e a s e d t oex is t . Godoy then fe l l back on what too ls he d id have and began an ex tens iverecru i t ing canpa ign- He recru i ted . and apparent fy bought , la rge nurn lcers o fA u s t r . i a n p r j . s o n e r s t h e F r e n c h c a p t u r e d i n l L a l y j n 1 7 9 5 , a s w e l l a s d e s e r t e r sf rom the four 3m- ig re reg imenrs serv ing in Spa in . So m:ny Aus t r ians jo ined theSpan ish army th is way, tha t many reg iments were repor ted to have one th i rd o fI h a i r a l - r a n - t - h m : A a , , -r r r L L s u s u P

T h e p o l i f , i c s o f t h e y e a r s b e f o r e 1 8 0 0 p r o v e d d i f f i c u l t f o r S p a i n . A L o n epo in t in 1798, Span ish re lac ions w i th France near fy rup tured . codoy wasforced f rom power and no one remained tha t even cared to t ry to ho ld theSpan ish army together . The cor rup t ion o f the Span ish cour t and o f , the army 'scond ic ion decayed as never be fore . I t was no t un t i l 1801, when Spa in was

, j ' persuaded to invade Por tuga l , tha t ' ies cond i t ion became apparent . A number o fSpan ish genera ls re fused to accept command o f the Span ish army, on the groundstha t i t was no t in a f i f s ta te to engage even so puny an enemy as por tuga l .

Th is fo rced K ing Car los V I I co reca l l Godoy and g ive h im command onceaga in . The t la r o f the Oranges (so named because Godoy sent Che eueen o f Spa ina t . rophy in the fo rm o f a b ranch o f an orange t . ree he p icked wh i le underf i re ) , lasced on ly th ree weeks . codoy success fu f l y ob l iged the por tuguese tocap iEu la te and was g iven the rank o f Genera l i ss imo as a reward , Car los V I Ia lso au t .hor ized h i rn to under take the re fo rm o f the army tha t he had a t temDtedh r i ^ f F ^ h i - , ^ - ^ . . - r f , ^ m h ^ , . , 6 f i n , t ? o oP r r v t L U I I u r " P U { c !

Godoy 's f i rs t acc ions re la ted to Lhe manpower c r is is , A new conscr ipc ionwas decreed, exempt ions were grea t ly reduced, and a new prov inc ia l m i . l i t i a wasorgan ized. The mi l ig ia was to rece ive many o f the conscr ip ts and became verypopu lar becaus3 commoners cou ld and d id rece ive commiss ions in i t . The com-moners de l ighced in the soc ia l p res t ige they had never be fore en joyed, bu tthe genera l pub l i c was no t as en thus ias t ic . Reg iona l r igh t .s were t rampled inthe process o f a t tempt ing to ex tend the prov inc ia l m i l i t ia to Va lenc ia and in

r 0

:',v

1 8 0 1 , o p e n r e v o l t o c c u r r e d i n E h a t p r o v i n c e . F e a r i n g t h a L i t w o u l d s p r e a d t or r i h o r n r a r r lv u r r e ! 1 , ! \ J v j - n c e s , G o d o y d i s p a t c h e d t r o o p s a n d a s a v a g e r e p r e s s i o n b e g a n t oq u e l l t h e r i o t . s .

D e s p i t e t h a j n i . t i a l s e t b a c k s . , i . n J u l r ' 1 8 Q 2 , G o d o y i s s u e d a n e w s e l . o f -r e E u l a c i o n s ' c r t h e p r o v i n c i a l m i L j . t i a . H e c r . d e r r d - r a i s i n 3 o f 1 3 : e g i r n e n t se a c h c o n s i s c i n g o f o n e b a t t a l i o n . E a c h b a t t a l - i o n w a s t o h a v e o n e g r e n a d i e ra n d f o u r f u s i l i e r c o m p a n i e s . T h e g r e n a d i e r s w e r e , l i k e t h o s e o f m a n y o t h e rE u r o p e a n n a t i o n s , d e t a c h e d p e r m a n e n t l y t o c o n v e r g e d g r e n a d i e r r e g i m e n t s f o r m e dw i t h t w o b a t t a l i o n s e a c h .

f n 1 8 0 4 G o d o y a t t e m p t e d o n c e a g a i n t o e x p a n d t h e p r o v i n c i a l m i l i t i a i n t oexempE.ed prowinces and dec ided tha t p rov ince o f V izcaya wou ld be the bes tr r ' l .a r -o r . l t - r : y . Hgwever , here he was once aga in g ree ted w i th r io t ing and thep r o j e c t w a s d r o p p e d . N o t b e i n g w i l l i n g t o g i v e u p h e a t t e m p t e d a g a i n i n 1 8 0 5 ,b u t t h e p r o j e c t w a s d e a d .

A 1 1 G o d o y ' s e f f o r t s f a i l e d a n d t h e S p a n : - s h a r m y w a s f o r c e d b a c k t o i t so l d r e c r u i t m e n t m e t h o d s . B y 1 8 0 8 , o u t o f a t h e o r e t . i c a l s t r e n g t h o f 8 7 , 9 8 4l i n e i n f a n t r y , t h e r e w e r e o n o n l y 4 6 , 4 0 2 m e n u n d e r a r m s .

T h e s f o r y o f t h e o u t b r e a k o f w a r b e t w e e n S p a i n a n d F r a n c e a n d t h e S p a n -i s h r e v c l u t i o n a g a i n s t t h e i r a b s o r p t i o n i n t o t h e F r e n c h e m p i r e i s w e ] l k n o w n .B e c a u s e t h e r o y a l - g o v e r n m e n t w a s i n s h a m b l - e s , t h e K i n g a n d C r o w n P r i n c e w e r ei n F r e n c h c a p t i ' ' z l t y a n d [ h e b u r e a u c r a c y w a s n e v e r s t r o n g , t h e r e w a s n o s i n g ] e

- i - - * - i ̂L - / r y a r L J - z J . ) , - r t , r t a b l - e t o a s s u m e c o n t r o l o f t h e c o u n t r y . G o d o y m e t h i s e n d a t t h e

h a n d s o f t h e b r u t a l c r o w d s a n d w h a t r e m a i n e d o f [ h e g o v e r n m e n t f ] a p p e d i n t h e

b r e e z e , a c c o m p l i s h i n g n o t h i n g a n d c a p a b l e o f l - e s s .

I n i t i a l l y , c h e m i l i t a r y a t t e m p t e d t o a s s u m e c o n t r o l , b u t t h e S p a n i s hp e o p l e w e r e n o t p r e p a r e d f o r t h a t . M a n y o f t h e g e n e r a l s w e r e u n w i l l i n g t o

r e s i s t t h e F r e n c h , a n d i n f a c t , m o s t o f f e r e C t h e i r s e r v i c e s t o t h e F r e n c h .

T i r e g o v e r n n : e n t o f S p a i n d e v o f v e d d o w n t o t h e p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l a n d e a c h p r o v -

i n c e b e g a n t o t a k e i t s o w n a c t i o n s . I n A n d a l u c i a , C a s t a f r o s , a s e n i o r m i l i t a r y

o f f r c e r , b e E a n t c a c t . F I e b e g a n n e g o t i a t i o r s w i c h t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n o r o f

G i b r a l c a r a n C s e c u r e d p r o m i s e s o f B r i t i s h s u c p o r f . F I e t h e n d e c i d e d t h a t h e

w o u l d C e c l a r e r . r a r a g a i n s t t h e F r e n c h o n 3 0 ) , I a y 1 8 0 8 . A f e w o t h e r g e n e r a l s

a l s o j o : - n e c i t h e p a t r i o t c a u s e , b u t f a r f r o m a m a j o r i t y t / e r e w h o l e h e a r t e d l y f o r

i E . I n C e e d , m o s t h o p e d t o a v o i d c o m m i t t i n g t h e m s e l v e s a n d f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s

f a c i n g c h a r g e s o f E r e a s o n a n d c o w a r d i c e f r o m : h e i r c o m p a t r i o t s .

U n r e s t c o n t i n u e d t o g r o w a n C o n 2 9 M a y 1 B 0 B a r e v o l t e x p l o d e d i n C a d i z .. t - ! r n , , n h n n n n s s j b y w h a t a u t h o r i t y f i g u r e s r e m a i n e d , t h e r e v o l t C o n t i n u e d . T h e

" Y L l V

n - - F ^ - : - - n ^ ' ^, A r , , , , r , r - + r r e f f l f o f A r a q o n c o u l d n o t . c o u n t o n " , * h e r a n k a n d f i l e t o s u p p o r t h i m .v g v u s * r r

, - . ^ ; - - F 1 ^ ^ < - . . l L l ^ - ^ T ) * ^ , , . . . , , . i - l

1 i\ - . / r i r y L r r c . : w i s s R e g i m e n [ s o f R e d i n g # f a n d P r e u x w e r e w i l l i n g t o q u i e t l y p a s s

i n t o F r e n c h s e r v i c e . T h e r e s t o f t h e S p a n i s h a r m y e i c h e r c h o s e t o d i s b a n d o r

m a r c h e d e n r n a s s e t o j o i n t h e p a t r i o t s . I n f a c t , r e g i m e n t s t h a t d i d n o t p a s s

o v e r t o t h e p a t r i o t s s u f f e r e d m a s s i v e d e s e r t i o n s , a n d i n a f e w i n s t a n c e sr . r - , m n l o t - = l r r d i s i n t e g r a t e d . O f f i c e r s w h o a t t e n - . p t e d t o p r e v e n t t h i s w e r e e i t h e r- " " ' . E /

k i 1 l e d o r : i g n o r e d .

T h o s e g e n e r a l s w h o i n t e r v e n e d w e r e s l a u g h t e r e d a n d s o p a s s e d t h e M a r q u 6 sd e l S o c o r r o , C o n d e d e l T o r r e d e l F r e s n o , C a p t a i n G e n e r a l o f t h e N a v a l D e p a r t -m e n L o f C a r t a g e n a , a n d t h e m i l i t a r y g o v e r n o r s o f V i l l a f r a n c a d e P a n a d e s ,- l ' r - ' r r t - n q a M a l - a g a , a n d C i u d a d R o d r i g o . O t h e r s w e r e i m p r i s o n e d a n d t h e s w e e p w a sv v g ,

s o c l e a n t h a t o n l y t h o s e w h o j o i n e d t h e p a t r i o t s s u r v i v e d t h e p u r g e .

T h e b e s t e l e m e n t s o f E h e S p a n i s h a r m y h a d b e e n d r a w n o f f t o s e r v e a s ag a r r i s o n o f p a r t o f . t h e D a n i s h c o a s t . O t h e r r e g i m e n t s h a d b e e n s t r i p p e d o fh o r s e s a n d e q u i p m e n t i n a n e f f o r t t o b r i n g t h c s e u n i t s u p t o f u ] l s L r e n g t h .

B e f o r e t h e w a r b e g a n , o f l 1 5 D e c e m b e r 1 8 0 5 , N a p o l e o n d i s p a t c h e d h i s m i n -i s t e r , T d l l e y r a n d , t o S p a i n t o n e g o t i a t e f o r a c o r p s o f S p a n i s h s o l - d i e r s t of o r m a g a r r i s o n f o r H a m b u r g a n d t h e n o r t h e r n c o a s t o f G e r m a n y , w h i l e N a p o l - e o n

1 1

fought the Russ ians . Napo leon des i red to obea in 4 ,000 cava l ry , 10 ,000 in fan-try and 25 guns co form a n corps d,observation du c6te du Hanovre" Eo oppose apotenEia l Eng l ish invas ion and Eo en force the b lockade. The approx imate ly

.6 ,000 Span iargs chen serv ing ._ in l ta ly were . to fo rm par t o f th is corps . .These

! , nesot ia t ions : rdsr ' l r .ed l - in

the d iv is ion ic i i ce 'nera t La Romana - b -e ing d ispatchednorch , Th is newly fo rmed d iv is ion cons is ted o f :

From Spa inL ine In fan t . ry

P r i n c e s a R e g i m e n t ( 3 ) ( 2 , 2 8 2 )3 / G u a d a l a j a r a R e g i m e n r ( 1 ) ( 7 7 9 )A s t u r i a s R e g i m e n t ( 3 ) ( 2 , 3 3 2 )

L igh t In fan t ry2 / V o l u n t a r i o s d e B a r c e l o n a ( 1 ) ( I , 2 4 0 )

L ine Cawa1ryR e y C a v a l r y R e g i m e n t ( 5 4 0 )f n f a n t e C a v a l r y R e g i m e n t ( 5 4 0 )

DragoonsA l m a n s a D r a g o o n R e g i m e n t ( 5 4 0 )

Ar t i I le ryF o o t A r t i I l e r y ( 2 7 0 )H o r s e A r t i l l e r y ( 8 9 )T r a i n ( 5 8 )

L i n e I n f a n t r yZ a m o r a R e g i m e n t ( 3 ) ( 2 , 2 5 6 )r / & 2 / G u a d a l a j a r a ( 2 ) ( 1 , 5 0 4 )

t i ^ 1 - > T - : ^ ' - .I r - ] - g r I t ] . n Ianc f y

1 / V o l u n t e e r s o f C a t a l u f l a ( 1 , 2 0 0 )

L i ne Cava l- ry

d ' A l g a r v e C a v a l r y R e g i m e n t ( 5 4 0 )

Dragoons

V i l l a v i c i o s a D r a g o o n R e g i m e n t ( 5 4 0 )

A r t i 1 l e r y

F o o t c o m p a n y ( 1 0 0 )

T h e c o r p s t o t a l e d 1 4 , 8 0 9 m e n , a s s h o w n a b o v e , a n d a c o m p a n y o f s a p p e r st h a E . w a s d i s p a t c h e d f r o m S p a i n s h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s , b r i n g i n g t h e t o t a l t on e a r l r . r 1 5 O 0 0 .4 J , v \

f n 1 8 0 8 t h e S p a n i s h t r o o p s w e r e d i s t . r i b u t e d t h r o u g h J u E 1 a n d a n d o n F i o n i er s l a n d , i v h e r e t h e y t o o k u p p o s i t i o n s o n t h e c o a s t . T h e y r e m a i n e d i n t h o s ep o s i t i o n s u n t i l t h e y w e r e s p i r i t e d a w a y b y t h e B r i r i s h .

T h e y w e r e r v e ] 1 i s o l a t e d f r o m n e w s f r o m t h e i r h o m e l a n d , l e a r n i n g o f t . h eF r e n c h i n v a s i o n o f S p a i n , e t c . , o n l y t h r o u g h t h e F r e n c h n e w s p a p e r s . T h e yv r e r e , h o w 3 v e r , c o n t a c t e d b y t h e B r i t i s h a n d a r r a n g e m e n t s m a d e f o r a n o c t u r n a ld e p a r t u r e t h r o u g h t h e p o r t o f N y b o r g , w h e r e t h e B r i t i s h a n d S p a n i s h a c t i o n so p e n e d t h e p o r t c o t h e i r e s c a p e . I n a d d i t i o n t h e p o r t s o f L a n g e l a n d , S v e n d -b o r g a n d F a a b o r g w e r e s i m i l a r l y o p e n e d . L a R o m a n a d e p a r t e d [ h r o u g h t h e p o r [o f L a n g e l a n d o n 2 3 A u g u s t 1 8 0 B a n d m o s t o f t h e S p a n i s h d i v i s i o n w i t h h i m .T h e y w e r e t r a n s p o r t e d b a c k t o S p a i n , w h e r e t h e y b e g a n m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s- ^ - . i - ^ * ! ! - â g l a r n s r c n e F r e n c h .

H o w e v e r , d u e t o t h e u s u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r o b l e m s , a n u m b e r o f S p a n i a r d sf a i l e d t o e s c a p e a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 8 5 o f f i c e r s a n d 5 , 1 3 1 s o l d i e r s w e r e t a k e np r i s o n e r s . T h e s e m e n w e r e p a r t o f t h e A s t u r i a a n d G u a d a l a j a r a I n f a n t r y R e g i -

F r o m E t r u r i a

:i,?

L 2

ments and Che ,A-lgarve Cavalry Regirnent. They were disarmed and returned toFrance, where Ehey were d is t r ibu ted be t .ween the var ious gar r isons .

As the pa t r io t i c revo l t in Spa in began to shake i t se l f ou t , a ne twork o f' l .o -a1 and prowinc i .a l . . jun tas were fo rmed. These jun tas w: : : : t r : ipcsc i : : th3

: - : ig : ia1 l : : , J " ; : c f the ina i . : : :e : : : cn , p fus a mix tu (e J f no tab les , u l :c r . ' :=edrawn from the local community, churchmen, and even a few generals. However,the nacure o f chese po l i t i ca l g roups was a lmost . en t i re ly c iv i l ian .

One except ion was Ehe I 'government " es tab l i shed by carc la de Cuesta inOld Cast i le . H3 had a lmost no regu la r t roops to suppor t h im, bu t he was ab leto , by v i r tue o i h is persona l i t y , impose h is w i l l on the c iv i l ian mernbers o fthe Cast i l ian jun ta . Another excepEion was Ehe d ic ta to rsh ip es tab l i shed byPa la fox in zaragosa, where no c iv i l ian junLa was ever fo rmed.

In an e f fo r t to b r ing some order to the chaos o f revo lu t ionary Spa in , inSepte l rber 1808, a Junta Cent ra l was organ ized. Th is o rgan iza t ion was toprov ide a genera l d i rec t ion to the govern ing o f Spa in un t i l January t810, wheni t co l lapsed. From the perspec t ive o f the Span ish army eh is govern ing bodywas as bad as th3 monarchy . The prov inc ia l jun tas re fused to coopera te , theJunta Cent ra l r3 fused to appo in t a commander - in -ch ie f , the guer r i l l as de f ieda l l con t ro l , L t ' -3 a rmy was be ing organ ized in a to ta l l y ad hoc manner , iL wasf looded w i th ne ' " r recru i ts , i t o f f i cers r , r3 re un t ra ined, and the to ta l l v inade-^ r ' : l - a c r r ^ n 1 1 , c l r a r a m - ^ l l ^ h . a d t - h o i n e r r n l - l F . ' - - - " t sr L w o - P U L

D u r i n g 1 8 0 t , t h e r e g u l a r a r m y w a s i n c r e a s e d t o 3 9 i n f a n t r y r e g i m e n t s .The ar t i l l e ry l ras s l igh t ly reorgan ized anC now, ins tead o f s ix ba t ta l ions w i tha to ta l o f 48 compan ies , i t had four reg iments , each w ibh t .en compan ies ,n ine teen gar r iscn compan ies , f i ve p ioneer compan ies and a company o f cadets .The eng ineers ncw had che Reg jmjenLo de Zapadores -Minadores , in add i t ion to1 - h F e t ^ f F n t o n c i n c p r i n d ^ f f i . a r e T h p n r 6 \ t i n . i a l m ; l i l i ^ h a . l F i d h r - a r a n = d i a r

b a t E a l i o n s o r g a n i z e d i n c o f o u r d i v i s i o n s . a n d 4 3 r e g i m e n t s o i m i l i t i a , e a c hc o n t a i n i n g o n e b a t t a l i o n .

Tn add i t io : - to the regu la r a rmy, there ! , las a v / i ld g rowth in the number o If o r m a t j o n s r a i s 3 C b y L h e v a r i o u s j u n t a s . C a t a l u f f a r a - i s e d 2 B r e g i m e n t s , A n d a -l u s i a r a i s e d 3 4 r e g i m e n t s , A r a g o n r a j s e l 4 5 r e g i m e n t s , L h e L e v a n t e / B a l e a r e sra ised 26 reg in -nr -s , As tur ias ra ised 21 reg iments , Ex t remadura ra ised 15 , O ldC a s t i l e r a i s e d 2 2 r e s i m e n t s , N e w C a s t i l e r a i s e d 1 0 r e q i m e n t s , a n d c a ] i c i ara ised 6 reg i rnents .

B e c a u s e o f t h e p e r e n n i a l s h o r t a g e o f h o r s e s t h e r e g u l a r a r m y ' s c a v a l r yin i t ia l l y remained unchanged aL 12 l ine cava l ry reg iments , e igh t d ragoonreg imenLs, Lwo cazadore reg i rnents and two hussar reg imenLs. Hor . rever , a f te r

: ;> rhe ou tbreak o f war l ine cava l ry was expanded by the ra is ing o f 9 reg imenrs ,I - h p d r : d ^ ^ n < h " , - h > r r i < i n - ^ f a r a d i r , . n l - e F n . l t h F I i d h r ^ ^ r r ^ 1 r . , h 1 ' t - h a

- ' a i q i n . ' . ) f 1 2 r F - i m e n t s .The Junta Cent ra ] l ras , in i t s Lurn , rep laced by the "Regency o f F ive ' , in

C a d i z . T h e R e g e n c y w a s n o t e f f e c t i v e , a s i t w a s s e a l e d i n C a d i z b y r h eFrench, and i t s feader was no t a par t iau la r ly dynamlc ind iv idua l , A new,r iva l Jun t .a o f Defense was organ ized in Cad iz Lo contesL the Regency , bu t i t6 , , 5 n F , , : l 1 r , ^ . ! . 5 , , - i r s r - l a i m t - . s ^ v p r p i . I n t - \ , . A - - e n f i n . r r h p C . . r p n . \ r ' S r U l e .

P o l i t i c s b e i n g w h a t t h e y w e r e , c r i e s f o r a C o r t e s , o r p a r l i a m e n t , a r o s eand the Regency was unab le Lo prevent i t s be ing ca l led . The Cor tes was fo rmedin Cad iz , bu t as Spa in lacked an e lec t i ve body and lacked che cont ro l o f as t r o n g m o n a r c h y r o c o n r r o l i L s c o n s t j t u e n c y , a s m a l l , p o w e r f u l g r o u p o f l i b e r -a ls were e lec ted to - the Cor tes . These men immedia te ly se t about cu t t ing away1 - h ' \ r F 2 r s n f n r i r ' i 1 e . ' - a n a e s e , l h v t h p r o h i l i t v a n . l f h - r . | v e l h o u S e h O l d a n d

t h e n L h e y e n a c t e d c h e S p a n i s h v e r s i o n o f T i b e r t e , e g a L i c 6 , e L I r a t e r n i t 6 .As t .he i r po l i t i cs v , /e re a t odds w i th those o f the conserva t ive Regency ,

t h e i r f i r s t a c t i o n w a s t o d e c l a r e t h a t , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f L h e K i n g , t . h e C o r t e s

1 3

had abso lu te sovere ign ty . They then requ i red tha t a l l s ta te o rgan iza t . ion takean oa th o f a l leg iance. When some o f the RegenEs res is ted , a new iRegency o fThre=" was esLab l ished- I t s th ree members , Genera l B lake and Adrn i ra ls C iscar

- and -Agar, *were - €.eLec.t.ed... qg.ce_u.-ss _+I-ey .,rye-rg _.rlol ' .-!noEed. .as -.being po_1irically

f t was th is Cor tes thaE was to ru le Spa in un t i l a fcer France 's de fea t in1814. Unfor lunateLy fo r the Span ish army, the Cor tes was fo rmed o f paroch ia lpoli-L j-cians wit.h their own agendas Ehat came before fighting the French. ForEhe i i rsE 18 monChs o f i t s ex is tence, the CorEes devoted i t s energ ies tow r i c : n g t h e C o n s c i t u t i o n o f 1 8 1 2 , a n d n o t h i n g e l s e . T h i s l e f t t h e p r o v i n c e sto fend fo r t .hemse lves , o rgan iz ing what mi l i ta ry fo rmaEions they migh t , anddenieC the Spanish armies a unified command chat mighc have given it somesEra :eg ic gu idance .

while the Corces argued over the rights of the people versus those oft.he monarchy, the French overran more and more of Spain. expanding thej.rcon t :o l o f the Span ish count rys ide Eo the max imum tha t they were to ach ievedur i : - -g c .he war . EvenLua l Iy , when the CorEes d id evenEua l ly tu rn i t s aL ten t ionto tne army, i t s e f fo r ts were ine f fec tua l . In fac t , th is may have been de l ib -erar= as the l ibera ls in che Cor tes probab ly rea l i zed tha t the monarchy wassupp: rLed by the s tand ing army, whose genera ls owed the i r power and pos i t ionto t : - .a t monarchy . I t s on ly accompl ishment o f no te was when they conv inced theres t o f the Cor tes to appo in t Wel l ing ton Che supreme commander o f the Span ish

The lack o f government resu l ted in much o f the war be ing car r ied on bygucr :a11as- As the French were s1ow1y dr iven back and more Span ish te r r i to rywas - l ibera ted , many o f these guer r i l l as rever ted to the i r o lder t rade o fban i : t ry . o thsrs , l i ke Ju l ian sanchez 's guer i l la a rmy were incorpora ted in torhe Span ish army a t the end o f the war . The f i rs t e f fo rC to cont ro l th isoccu: : 'ed in November 1813 when the Regency ac tempted to b r ing them undercon i :o l by o rgan iz ing a ru ra l vo lun teer mi l i t ia wh ich was to ma in ta in o rder .Hoere . - 'e r , the e f fo r t was a to ta l fa i lu re .

No fu r ther ma jor ac t ions were taken by the Span ish government v is -a -v isEhe army. In 1814, Fernando VI I assumed the th rone and rees tab l i shed theabsc :u te monarchy . Among h is f i rs t ac t . ions was to pu t the l ibera l members o fthe :o r tes under a r res t and to beg in a res t ro ra t ion o f the o1d roya l p reroga-t i v e s . I n t h i s e f f o r t h e w a s s u p p o r t e d b y h i s o l d a 1 1 i e s , t h e g e n e r a l s .D e s p : t e t h i s a n d N a p o l e o n ' s r e t u r n t o F r a n c e i n 1 8 1 5 . t h e S p a n i s h r a p i d l yretu:ned fo their oLd ways and t.he decay of t.he army began anew.

t? By 1814 the Spanish army had grown, or probably more properly, changedsucLr tha t iE no l r con ta ined 120 in fan t ry reg iments . Th is inc l -uded the 39prewar regu la r reg iments , 25 prewar p rov inc ia l m i l i t ia reg iments , and 54r e g i i : , 3 n t s r a i s e d i n o r a f L e r 1 8 0 8 . T h e l i g h t i n f a n L r y h a d g r o " n t . o 6 2 r e g i -m e n t s ; L h e 9 p r e w a r r e g i m e n t s a n d 5 3 r a i s e d i n o r a f r e r 1 8 0 8 . T h e c a v a f r ycons is ted o f 12 reg iments o f l ine cava l ry , ten dragoon reg iments , four ca-zadc :es reg iments , and four hussar reg imencs . The ar t i l l e ry had expanded andnow :ons is ted o f f i ve reg iments o f foo t a rL i l le ry , s ix squadrons o f horsear t . i l l e ry , 21 gar r ison compan ies , f i ve work shop compan ies , and s ix t ra inb a t t a l i o n s - A s o f 1 M a r c h 1 8 1 4 i t h a d a t o t a l s t r e n g t h o f 8 , 2 4 6 o f f i c e r s a n d1 8 4 . 1 5 8 m e n .

1 A

!.b

Organization of the Spanish Infantry1788-1814

In 1?98 each i : : f ; i : : : l - . . : rg i$cr t ' vas c r :9 . : : l i zeC ' , r r th t ' . r . : laLL ;1 ic r rs . Each ;ba'::aiion had one grer:ad:i.e:l a:-tC f j ' . .rr i i iuske:acr conpanies. ;, luw.ver, Lire gre- -.,nad ie r compan j .es were drawn o f f f rom the reg iments and organ ized in to con-verg ied grenad ier ba t ta l ions . The musketeer company had 160 men, wh i l -e thegranaderos (g renad ier ) company had 120 men- Th is gave the ba t ta l ion a s t rengLho f 7 6 0 c o m p a n y p e r s o n n e ] , i n c l u d i n g g r e n a d i e r s , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e a s s i g n e dt o t h e s t a f f .

The To ledo Reg iment , ra ised by the ac t o f 21 June 1?91, however var iedf rom ch is o rgan iza t i .on . I t was organ ized w iEh Ehree ba t ta t ions . The f i rs ttwo ba t ta l ions had one grenad ier and four fus i l ie r compan ies . The th i rdb a h h a l i o n h a d o n l y f o u r f u s i l i e r c o m p a n i e s . T h e 1 s t B a t t a l i o n ' s s t a f f c o n s i s t -e d o f :

1 C o r o n e l - ( C o l o n e l ) 1 C a b o d e g a s t a d o r e s ( S a p p e r C o r p o r a l )l S a r g e n t o m a y o r ( M a j o r - ) 6 G a s t a d o r e s ( S a p p e r s )

I A y u d a n t e m a y o r ( A d j u t a n t M a j o r ) f M a e s t r o A r m e r o ( M a s t . e r A r m o r e r )1 C a p e l l 5 n ( P r i e s t ) 1 T a m b o r m a y o r ( D r u m M a j o r )I C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n ) 2 P i f a n o s ( F i f e r s )

T h e s t a f f o f t h e 2 n C B a t t a l i o n c o n s i - s t e d o f :

1 T e n i e n i e c o r o n e t ( L t . C o l o n e l )

1 A y u C a n l e m a y o r ( A d j u t a n L V l a j o r )

1 C a p e ] 1 5 n ( P r i e s t )

1 C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n )

1 C a b c c ' e g a s t a d o r e s ( C o r p o r a l o f S a p p e r s )

6 G a s t a o c r e s ( S a p p e r s )

1 l v l a e s t r c a r m e r o ( M a s t e r A r m o r e r )

2 P i f a n o s ( F i f e r s )

T i r e s - r a f f o f t h e 3 r d B a t t a l i o n c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 T e n i e n t e c o r o n e l ( L t C o l o n e l )1 Ayudance mayor (Ad ju tan t l4a jo r )1 C a p e I l S n ( P r i e s t )1 C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n )

1 l " l a e s t r c a r m e r o ( M a s t e r A r m o r e r )2 P i f a n c s ( F i f e r s )

T h - c r r . 5 n a d i e r c c r m n a n i e s h a C :u v r r r I J u r l r 9 J

1 r r - ^ i e < ^ l r ' ^ ^ * - . i - \_ L \ - c r l _ r _ L L o , r r \ \ - c r l l L c r r 1 1 , ,

1 S e g u n o o T e n i e n t e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )

1 S u b t e n i e n t e ( S u b - L i e u t e n a n t )

1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o c l a s e ( 1 s C C l a s s S e r g e a n [ )

1 S a r g e n t o s e g u n d o c l a s e ( 2 n d C l a s s S e r g e a n [ )

1 D rummer. 3 C a b c s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )

3 C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )

5 4 G r e n a d i e r s

6 6 T o t a l

1 5

T h e f u s i l i e r c o m p a n i e s h a d :

l C a p i r d n ( C a p r a i n )1 Pr imer Tg5r ; .g f iFe . ( ]s t l , lgpgqnap! ) _I S e g u n d o T e n i e n c e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n E )1 S u b t e n i e n t e ( S u b - L i e u t e n a n t )1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o c L a s e ( 1 s t C I a s s S e r g e a n t )3 Sargent .os segnrndo c lase (2nd C1ass

S e r g e a n t s )3 Drummers5 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )5 C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C L a s s C o r p o r a l s )

l - 0 3 F u s i l i e r s] -24 TotaL

T h e f u s i l i e r c o m p a n i e s o f t h e 3 r d B a r t a l i o n c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 C a p i t d n ( C a p t a i n )1 P r i m e r T e n i e n t e ( t s t L i e u t e n a n t )1 S e g u n d o T e n i e n : e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n c )1 S u b t e n i e n t e ( S u b - L i e u t e n a n t )1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e : ' o c l a s e ( 1 s t C l a s s S e r g e a n t )2 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o c l a s e ( 2 n d C I a s s

S e r g e a : r t s )DrummersC a b o s p r i m e r o s ( r s tC a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n dF u s i l i e r sr - T r a F - ' lI L . ' L C I I

aL

A

A

r) _l-

? B

C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )

There were a nuntcer o f fo re ign in fan t ry reg iments in the Span ish army.: j rong them was the Guard ias l , ta lonas , wh ich r . ras c reaCed in 1704 h , i th s ix ba t ta -l ions . One o f i t s baLta l ions served as the permanent body guard to the K inge i Spa in , one ba t ta l ion served in L"ganes, and the remain ing four served in- ' zar ious gar r isons in Cata luna. Th is reg iment was fo rmed f rom nat . i ve F lems who-" re re d rawn f rom the Span ish prov ince tha t i s now modern Be lg ium. When Be lg iumrras losh t .o Spa in the recru i t ing grounds van ished and the percentage o f t rueF lems dropped dramat i ca l l y .

t :e Much the same process occur red l r i ch t .he lLa l ian and Neapo l i tan reg iments .1"hose two reg iment .s were fo rmed f rom c i t i zens o f Spa in 's now Ios t p rov inces in

T h e I r i s h r e g i m e n t s , U l t o n i a ( 1 7 0 9 ) a n d H i b e r n i a ( 1 6 9 8 ) w e r e o r i g i n a l l y:o rmed o f I r i shmen who were seek ing the oppor tun i ty to p rac i i ce f ree ly the i rre l ig ion and, no t to a smal l degree, co f igh t the Eng l ish who had f ie lded anarmy in Spa in dur ing the War o f the Span ish Success ion . As t ime wore on tnei r i s h f l a v o r o f t h e s e u n i t s a l s o d w r n d t e d a n d t . h e q u a l i t y o i L h e s e r e g i m e n L sie l f d ramat ica l l y as the Span ish swept up the vagabonds and r i f f ra f f fo rs3rv ice in the Span ish army.

The onLy fo re ign reg iments tha t re ta ined a pure ly na t iona l f lavor werei h 3 S w i s s w h o r e c r u i t e d i n t e n s i v e l y i n t h e i r h o m e p r o v i n c e s . H o w e v e r , t h e yaoo had non-Swiss men i l f ,e rs f rom var ious sources .

On 21 June L79L, a regu la t ion was pub l ished t .ha t a l lowed a rap id dernob i -l i za t ion in peacet ime. Th is e f fo r t in economica l opera t ions , was des igned to:educe the s r rengch o f an in fan t ry reg iment f rom 18 to 14 compan ies .

There were a nun icer o f 1 j -ghL in fan t ry reg iments ra ised on 2 June f792.

L 6

:l'Y

' P l r = q a r a a j n e n c s w e r e o r g a n i z e d w i t h a s i n g l e b a t t a l i o n o f f o u r c o m p a n i e s .! e : J r r r l

Each company was to have:

i l : t r : , e r c a p i t d n ( i s C C a p t a i n )1 S e g u n d o c a p i t . S n ( 2 n d C a p t a i n )1 P r i m e r o T e n i e n t e ( 1 s f L i e u t e n a n t )1 Segr rndo Ten ien te (2nd L ieu tenant1 P r i m e r o S u b t e n i e n t e ( r s t S u b - L i e u t e n a n t )1 S e g u n d o S u b t e n i e n t e ( 2 n d S u b - L i e u t e n a n t )1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o ( 1 s t C l a s s S e r g e a n t )5 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C I a s s S e r g e a n t s )3 Drummers8 C a b o s P r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )8 C a b o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )

] - 7 5 S o l d i e r s2 0 6 T o t a l -

T h e r e g i m e n t a l / b a t t a l i o n s t a f f c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 Comandan te (Commandan t )

1 S a r g e n t o m a y o r ( M a j o r )

1 P r i m e r o A y u d a n t e ( 1 s C A C j u t a n t ' )

1 S e g u n d o A y u d a n t e ( 2 n d A d j u t a n t )

1 C a p e l l S n ( P r i e s t )


1 M a e s t r o a r m e r o ( M a s t e r A r r r i o r e r )

1 T a m b o r m a y o r ( D r u m M a j o r )

T h e r e g r l l a c i o n f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e i n f a n t r y , d a t e C 2 6 A u g u s tL g a 2 , r e v i s = o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a g a i n . T h e l i n e i n f a n I r y w a s o r g a n i z e d s u c ht h a t e a c h r e g l - m e n t h a d t h r e e b a t t a l i o n s . T h e l s t B a [ [ a l i o n c o n s i s t e d o f t w o

^ t . : ^ -9 r - = r r . . r - r - L c L c . : t i t i r ' o f u s i l i e r c o m p a n i e s . T h e 2 n d a n d 3 r d B a t t a l i o n s h a d f o u rc o m o a n i e s c f i u s i l i e r s . T h e s [ a f f o f t h e 1 s t B a t t a l i o n c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 C o r o n e l ( C o l o n e 1 )


1 A y u d a n t e m a y o r ( A d j u t a n t t 4 a j o r )



1 A rmero (A rmore r )1 T a m b o r m a y o r ( D r u m M a j o r )

T h e s t a f f o f t h e 2 n d B a t t a l i o n c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 T e n i e n t e c o r o n e l ( L t . C o l o n e l )' l

A . r n r r j : n l - o r n - r r n r / n r l - i r r i - A 6 l - M a i n r )r n j q u u r r u u r r t c l y U ! \ f r L r J L l L C r l l L L ' t ( J J \ ) L I

1 A b a n d e r a d o ( S t a n d a r d B e a r e r )

1 C a p e l l 5 n ( P r i e s t )


1 A rmero (A rmore r )

L 7

6 -

J.T'!

T h e s t a f f o i L h e 3 r d B a t L a l i o n c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 Commandante (Commandant)

1 Ayudante Sqygr (Agjqqent ryl-a jo.r,).I Abanderado (S t .andard Bearer )1 C a p e l l d n ( p r i e s t )1 C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n )1 Armero (Armorer )

E a c h c o m p a n v c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 C a p i t d n1 T e n i e n t e1 Subt .en ien te1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o ( 1 s t C l a s s S e r g e a n t )4 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C l a s s S e r g e a n t s )3 Drummers8 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s r C I a s s C o r p o r a l s )B C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )

5 0 S o l d i e r s8 7 T o t a l

T h i s r 3 o r g a n i z a t i o n g a v e t h e r e g i m e n t a t o t a l s t r e n g t h o f 1 9 s t a f f , 7 0- ^ r ' n : n l ' ^ t i i c e r s , a n d 1 , 0 0 8 n o n - c o m m j - s s i o n e d o f f i c e r s a n d m e n - T h e l i q h tr . e g i m e n t s ! . ; 3 r e a l s c r e s t r u c t u r e d . T h e i r s t a f f n o w c o n s i s t e d o f :

l - Commandante


1 P r i m e r a y u d a n t e ( l s t A d j u t a n t )

1 S e g u n d o a y u d a n t e ( 2 n d A d j u t a n t )

I A b a n d e r a d o ( S t a n d a r d B e a r e r )


I C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n )

I M a e s t r o a r m e r o ( M a s t e r A r m o r e r )

1 Tambor mayo r (D rum Ma jo r )

E a c h o f t h e s i x c o m p a n i e s i n t h e l i g h t r e g i m e n t n o w h a d :

. : z 1 Pr imer cap i ten1 Segundo CapitAn2 Ten ien tes2 Subten ien tes1 S a r g e n L o p r i m e r o ( l s t C l a s s S e r g e a n t )5 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C l a s s S e r g e a n t s )3 DrummersB C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C l a s s C o r p o r a l s )I cabos segundos (2nd C lass Corpora ls )

ro51 3 5 T o t a l

The l igh t reg i rnents had a to ta l s t rength o f 41 o f f i cers and 780 non-commiss ioned o f f i cers and men -

The Regu la t ion o f 28 January 1803 es tab l i shed tha t each o f the reg imentswas reorgan i .zed w i th Cwo bat t .a l ions . Each ba t ta l ion cons is ied a f one qrenad i -e r company and four fus i l ie r compan ies . A grenad ier company had:

1 B

1*

1 C a p i t a n1 T e n i e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )1 S u b t e n i e n t e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )1 S . : . r g e n t o p r l r " r ? ( 1 s t S e : g e a n i ): Sarge i r tcs segundcs (2 i - r , i Serge. :n ts )4 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C o r p o r a l s )4 Cabos segundos (2nd Cor :pora ls )2 Drummers

9 5 G r a n a d e r o s ( G r e n a d i e r s )J , I 2 T o t a l

E a c h f u s i l - i e r c o m p a n y h a d :

1 l s t C a p i t S n1 2 n d C a p i t d n2 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t )

2 S u b t e n i e n t e s ( S u b - L i e u t e n a n t s )

I S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n t )5 S a r g e n t o s s e g l u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )

B C a b o p r i m e r o s ( t s t C o r p . c r a l s )B C a b o s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r ^ o o : a 1 s )4 Drummers

l - ' / 4 F u s i l i e r s2 0 6 T o t a l

I ; - i a d o i t i o n , e a c h b a t t a L i o n h a d a s E a r f . T h e s t a f f o f t h e 1 s t B a E t a l i o nv / a . = 2 L o f f i c e r s a n d m e n . T h e s t a f f o f t h e 2 n c B a t t a l - i o n w a s 1 6 o f f i c e r s a n dm e : . . T h e s t a f f o f t h e l s t B a t t a l i o n w d s :

1 C o r o n e l ( C o l o n e l )

I T e n i e n t e C o r o n e l ( L i e u t e n a n t C o l - o n e l )1 M a j o r

1 C a d e E e ( C a d e t )

2 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t s ) ( O v e r C o m p l i m e n t )

1 C a p e l l 5 n ( P r i e s t )

1 S p a n i s h C l e r k


1 Tambor mayo r (D rum Ma jo r )

2 M u s i c i a n s ( C l a r i n e t s o r f i f e s )

I C a b o Z a p a d o r e s ( S a p p e r C o r p o r a l )

6 Zapado res (Sappe rs )

1 A rmero (A rmore r )

1 P rovos t

T h = s t a f f o f t h e 2 n d B a t t a l i o n w a s :

1 T e n i e n t e C o r o n e l ( L i e u t e n a n t C o l o n e l )

I Ayudan te (Ad j u tan t )1 C a d e t e ( C a d e t )

1 C a p e I l S n ( P r i e s t )

. I C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n )

2 M u s i c i a n s ( C l a r i n e t s o r r i f e s )1 C a l ^ r n 7 A y ) A d o r p q ( R : n n e r C r r n o r a l )

6 , T . a n a d n r p q { s a n n a r q )\ " * Y Y v L v '

1 Armero (Armorer )

1 Provos t

L Y

T h e t o t a l s t r e n g t h o f t . h e r e g i m e n t w a s 1 , 9 0 9 m e n . O n 1 J u l y 1 8 1 0 , i n a nefforE to remedy the problems that two years of warfare had wrought upon thein fan t ry o rgan iza t ion , a decree was issued tha t reorgan ized the in fan t ry . Thein fan t ry was reorgan ized w i th 9 g rqead ier :ba t . ta l ions , _ ( fo rmed in to four d iv i -

* - s ions) 121 l ine in fan t ry reg iments , 32 l igh t in fan t ry ba t ta l ions , and rwocorps o f Swiss in fan t ry . The in te rna l s t ruc tu re o f the reg iments and grenad i -e r ba tEa l ions $rere a lso a l te red . The grenad ier ba tca l ions had 281 men organ-ized in a s ta f f , f i ve g renad ier compan ies and one cazadore company. Eachcompany had:

1 Cap i tdn 3 Tambores2 T e n i e n t . e s 6 C a b o s p r i m e r o s1 S u b t e n i e n t e 5 C a b o s s e g u n d o s1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o 1 1 1 - G r e n a d i e r s o r C a z a d o r e s3 Sargent .os segundos I34 Tota l_

T h e s t a f f c o n s i s f e d o f :

1 T e n i e n t e C o r o n e l

1 S a r g e n t o M a y o r2 A y u d a n t e s ( A d j u f a n t L i e u t . e n a n t s )

1 A b a n d e r a d o ( F l a g b e a r e r 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t s )

1 C a p e ] l 5 n ( P r i e s t )


f - i r rmero (Armorer )1 Tambor Mayo r (D rum ma jo r )

E a c h i n f a n c r y r e g l m e n t n o w c o n t a i n e d t h r e e b a t t a l i o n s . E a c h b a t t a l i o n h a d o n ec o m p a n y o f g r e n a d r - e r s , o n e o f c a z a d o r e s a n d f o u r c o m . p a n i e s o f f u s i l i e r s . T h eg r e n a C i e r c l : c a z a i o r e c o m p a n y w a s o r g a n i z e d w i t h :

1 C a p i t S n2 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t )1 S u b t e n i e n t e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )1 S a r g e n E o p r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n E )2 DrummersB F i f e r s3 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )

5 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C o r p o r a l s )6 C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )6 S a p p e r s

8 5 G r a n a d e r o s o r C a z a d o r e s] -20 Tota l

Each f us i l - i er cornoanv had :

r \ - c 1 P J _ L O . l l

2 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t )2 S u b t e n i e n t e s ( S u b - L i e u t e n a n t s )1 S a r g e n t o p r : i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n t )4 . S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )3 DrummersB C a b o p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C o r p o r a l s )B C a b o s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )

r . J b t ' u s l I ] - e r st 6 5 T o t a ]

/i?

2 0

it

T h e r e g i m e n t a l s t a f f n o w h a d :

L Corone l ( Co lone l )l Te i : : s : i ie ( :c l -J i i ; i ( : teu :e : tan t Co lone l . )

' 1 Ma jorI Sargento mayor (Ma j or)3 Ayudante (Adj utants )3 Abanderados (Standard bearers )3 C a p e l l 6 n ( P r i e s t s )

3 C i ru janos { Surgeons )3 Mest ro Armeros (Master gunsmi ths)1 Tarnlcor mayor (Drum major)

The rank ing o f these reg iments was based on the da tes o f the i r o rgan iza-L io : r , i r : respec t ive i f i t was a f ine or mi l iC ia reg iment . The grenad ier ba t ta -l ions were numl f ,e red one th rough e igh t . Each one had f i ve compan ies o f g renad-j e r s a n d o n e o f c a z a d o r e s ( l i g h t i n f a n t r y ) . T h e b a t t a l i o n h a d a f u f l s t r e n g t ho f 781 men and was organ ized as fo l lows:

S t a : f : 1 C o m m a n d a n t e ( u s u a l l y a L t . C o l o n e l )I Sargento mayor (Ma j o r )2 Ayudantes (Ad ju tan ts - L ieu tenants )1 Abanderado (S tandard bearer

- 2nd lJ ieu tenant )1 C a p e l l e n ( P r i e s t )l C i ru jano (S l r rgeon)

1 Armero (Armorer)

I Tambor mayor (Drum Major )9 Tota l

Corr.roanv: 1 Capit.an2 Ten ien tes (L ieu tenant s )1 Subten ien te {2 nd L ieu tenant )1 S a r g e n L o p r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n t )3 Sargentos segundos (2nd Sergeants )3 Drummers6 Cabos pr imeros ( l s t corpora ls )5 Cabos segundos (2nd Corpora ls )

ILL Cranaderos /Ca z ador e s134 Tota l

T h e l i n e i n f a n t r y r e g i m e n t s w e r e o r g a n i z e d w i t h t h r e e b a t t a l i o n s . E a c h b a t b a -l i o n h a d a c o m p a : l y o f g r e n a d i e r s , o n e o f c a z a d o r e s , a n d f o u r o f f u s i l i e r s .I t s t h 3 o r e t i c a l f u f l s t r e n g t h w a s 2 , 5 5 4 m e n . T h e r e g i m e n t a l s t a f f c o n t a i n e d :

1 s t B a t t a l i o n ;1 Corone l (Co lone l . )1 Sargento mayor (Ma j o r )1 A ] rdante (Ad ju tan t - L ieu tenant )1 Abanderado (S tandard bearer - 2nd L ieu tenant )

. t Cape1 l5n (Pr i es t )l C i ru jano (Surgeon )1 Armero (Armorer)

1 Tambor mayor (Drum Major )

1 Maest ro a rmero {Master Ar rnorer )9 Tota l

2 L

2 n d B a t t a l i o n :1 T e n i e n t e c o r o n e l ( L t . C o l o n e I )1 AyudanEe (Ad juEant - L ieu tenant . )1 Abanderado (S tandard bearer - 2nd L ieu tenant )

. , . . l C a p e l l d n ( p r i e s t )1 C i r u j a n o ( S u r g e o n )1 Armero (Armorer)6 T o t a l

3 r d B a t t a l i o n :1 Commandante (Commander)1 A ln - rdante (aa iu tan t - L ieu tenant )1 Abanderado (Srandard bearer

- 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )1 C a p e l l d n ( P r i e s t )1 C i ru jano (Surgeon)1 Armero (Armorer )6 T o t a L

Grenad ier Companv1 C a p i t d n3 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t s )

I S u b t e n i e n t e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o? Q a r a r a n t - a \ e q o a r r n r i n q

2 Drummers2 F i f e r s5 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( r s t C o r p o r a l s )6 C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )

9 1 G r e n a d i e r s1 l - 5 T o I a I

Cazadore Comoanr r

1 C a p i t d n 2 D r u m m e r s3 T e n i e n t e s 5 C a b o s p r i m e r o s

1 S u b t e n i e n t e 5 C a b o s s e g u n d o s1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o 8 5 C a z a d o r e s3 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s 1 0 5 T o t a l

F u s i l i e r C o m o a n v

1 C a p i t a n 3 D r u m m e r s3 T e n i e n t e s 8 C a b o s p r i m e r o s1 S u b t e n i e n t e B C a b o s s e g u n d o s1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o 1 3 5 F u s i l i e r s3 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s I 5 4 T o C a l

T h e f i f e r s a n d s a p p e r s i n t h e g r e n a d i e r c o m p a n i e s h a d t h e s a m e b e n e f i t sa s t h o s e i n t h e b a t t a l i o n s E a f f s . T h e s a p p e r s w e r e n o t i d e n t i f i e d i n t h ec c m p a n y s t r u c t u r e a s s u c h , a n d m a y h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e g r e n a d i e rn u m b e r s . E a c h g r e n a d i e r b a t t a l i o n h a d a l e s s o r n a t e b a t t a l i o n s t a n d a r d . T h e1 s t B a t t a l i o n o f e a c h r e g i m e n t c a r r i e d t h e c o l o n e l ' s s t a n d a r d a n d t h e 2 n d a n d3 r d B a t t a l i o n s c a r r i e d t h e l e s s o r n a t e b a t t a l - i o n c o l o r s .

W h e n f o r m e d i n b a t t l e t h e b a t t a l i o n s r a n k e d t h e m s e l v e s f r o m t h e r i g h t t ot h e l e f t w i t h t h e c o m p a n i e s o r g a n i z e d i n t h e s a m e o r d e r , w i t h t h e c a z a d o r e s o n

:'*

2 2

:p

the ex t reme r igh t , then fhe grenad iers , and f ina l l y the four fus i l ie r compa_n r e s -

In the l ine ba tsUa l ions , the grenad ier and cazadore compan ies were main-t .a ined by drawing men f rom Che fus i l ie r compan ies . Those drawn fo r du ty inthe cazadore company were shor te r , ag i le men who were be t te r su i ted fo r sk i r - . - - " r ,m ish ing . Marksmansh ip was reputed ly aLso a cons idera t ion- In the same man-ner , the o f f i cers o f t .hese compan ies were theore t ica l l y se lec ted by che regr . -menta l co lone ls because o f the i r su i tab i l i t y fo r the funcEions o f those twocompan ies ,

I t was normal p rac t ice fo r Che army commander to d raw o f f the 3rd Bat ta_l ions o f the reg iments and organ ize them in to a generar reserve fo r t t re a rmy.fn add i t ion , they were used as a poo l o f ava i lab le manpower to keep thenumbers o f the 1s t and 2nd Bat ta l ions up to s t rength , i f they su f fe red tooheav i l y in ba t t le o r los t . s ign i f i can t . nurnbers th rough any o ther cause. Thel ighC in fan t ry reg iments had a to ta f s t rength o f l - ,245 and the i r s ing le ba i ta_1 i -on ' . ras o rgan ized as fo l lows:

1 Commandante


1 P r i m e r a y u d a n t e ( t s t A d j u t a n t - 2 n d C a p i t a n )1 S e g u n d o a y u d a n t e ( 2 n d A d j u t a n t - L i e u t e n a n t )1 A b a n d e r a d o ( S t a n d a r d B e a r e r - 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )1 C a p e l 1 5 n ( p r i e s t )


1 M a e s t r o a r m e r o ( M a s t e r A r m o r e r )1 T a m b o r m a y o r ( D r u m M a j o r )

9 T o t a }

E a c h o f t h e s i x c o m o a n i e s h a d :

1 C a p i t d n p r i m e r o

1 C a p i t d n s e g u n C c

2 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t s )

2 S u b t e n i e n t e s ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t s )

1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o

5 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s4 Drummers

7 2 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C o r p o r a l s )1 2 C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n C C o r p o r a l s )

1 7 0 F u s i l i e r s

2 I O T o t a l

I n a n e f f o r t t o p l a c a t e t h e o f f i c e r c o r p s , i n M a y I B L 2 , i t w a s d e c l a r e 1 iL h a t e a c h r e g i m e n t s h o u l d b e r e d u c e c i f r o m t h r e e t o o n e b a t t a l i o n e a c h , r d t h e rt h a n r e d u c i n g t h e n u m b e r o f e x i s t i n E u n i r s . T h o u g h t h i s c r e a t e d m o r e b i l - l e t sf c r c o l o n e l s a n d o t h e r s e n i o r o f f i c e r s , i t h a d t h e e f f e c t o f f u r t h e r c o r n p l _ i -c a t i n g t h e E r a i n i n g a n d m o v e m e n t o f n e ! ^ r r e c r u i t s t o t h e f i g h t i n g u n i t s i n i h =f r e l d .

A s i m i l - a r a c c o m m o d a t i o n w a s m a d e f o r f h e g e n e r a l s . I n 1 8 1 4 t h e r e r v e r : e5 9 0 g e n e r a l s i n t h e S p a n i s h a r m y a n d i n o r d e r t o q i v e e a c l - r o f t h e m a c c r i : -m a n d , b r i g a d e s w e r e l i m i t e d t o a s t r e n g t h o f f o u r b a t t a l i o n s a n d d i v i s i c n sw e r e l i m i t e c l t o e i g h t b a E t a l i o n s .

2 3

f n f a n t r v D r i l l

Be tween 1?89 and tBO3 rhe Span ish army was L i t t le more than a span ishmimicry of che prussian army of Frederick the Great.. They had seen how hj-s

* - -FysLen o f war fa re had swept a l l be fore i t , and in an e f fo rE co ensure tha tthey were up to the La les t innovaL ions , the Span ish cop ied i t dogmac j -ca l l y .The i r fo rces were t ra ined to a t tack . They were t ra ined to make use o f thebayonet , to rnarch rap id ly (a re la t i ve concepc as they were to learn when theymet the French armies) and to beg in f i re a t a d is tance o f 250 paces .

In 1803, when Godoy began h is re fo rms, the Span ish a lso adopred rheFrench Regu la t ion o f 129r , and the i r bas is fo r in fan t . ry d r i r l . Though theyl -acked the subt i . l t y o f execut ion tha t the French demonst ra ted , i t i s whatg u i d e d t h e i r b a L t a l i o n t a c t i c s .

Un i fo rms o f the Span ish In fan t rv

The un i fo rms o f the r ine in fan t . ry in 1793 cons is ted o f a r rad i t iona lBourbon wh i te coaL w i th wh i re tu rnbacks p iped w i th the coror o f rhe lape ls .on l -y Ehe fo re i .gn reg imenEs wore the l igh t b lue coaE. The reg imenta l - d is t inc -t l ves were uorn on the Swed ish cu f fs , the co l la rs , the lape ls and on Lheb u t t o n s . T h e i r v e s i s a n d b e l t s w e r e w h i t e - T h e y w o r e h i g h b t a c k g a i t e r s .The grenad iers wore an espec ia l l y ta1 l bearsk j .n w i th no p la te and long c lo th- A d c h : n ^ i n ^ LU Lr rc rear - These bags were usua l ly in the same co lo r as theun i fo rm cu f fs and in t r i ca te ly eml f , ro idered v i th des igns in var ious conr ra_s i ing co fors . The musket3ers wore a b icorn w i th cockade and pompon- There: , 'as no lace edg ing on the b icorn , as i t had b3en abo l ished in 1293.

O n f 5 A p r i I . 1 8 0 5 t h e u n i f o r m s u n d e r w e n c a m a j o r c h a n g e . R e c t a n g u l a r c u f fi laps were adopced, tha t ! , re re in the co l ,o r o i the cu f f and p iped l rh i te - Thecoat was a lso changed f rom wh i te to b lue- The reg imentaL co lo rs became asi o l L o w s :

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C u f f s & F l a o s L a o e l s B u t t o n sV i o l e t V i o l e t y e l - l _ o wV i o l e t V i o l e t h l h i r eV i o l e t t . / i o l e t y e I l o wB l a c k 3 l a c k y e I ] o wB l - a c k B l a c k h l h i t eB l a c k B l a c k y e l l o r vB l - a c k 3 l a c k W h i c eV i o l e t V i o l e r W h i r eR e d P . e d y e l l o wRed R.ed t^ti'r i r eB l a c k l . l h i t e l l h r c e

B l - u e L i g h t B l u e L i g h t B l u e y e i l o wB l - u e L i g h t B l u e L i g h t B l u e t J h r r e

G r e e n G r e e n y e l l o w

Green Green ! ' l h r t eL i g h t B l u e L i g h r B l u e y e l - l o w

Red R eC ye l l ov rG r e e n G r e e n y e l _ l o wL i g h t B I u e L i g h r B l u e W h i r eR ed R .ed ye l 1o rv

B L u e L i g h t B l u e l ^ l h i t e W h i r eGreen Green l ^ Jn i t - eG r e e n i t h i t e t . t h i t e

1 Az - a

Col- l-arNawar ra Da rk B IueArag5n RedA m S r i c a D a r k B l u eP r i n c e s a V i o l e t

E x E : e m a d r a C r i m s o nO r d i n e s M i l i t a r e s D a r k B l u eV o l - d e C a s t i l l a C r i m s o nV o l - d e E s t a d o W h i t eV o I - d e C o r o n a W h i t e

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* C u f f f l a p w a s b l u e .* i C l u f f l a p w a s r e d .

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D a r k B l - u e D a r k B l u e Y e l l o wR e d W h i t e W h i t eD a r k B I u e D a r k B l - u e W h i t eV i o l e t l { h i t e W h i t e

C r i m s o n C r i m s o n Y e l l o wD a r k B l - u e W h i c e W h i t e

C r i m s o n C r i m s o n W h i t e

C r i m s o n C r i m s o n Y e l - I o wC r i m s o n C r i m s o n W h i t e

Cr imson wh i t e I ^ Jh : - [ e

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:,v

I f i h e c o l l - a r o r l a p e l s w e r e w h i t e , t h e y w e r e p i p e i i n E h e c o l o r o f i n =c u f i s . T h e c u f f f l a p s a n d s h o u l d e r s t r a p s w e r e a l r v a v s p i p e d w h i t e . T h ec u r n b a c k s a n d t h e t u r n b a c k p o c k e t w e r e p i p e d i n f t r e c o l o r o f t h e c u f f s a sv r e i l -

T h e r e g i m e n t a l s a p p e r s w o r e t h e b a s i c i n f a n t r y u n i f o r r r { , r v i t h t w o m a j o ri i s : j - n c t i o n s . T h e y w o r e a l e a t h e r a p r o n t o p r o t e c t t h e r r l e g s a n d t h e i l - h a :c o n s i s t e d o f a m a s s i v e b e a r s k i n v r i t . h t h e b a g o f t h e q r e n a d l - e r s . I n c o n t r - a s :t o r h e g : - e n a d i e r s , h o w e v e r , t h i s b e a r s k i n h a i a l a r g e p l a t e e i t h e r o f b r a s s o rl v h i r e m e t a l w i t h w a r i o u s c r e s t s . L i k e s a p p e r s t h e r v c l l C o v e r , b e a r d s a n jm u s t a c h e s w e r e a l - m o s t m a n d a t o r y .

T h e c u t o f t h e c o a t w a s m o C i f i e d i n 1 8 0 0 . r t n o w c l o s e d a t t h e w a i s fa n d h a d s f . r a i g h t l a p e l s . H o w e v e r , t h e o t h e r a s p e c t s o i t h e u n i f o r m r e m . a : - n e iu n c n a n g e o - f n 1 B 0 5 L h e s k i r t s o f t h e c o a t r . r e r e s h o r : t e n e d , s u c h t h a t t h e i , 'r e a c h e d r n i d - r L l m p . T h e t u r n b a c k s h a d a h e a r t s h a p e d p a t c h o n t h e j - r c o r n e r - L t a :

I ^ / a s t h e c o l o r o f t h e l a p e I s . T h e l o n g g a i i - e r s v / e r e a l s o : : e p l a c e d b 1 z s h 3 r a ,m i c - c a l f g a i t e r s .

I n 1 8 1 2 , i n a n e f f o r t t o s u p p o r t t h e S p a n i s h v r a r : e f r o r t , E n g l a n d p l : o v i c e i- t

- - ^ ,c r \ , = r y r c r r 9 3 n u m b e r o f u n i f o r m s . T h i s u n i f o r m c o n s i s t = d o f a c o n i c a l , s t c : , ' 3 -r - r i r -= ch : l r n w i t h a red cockade and a me ta l - f i on t badge . I t was t r immed a r :o , . - , r : dt h = b a s e a n d h a d a b a n d t h a t r a n u p b o c h s i d e s a n d o v e r : t h e t o p . T n r s c a r jr u n n i n g o v e r t h e t o p v r a s t i e d o n t o p o f t h e s h a k o , b u [ c o u l d b e u n i i e c . a r ju s e d a s a c h i n s t r a p .

T h e g r e n a d i e r ' s s h a k o h a d a g r e n a d e b a d g e . v a r y i n g s o L l r c e s g i v e i t a : e jo r a g r e e n t u f L , a n d t r i m . g r e e n b e i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l c o l o r o f m o s t o a l e :E u r o o e a n n a t i o n s f o r . l i g h t i n f a n t r y . T h e J - i g l t t c o r n c a n i e s h a d a b u g l e b a i c = ,r e i t u f t a n d t r i m a n d t h e c e n E . e r c o m p a n i e s h a d a r a m o a n t l - i o n b a d g e , r . , , n i c et u i t a n d r v h i t e ( o r b l a c k ) t r i m .

T h e j a c k e t w a s d a r k b l u e a n C s i n g l e b r e a s t e d .L u r - n b a c k s , a n d p i p i n g v / e r e r e d . T h e b u t t o n s w e r e

I I s c o ] l a r , p o i - n t e C c u i ; s ,bras s . Each cc i i rc ,an\ {

'? :21)

2 5

d ls t inc t iwes . The grenad iers had b lue ro l I w ings f r inged w i th red , the l igh tcompan ies had b lue ro l l w ings f r inged w i th g reen, and Che cenEer compan ies hadp la in b lue shou lder seraps p iped w i t .h red . On Ehe s ides o f t .he co l la r wereye1 low. lec te rs , o f , the . in i t ia ls .o f the reg iment ' s - - name . The i r b reeches were .shy-b- tue or b lue gray . They wore shor ! wh i le ga icers , wh ice c ross be l ts , b lackpouch, wh i te haversack , a bar re l shaped canteen on a wh i te s l ing , b ror^ rn , darkb lue or b lack canvas knapsack w i th wh i te s t raps , and a gray b lanket ro11.

Th is un i fo rm, be ing so preva lenE, was a lso w ide ly used by the var iousreg i inent .s thaE were no t par t o f fhe regu la r L ine in fan t ry escab l ishment .

T : : : L iqh t In fan t rv

The l igh t in fan t ry ra ised in 1293 wore a b icorn , g reen coats w i th redcuf fs and 1ape1s- The i r ves ts were wh l te , They laore brown lea ther kneeIeng:h ga i te rs . The i r be l ts were wh i te and Ehey wore b lue grea tcoats . fn1300 rhe i r coa ts o ,e re changed to b lue w i th red fac ings and Lhe grea t coa tbecar "= green.

In 1802 the i r b icorns were e l im ina ted and rep laced w i th a b lack , lowc=own=d lea ther Tar le ton he lmecs . The he lmet had a red tu rban. The na t iona lc a c k a i e w a s o n t h e l e f t s i d e , u n d e r t h e g r e e n p I u m e . T h e h 3 l m e t h a d a b t a c ki u : c r e s t a n d a n o v a l b r a s s p l a t e b e a r i n g t h e r o y a l S p a n i s h c o a t o f a r m s .

l 'he jacke t was rep laced by a g reen do lman wh ich had red cu f fs and co l fa r ,y=1 lc i r lace and bu t tons , and a red sash. The i r b reech- -s were now wh i te andt . . :3y ' " rc re long b lack ga i te rs . The he lmet was rep laced in f8o5 by a shako w i tha gr :=n p lume on the le f t s ide , surmount ing the red co3kad3. The cords andg lands were wh i te and the f ron t p faque var ied f rom brass ro e rh i te meta1.

On 15 Apr i l 1805 the un i fo rm was rev ised aga in , anc i a < la rk b lue un i fo rmc ' - : t : i ke tha t o f the l ine in fan t ry was adopted . The l ia is tcoat had a doubrer :3 i l c i bu t tons and the grea t coa t was brown. The reg imenra l d is t inc t i ves o ft : - : : : g h t i n f a n t r y H e r e c h a n g e d t r o t h e f o l l o w i n g :

C u f f s

C o l l a r & C u f f F l - a p s L a o e l s B u t t o n si 3 \ r , c t u n f a r i o s

l : V o i u n t a r i o s. i r - , -: A ! C [ e ' J l I C 1

i , 'o lu l tar ios de

l o d = B a r c e l - o n a

- , - - 2 o d = B a r c e l - o n a

B a r b a s t r oVc lu - : _ . -a r i os deYc lu ; : - , - a r i os deVo l -u i : . i a r i os de

de Aragon

d e C a t a l u f l a

G e rona

V a l e n c i a

C a m p o M a j o rNava r ra

R e dD a r k B I u eYe l - lowY e I l o wYe l - 1owD a r k B l u eR e dC r i m s o nD a r k B l u eC r i m s o n

R e d

Y e I l o w

Y e I l o w

Y e I l o w

Ye l - low

R e d

R e d

C r i m s o n

C r i m s o n

C r i m s o r r

R e d

Y e I l o w

D a r k B l u e

Y e I 1 o w

D a r k B I u e

P.edl l r r k H . l r r o

C r i m s o n

C r r m s o n

C l i m s o n

W h i t e

Y e I l o w

Y e I l o w

W h i t e

W h i t e

Y e I l o wI^lhi t eW h i t e

W h i t e

l l h i t e

In 1812 the Span ish began adopt ing Br i t i sh manufac :ured un i fo rms- A tt : r a t t i m e I i g h t b l u " u n i f o r m s l i k e t h o s e o f L h e L i n e i n l a n i r y w e r e a d o p c e c i .They had wh i te co l la rs , cu f fs , p ip ing , and tu rnbacks . Th3 conpany d is t inc -t ions on the shako were as those used by rhe t ine . fn 1e t5 ih3y adopted w ide_tcppeC shakos , shor t dark g reen tun ics w i rh c r imson co1. Ia : :s , red cu f fs , anCr = d _ o i p i n g , a n d t h e i r b r e e c h e s w e r e g r e e n -

i i : r i f c rms o f the Vo lun teer Un i ts

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e r e i s v e r y I i t . L l e r e a d r i y a v a i l a b l e d a t a o nt h e u n i f o r m s o f t h e s e f o r m a t i o n s . T h e y w e r e r a i s e d b y i ' c l - u r . : e e r s u b s c r i p t i o r : .

'-'l t/'z o

'itb

and no t we l l enough f i nanced , i n t he gene ra l sense , t o have a lways had f o rma lo r comp le t . e un i f o rms . As t he wa r p rog ressed whac l i t c re t ha t t hey we re i ssuedwas l os t . desL royed , o r damaged w i t hou t o f f i c i a l r ep l . acemen t , bu t t hey we rere .e i : - a^ l { i r - t a : : 1 . i : l a t e r i a l a t ha : : 3 . - l c : : : r : j . c l as . , ; e ;e reg : i l a r . 11 r r - on r4 - â 5 r . - -scaweng ing ' t he ba t t l e f i e l d . un i f o rms o f t en con : i s re l o f f ; . agna i i t s o f Lhe : - ; "

un i f o rms o f many d i f f e ren t r eg imen ts and a rm ies , enemy and a l l i ed , t ha t we resa lwaged f r om the wa r i ous ba t . t l e f i e l ds .

l f na t f ew f r agmen ts o f de ta i l s o f un i f o rms o f t hese f o rma t i ons t ha t haveappea red a re as f o l l ows :

Reqiment Jacket tacinqs Euttons Ereeches Headqearfe rnando V t l 8 tue , no Red S i l ve r E tue Red t r im and t u f t

t apetsLa Huerte creen, no Etue Sitver B[ue Tapered stovepipe, gfeeh tuft

tapets skutt & crossbones plaque2 ' Cad i z B roHn Orange S i t ve r ye t l oH Round ha t , Hh i t e t u f t oh l e f tVo lun ta r i os de [ a V i c to r i a BaoHn Red S iLve r E ro rn Co rs i can ha t t u fned up on t e f tVo tun ta r i os de l l u r c i a * E tue Ye t tow S i t ve . Bu f f T r im unkno rncua rd ias l l a l onas B lue Red S i t ve r Hh i t e Uh i t e t r imTo tedo * * B roHn YeL to r { S i t ve r t h i t e l t h i t e t r im , r ed t u f tl i l ed ina S idon ia + B ro {n L igh t B lue s i t ve r t , t l " ,

. Hh i t e t r im , t t . b tue pompon

red s t r l pecTan3deros de Hurcia + Btue Sky Etue unknoHn Blue Red p(ume

2 ' Ha t l occa + B tue Red unknoNn B tue unkno rncazado res de l ' l a t t o r ca 6 reen 8 [ack unkno rh 6 ray Un i f o rm l i ke 95 th R i f t esve te ranos de La Pa t r i a Dk Green Red unknown uh i t e S tack shako r i t h ye t t oH tace ano co ros ,San ta -Fe Dk B lue Green cu f t s unkno rn Dk B tue B lack shako , s i t ve r l ace & ch insca tes ,

Red piping red cockade and pompoh.Vo tun ta r i os t ea tes L t B tue Red unknoqo L t B [ue S tack shako , r ed t ace , pompon &

de Fe rnando V I I cockade , b rass ch ihsca tes & ova tof aoue.

* Wh ich o f t he s i x vo lun ta r i os de Murc ia i s no t kno r , / n .* * Sou rce i s no t c l ea r i f t h i s i s t he vo lunLa r i os de hono r de l a r ea l

un iwe rs idad de To ledo o r t he lmpe r i a l de To l -edo+ This formation is i .denti f ied only by Yaple and Haythornthwaite and was

n o t a m o n g t h o s e l j s t e d i n t h e v a r i o u s S p a n i s h s o u r c e s c o n s u f t e d .

2 7

.f6

Organization of the Spanish Cavalry1788-1814

On 4 March 1-787 the cava l ry was re fo rmed such tha t . each reg iment hadthree squadrons , each o f t .h ree compan i ,eq . ' " Each ' compahy

had two sargentos ,f o u r c a b o s ( c o r p o r a l s ) , f o u r c a r a b i n i e r o s , s e v e n t r u m p e t e r s ( d i s C r i b u t e db e t w e e n t h e 9 c o m p a n i e s ) , o n e t i m b a l e r o ( t y m p a n i s E ) , a n d 2 2 t r o o p e r s .

Th is gave the Span ish cawal ry es tab l i shment , no t inc lud ing dragoons, af o r c e o f 1 2 r e g i m e n t s o f l i n e , e a c h w i t h n i n e c o m p a n i e s f o r m e d i n 4 s q u a d r o n s .' T h c r o r r i m o nr r r v r v y r , , , - ^ . 8 d 1 s t r e n g t h w a s s e t a E 2 7 0 h o r s e s . I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e w e r e t w or e g i m e n t s w i t h s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i z a t , i o n s . T h e f i r s c w a s t h e C o s t a d eG r a n a C a R e g i m e n t w i t h t w e l v e c o m p a n i e s i n f o u r s q u a d r o n s t o t a l i n g 3 G 0 . Thesecond was the yolunEarios de Espafia, which had twelve companies in foursquaCrons and a total of 480 men. The 40 man foot companies were mounted bythe decrees o f 14 March and 23 August 1?89.

During the French Revolution the army was sent to the pyrenees by t.heRoya l Order o f 28 March 1?93. A1I o f the twe lve l ine cava l ry reg iments wered ispaLched to the f ron t , o rgan ized w i th Ehree squadrons , each w i th 3 compan iesand a to ta l o f 70 rnen, Th is inc luded a spec ia l war t ime augmenta t ion o f 20 menmounted per company. For the same reason, on 13 June 1?93, each company wasaugm3nted by the add i t ion o f a sergeant , two cabos and two carab in ie ros percompany.

In 1793 the Carab in ie ros de Mar ia I 'u isa were ra ised. As the war con-t i r .ued each company was augmented w i th another ten mounted men and a 1s tL ieucenant (Pr imer ten ien te) who had the temporary g rade o f cap ta in . Thecon_can ies no i . r had a s t . rength o f 70 , inc lud ing th ree sergeants .

The " guard ias de corps" were fo rmed on 21 June 1794 and cons is ted o ffour companiest EspafioLa, A/rlericana, ItaJ-iana, and F]amenca. They containednob l ,es and mern lcers o f o ther p r iv i leged c lasses . The Roya l Order o f 24 June1795 d j rec ted the inspec tor genera l o f d ragoons, p r ince de Monfor te , to b r ingh is d ragoons in to conformance e i th the Roya l Order o f 7 J rJ Iy 7794, and ra isethe i : squadron s t rengths to 70 men. Though each company was co have a ls tL ieu tenant and th ree sergeants , the company had f i f t y moun led and ten d is -mounted t roopers . Th is gave each dragoon reg iment the theore t ica l ab i l i t y tof i e l d 5 0 0 s a b e r s , p l u s c a d r e a n d s t a f f .

In 1795 the cava l ry cor ts isLed o f 15 reg iments o rgan ized w i th Lwe lvecompan ies , o rgan ized in to 48 squadrons , o r a to ta l o f 6 ,440 horses . Thecava l ry was to remain in th is o rgan iza t ion un t i t January 1803, when Godoy

/e in i t ia ted h is re fo rms.The Regu la t ion o f 28 January 1803 es tab l i shed tha t each o f the twenty -

four reg iments was organ ized w i th f i ve squadrons . Each squadron was to navet ! , ro compan ies . Each company was organ ized w i th :

1 C a p i t d n1 T e n i e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )1 A I f 6 r e z ( E n s i g n )1 S a r g e n t o p r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n t )2 S a r g e n t o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )1 Trumpeter4 C a b o s p r i m e r o s ( t s t C o r p o r a l s )4 - C a b o s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )4 C a r a b i n i e r o s ( S h a r p s h o o t e r s )

3 B M o u n t e d C a v a l i e r s1 3 D i s m o u n t e d C a v a l i e r s

1 H e r r a d o r ( B l a c k s m i t h )7 I M e n5 4 H o r s e s

2 B

:ib

T h e r e g i m e n t a l s t a f f c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 Corone l ( Co lone 1)' I T" : r i en ! - -e coran : l ( ! : . Cc1cn31)1 .Sai'gento Mayor (nlajor) --r '5 Atrudante (Adj ut ant )4 Por ta -es tandard (S tandard Bearer )l Cape l ISn ( Pr ies t )l C i ru jano (Surgeon)

1 Mar isca l mayor (Sergeant Ma jor )1 P icador (R id ing Master )2 Domadores (Horse Breakers )l Trumpeterl Saddlemakerl Gunsmi th1 Drummer (usua l ly no t p resent )

22 Total

Though the reg iment . had a to ta l manpower o f 67O men, on fy 540 werenounted . Ind ica t ions are tha t the d ismounted men remained beh ind in the depotand d id no t accompany the reg iment in to the f ie ld . Much o f th is i s a lso- r . h a h l w . l , r - r / r r h a d i f r i ^ " i - " i - { - i n n i n ^ - ' , i r ? b l e h O r S e S , A S h a r d a S i t w a S

to f ind manpower fo r the armed fo rces , i t was even harder to f ind horses .The carab in ie ros e /e re so ld ie rs o f exemplary conduct , v rho were ag i le ,

robus t and had the bes t horses . Dur ing a campaign they were scouts andg u i d e s .

T h e r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 0 3 a l s o d i s b a n d e d a I l o f E h e d r a g o o n r e g i m e n t s ,:onver t ing them in to cazadores or hussars - The Span ish cava l ry cons is ted o f: h e f o l f o w i n q r e q i m e n t s i n 1 8 0 3 :

T , i n o ( - . a r r : I r r r P a r r i m o n r

1 s t - R e y 7 t h - A l c a n t a r a

2 n d - R e i n a B t h - E s p a f l a

3 r d - P r i n c i p e 9 t h - A l g a r v e

4 t h - I n f a n t e 1 0 t h - C a l a t r a v a

5 t h - B o r b 6 n 1 l t h - S a n t i a g o

6 t h - F a r n e s i o 1 2 t h - M o n t e s a

C a z a d o r e s d e C a b a l l o ( C h a s s e u r s d C h e w a l R e q i m e n t s )

1 s t - R e y 4 t h - P a v i a

2 n d - R e i n a S t h - V i l - l a v i c i o s a

3 r d - A l m a n s a 6 t h - S a q u n t o

H u s s a r R e q i m e n t s

1 s t - N u m a n c i a

2 n d - L u s i t a n i a

3 r d - O l i v e n c i a

4 t h - V o l u n t a r i o s d e E s p a f l a

5 t h - M a r i a L u i s a

6 f h - E s n a f i o f e s

I n 1 8 0 5 G o d o y r e a l - i z e d t h a t t h e r e v / a s a v a l i d u s e f o r u n i t s p e c i f i c a l l y" . r a i n e d a s d r a g o o n s a n d r e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e d r a g o o n s :

D r a o o o n R e q i m e n t s R e e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 8 0 5

R e y V i l l a v i c i o s a

R e i n a S a g u n t o

A l m a n s a N u m a n c i a

? a v i a L u s i t a n i a

z y

T h e c a w a l r y u n d e r w e n t v e r y f e w c h a n g e s u n t i l t h e 1 8 0 8 w a r b r o k e o u t .r ] n r - o i t - * o ^ a n t h e n u m b e r s o f r e g i m e n t . s w e r e s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e d . r n l g O g , 1 7! s Y l

n e w r e g i n e n t s w e r e r a i s e d , a f u r t h e r L 6 w e r e r a i s e d i n L B O 9 , 7 w e r e r a i s e d i n1 8 1 0 , 7 m o r e w e r e r a i s e d i n 1 8 1 1 , a n d o n e w a s , r : a i s e d . , i n . L B L ? . T h e r e g i m e n t se ^ i ^ ^ . - J

! c l J _ > = u i w = : t r :

R e g i m e n f C o m m a n d i n q O f f i c e r D a t e R a i s e dDraqoons

CS.ce res Augus t i n Sanchez 1 Ju I y 1808Cas t i l l a Jos6 Tabe rne r 1 Aug r r s t . 18 08M a d r i d M a n u e l F r e i r e 1 5 S e p t e m b e r 1 B O BG r a n a d a M a n u e l d e l a C r u z 2 9 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 0 82 0 d e L u s i t a n i a F r a n c i s c o c h a p e r o n 1 5 J u l y 1 9 0 9Sor i a An ton io Camporedondo 22 Feb rua ry 1811

L i n e C a w a l r v

V o l u n t a r i o s d e S e v i l l a M a r q u 6 s d e A l b e n t o s 1 J u n e 1 8 0 8V o l u n t a r i o s d e C i u d a d - R o d r i g o A n t o n i o R e g u i l o n 4 J u n e 1 8 0 8C a r a b i n i = r o s R e a l e s d e

E s t r e m a d u r a G r e g o r i o L a g u a n 7 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 0 8P e r s e g u i c c s d e A n d a l u c i a F e r n a n d o d e A y a l a 1 4 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 0 8

( f o r m e : I y F u e r z a s u n i d a s )2 n d d e A l - c e n t a r a M a r s u 6 s d e G e I o 2 8 O c t o b e r 1 8 0 8

C a z a d o r e s

G r a n a d a e e L l e r e n a J o s 6 p i n e d a 2 8 M a v 1 8 0 8( f o r m e : - } y V o l u n t a r i o s d e A l c d n t a r a )

M a e s t r a n z a d e v a l e n c i a A n t o n i o B a r r i o s 1 J u n e 1 8 O B( l a t e t C a z a d o r e s d e V a l - e n c i a )

S e v i l l a J u a n E s p i n o s a 1 1 J u l y 1 B 0 BF u e n - s a n : a D o m i n g o v a s a l l o 1 A u g u s t 1 B 0 BQ : a r : r i n ' ' r c T o L e d o G e r 6 n i m o P u i g A m i g 6 2 8 S e p t e m b e r 1 B 0 Bg e

( r o r m . e : I y V o l u n t a r i o s d e T r u j i l I o )

Hus sars10 de EsLremadura Agust in Sanchez 15 Ju ly 18Og20 de Es t remadura Rafae l Mar iano 15 Ju ly 1808.Granada Marqu6s de Campo-verde 18 Ju ly 1808

re Fernando VII Conde de Fernan Nuiez 12 Novendcer 18OB( laeer c ranaderos de Fernando VI I )

LancersUt rera Dayetano Sanabr ia 25 May 1808

On 1 October 1808, i t was decreed tha t a l t reg imencs shou ld reorgan izethemse lves f rom f i ve squadrons o f 2 compan ies each, to four squadrons o f 3compan ies each. Though the reg imenta l s ta f f and company organ iza t ion remainedre la t i veLy unchanged, th is reorgan iza t ion brought the theore t ica l fu11s t rength o f a reg i rnent to 869 men, and w i th 648 o f them be ing mounted.However , the losses o f the 1BO9 campaign ob l iged the reg iments , a lmost acrossfhe boa=C, to e l im ina te one squadron so as to ma in la in the s t ren . r rh . r r Fhaothers . The company was now to have:

3 0

1 C a p i t d n

1 T e n i e n t e

l A l f d r e z ( E n s i q n )

3 Ca - :gc i ' - : . :" t ' ' r r y . r - a F , - - .r r l - L r t t t t i c L c !

4 C a b o s ( C o r p o r a l s )4 2 S o l d i e r s ( m o u n t e d )

1 1 S o l d i e r s ( d i s m o u n t e d )

1 H e r r a d o r ( B l a c k s m i C h )

5 5 T o t a l

T h e r e g i m e n t a l s t a f f n o w c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 Coronel ( Colonel )1 Ten ienLe corone l (L t . co lone l )1 Sargento Mayor (Maj or)4 Ay'udante (Adjutant )4 Por ta -es tandard (S tandard Bearer )l Trumpeterl Drummer1 Iv la r i s ca 1 ( Far r ie r )1 P icador montados (Mounted horsebreaker )

I D r u m m e r ( u s u a l l y n o t p r e s e n t )1 6 T o L a l

D e s p i t e t h i s o f f i c i a l r e d u c t i o n t o t h r e e s q u a d r o n s , i t i s h i g h l y u n l i k e -1 y , b a s e d o n r e v i e w s o f f i e l d r e l u r n s , t h a t m a n y o f t h e r e g i m e n t s c o u l d e v e ni i e f d t w o f u l 1 s q u a d r o n s . T h e S p a n i s h c a v a l r y r ^ r a s t o r e m a i n i n L h i s c o n d i L i o nthrough the remainder o f the Napofeon ic wars . fn 1809 the fo l lo \ r ing reg imentsw e r e r a i s e d :

Reg iment Commandinq o f f i cer Dat .e Ra isedDragoonsCrusada de A lburquerque Gabr ie l cora l les 20 Apr i ] 18092o de Sanc iago Manue l S is te rnes 1 . lune 1809Cuenca . Iuan de los R ios 14 ' Ju ly 18092o de A lvarve Cdr los Tass ie r 8 Novemlcer 1809

lP CazadoresMonta f las de c6rdoba Juan B lasco Negr i l lo 1 January 1809F r a n c o s d e C a s t . i l I a ( 1 s L s q n ) R a f a e l S a n t i s t e b a n l A p r i l 1 8 0 9F r a n c o s d e C a s t i l l a ( 2 n d s q n ) F r a n c i s c o d e l A g u i l a 1 M a y 1 8 0 9Navar ra Manue l Gur rea 1 August 1809

H U S S A T SAr .a r rnn / f n r r r l 31 . Da rOCa ) lOaqu in Nava r rO I AUgUSt 18 09

C a t a l u f l a L u i s d e C r e e f 5 D e c e m b e r 1 8 0 9( f o r m e r l y S a n N a r c i s o )

R i o j a B a r t o l o m 6 A m o r 1 5 N o v e m b e r 1 8 0 9

I b e r i a M a n u e l A r m i j o 2 9 N o v e m b e r 1 8 0 9

N a v a r r a ( f o r m e r . l y C o r s o F r a n c i s c o J a v i e r M i n a 1 8 M a r c h 1 8 0 9

t e r r e s t r e d e b l a v a r r a )

F r a n c o s d e C a s t i l l a V i e m o n C B e r n e t e 1 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 0 9

3 1

::p

L a n c e r sJ e r € z d e F r o n E e r a M a r q u 6 s d e C a m p o R e a l 1 9 A p r i l 1 g O 9S e v i l l a V i c e n t e p L a n c h o n 3 0 J u l y 1 9 0 9

o n 3 O J a n u a r y " 1 8 0 9 c } . e c a v a l r y w a s p r o v i s i o r l . f I y ' r e o r g a n i z e d

i n t ' o r e g i -m e n t s w i t h f o u r s q u a d r o n s . E a c h s q u a d r o n c o n s i s t e d o f t h r e e c o m p a n i e s . E a c hcompany had B 1 men and '7 L horses . Th is gave the reg iment a theore t i ca ls t . r e n g t . h o f 9 7 2 t o t a l m e n i n t h e r e g i m e n t s w i t h 8 5 2 i n b e i n g m o u n t e d . O n 2 3A p r i l t h e c o m p a n i e s w e r e a l t e r e d a g a i n a n d t h e y n o w c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 C a p i t d n1 T e n i e n t e1 A l f d r e z ( E n s i g n )3 S a r g e n t o s1 Trumpeter8 C a b o s ( C o r p o r a l s )

4 B S o l d i e r s , C a r a b i n i e r s o r G r e n a d i e r s ( m o u n t e d )1 1 S o l d i e r s ( d i s m o u n t e d )

1 H e r r a d o r ( B l a c k s m i t h )7 5 T o t a l

T h e r e g i m e n t a l s t a f f n o w c o n s i s t e d o f :

l C o r o n e l - ( C o l o n e l )

I T e n i e n t . e c o r o n e L ( L t . C o l o n e l )

2 Commandan tes (Squad ron Commanders )

I S a r g e n t o M a y o r ( M a j o r )

4 AyudanE e (Ad j u tan t )4 P o r t a - e s t a n d a r d ( S t a n d a r d B e a r e r )1 C a p e l l S n ( P r i e s t )


l T r u r n p e t e r

1 D rummer

1 M a r i s c a l ( F a r r i e r )

I A rmore r

1 S a d d l e m a k e r

1 P i c a d o r ( H o r s e b r e a k e r )

1 Drummer

2 2 T o t a l

O n 1 5 J u l y 1 8 0 9 t h e r e g i m e n t s d i s b a n d e d a s q u a d r o n . T h i s d i m i n i s h m e n t i n r h es t r e n g t . h o f t h e c a v a l r y , h o w e v e r , w a s m a d e u p b y t h e r a i s i n g o f t h e f o l l o w i n gr e g i m e n t s i n 1 B 1 O :

C a z a d o r e R e g i m e n t s c o m m a n d i - n q o f f i c e r D a t e R a i - s e dM a n c h a F r a n c i s c o A b a d C h a l e c o 3 0 M a r c h 1 8 1 0T I l - r r i r r r r o\ r v . ! - ! L l L r s G r e g o r i o F e r n a n d e z 2 2 M a y 1 8 1 0

G r a n a d e r o s R e q i m e n t s4 0 E j 6 r c i t o J u a n l 4 a n u e l _ p e r e r i o

( c o m m o n l y W i t i n g h a r n )

C u i r a s s i e r s :E s p a f l o l e s J u a n M a l a t z

2 9 A p r i l 1 8 1 0

3 2

2 4 M a y 1 8 1 0

H u s s a r s

G a l i c i a

Lecn

G ' - ' a d ? . 1 a ; a : l

L a n c e r s

1 0 d e C a s t i l l a

F r a n c i s c o M a h iN i c h o l d s S a l v a d o r, ' 1 " . . ^ r : l . r : r l - i , -

J o s 6 M a r t i n

1 J a n u a r y 1 8 1 01 F e b r u a r y l _ 8 1 0

2 2 F e b r u a r y i b i 0

2 7 M a y 1 8 1 0

:rv

o n 6 A o r i l 1 8 1 1 t h e g r e a t l y w e a k e n e C S p a n i s h c a v a l r y w a s r e o r g a n i z e di n t o 1 2 l i n e c a v a l r y r e g i m e n t s , 1 0 d r a g o o n r e g i m e n t s , 4 c a z a d o r e s , a n d 4h u s s a r r e g i m e n t s . T h e r e g i m e n t s w e r e o r g a n i z e d w i t h t h r e e s q u a d r o n s e a c h -Two were mounted and one was d ismounted. The d ismounted fo rces were organ izedi n t c b a t t a l i o n s t h a t w e r e t o o p e r a t e l i k e i n f a n t r y . T h e y w e r e t o s e r v e a sg r e n a d i e r s o r b e s e c o n d e d t o t h e a r t i l l e r y , u n t i l s u f f i c i e n t h o r s e s w e r eo b t a i n e d t o m o u n t t h e m . E l i t e c o m p a n i e s w e r e a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d o f e i t h e rg r e n a d i e r s , i n t h e d r a g o o n r e g i m e n t s , o r c a r a b i n i e r s i n t h e l i n e c a v a l r yr e g i m e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e o r g a n i z e d s e n i o r f o r m a t i o n s , a s m a l l n u m b e ro f p r o w i n c i a l s q u a d r o n s w e r e r e t a i n e d . T h e r e o r g a n i z e d S p a n i s h c a w a l r y c o n -s i s t e d o f t h e f o l l - o w i n g :

L i n e R e q i m e n t s

R e y f n f a n t e A l c d n t a r a C a l _ a c r a v aR e i n a B o r b o n E s p a f l a S a n t i a g oP r i n c i p e F a r n e s i o A l g a r v e M o n t e s a

D r a q o o n R e q i m e n t s

R e y A l m a n s a N u m a n c i a G r a n a d a V i t l a v i c i o s aR e y n a P a v i a L u s i t a n i a M a C r i d S a q u n t o

C a z a d o r e s

O l i w e n z a S e w i l - l a V a l e n c i a V o l u n t a r i o s c i e E s p a f r a

I {us s a r s

E s p a f l o l e s G r a n a d a F e r n a n d o V I I I E s t r e m a d u r a

P r o w i n c i a l - F o r c e s R e t a i n e d

Cuenca P row inc ia l Cava l r y Squad ronS o r i a P r o w i n c i a l D r a g o o n S q u a d r o nUbr i que P row in i ca l Cazado re Sq r - rad ronC a t a l u f r . a P r o v i n c i a l H u s s a r S q u a d r o nA r a g o n P r o v i n c i a l H u s s a r S q u a d r o nG a l i c i a P r o w i n c i a l H u s s a r S q u a d r o nC a n t a b r i a P r o v i n c i a l F l u s s a r S q u a d r o nC a s t i l I a P r o v i n c i a l H u s s a r S q u a d r o n

I n a s m u c h a s t h e r e w e r e m o r e m e n t h a n s u i t a b l e h o r s e s , a n u r n b e r o f f o o tr e g i m e n t s w e r e o r g a n i z e d t h a t w e r e t o r e m a j - n a f o o t u n t i l r e c e i p t o f s u i E a b l em o u n t s . E a r - h r p r r i m o n t - w a s o r g a n i z e d w i t h t h r e e s q u a d r o n s . T h e s e f o r m a t i o n sw e r e :

H u s s a r R e q i m e n t c o m m a n c i n q o f f i c e r D a t e R a i s e dB u r g o s J u l i a n S a n c h e z 6 A p r i l 1 8 1 1N u r n a n t i n o s J u a n p a l a r e a 2 6 A o r i l 1 8 1 1

3 3

CazadoresJaen Bernardo Marquez 15 Apr i l 1811Prov is iona l de Ga l ic ia S imon Manso 1 Septernber 1811

, - . - Madr id . - - . Ignac io Pa l le ja 1 Septernber 1811.rF-.

LancersEst . remadura Joaqu in Taberner 18 Sept .ember 1811

(or Leg ion Es t remef la )

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( o r d e G a l i c i a )

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U n i f o r m s o f t h e S p a n i s h C a v a l r v :

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f o l l o w s :

T h e c a v a l r y w o r k a b l a c k s q u a r e _ r i g g e d h a t ( b i c o r n )a n d b u t t o n - T h e c o a t s w e r e l o n g t a i r e d a n d h i g h r v a i s t e ds t r a i g h c e d g e d a n d e x t e n d e d t o t h e w a i s t . T h e c o a t s h a dr e g i m e n c a l c o l o r s w e r e w o r n o n t h e c u f f s a n d c o r l a r .T h o s e u n i i c : m s f o r t h e f o r l o w i n g r e g i m e n t s w e r et o t h e i o l - 1 o r . . ' i n q :

1 7 9 5 t h e u n i f o r m s o f t h e l i n e c a w a l r y r e g i m e n t s w e r e a s

w i t h e d g i n g , I o o p. T h e i r l a p e I s w e r eg a u n t l e E c u f f s . T h e

m o d i f i e d i n 1 7 9 5

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I n f a n t e i ^ t h i t e

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S a n t i a g : R e dM o n t e s a R e d

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L a p e t s C o t t a r & P i p i n q

Y e t I o w M u t b e r r y

Y e l . l o w S k y E t u e

Y e [ [ o w T u r q u o i s e

Y e t I o w M u t b e r r y

Y e [ [ o w C a r n a t i o n

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Y e t t o w B t a c k

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l l h i t e C a r n a t i o n

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Wh i t e unknown

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t l h i t e C a r n a t i o n

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Y e [ [ o w

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T h e s e u r i t s s u b s t i t u t e d t h e i r d r a g o o n s ( s w o r d b e l t s ) f o r b l a c k b a n _d c l e e r s a r l r , 3 e l - t s . T h e s c h a b r a q u e s a n d h o l s t e r c c v e r s o f e v e r y u n i t b e c a m ey e l l o w - T i r e s c h a b r a q u e b o r d e r w a s s i n g l e l v o o l e n s t r i p e o f t h e r e g i r n = i : t a Ic o l o r f : i t h e t r o o p s , i n s i L v e r f o r t h e o f f i c e r s a n C s e r c 1 r t a n f s , v r i t f r t h e o n l yd i f f e r e r c e b e c r v e e n t h e I a [ t e r t w o b e i n g t h e o f f i c e r ' s s t r i p e w a s d o u b l e o i nv r i d t h .

I n 1 8 C g t h e u n i f o r m s o f t h e l i n e c a v a l r y w e r e d a r k b l u e . T h e i r l ^ c e l sa n d c o 1 : a l : q ' . ' . ' 3 r e o f t h e r e g i m e n t a l c o l o r s . O n f h e r r l a p e l s t h e y w o r e a r i o nr a m p a n t i n i h = c o l o r o f E h e i r b u t t o n s . O n t h e j - r c u f f s t h e y h a d a f f e u r c ' e f y so f t h e s a i i , e c o l o l . T h e i r t u r n b a c k s w e r e r e d a n o t h e i r b r e e c h e s w e r 3 c a n .' T ' h s r r r ^ r - r 3l r r c y w \ - . r - = k n = e I e n g t h b o o t s , w h i t e c r o s s e d b e l c s , b l a c k l e a t h e r w o r k , a n db i c o r n s v , ' i t n ' , r h i t e l _ a c e .

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* *C o l - l a r w a s p i p e d i n f i r s t c o r o r , t h e l a p e l s w e r e p i p e dN o l a c e o n l a p e l b u t t o n h o l e s .

3 5

The schabraque were dark b lue w i th a ye ] low band. The p is to l ho ls te rcovers matched the schabraque. Both had rounded corners fo r the f i rs t fourreg iments aod squared corners fo r the remainder . In 1905, ! , rhen the dragoons! re : 'a : :eesL3b l ished Lhe i r u : : r fc rn co lo rs l vere as fc l l3 : ! . s :

T h e i r l a p e I s , c o l l a r s , c u f f f l a p s a n d b u t t o n h o l e s w e r e p i p e d w i t hwh i te - On the i r co l la rs they wore the syrnbo l o f a fea ther c rossed by a s rvordin wh i te - The i r tu rnbacks were red , bu t the tu rnback pockets were p ip3d n i tht h e c o l o r o f t h e l a p e l s . T h e i r b i c o r n s w e r e e d g e d i n w h i t e , i r i L h w h i t e l o o p s ,! , rh iLe bu t ton , and red cockade. The i r coa ts were lemon ye l1ow and cu t 1ak€]t h o s e o i t h e i n f a n t . r y - 1 ' h e c o a t l i n i n g , t h e j r v e s t s , b r e e c h e s a n d c l o a r c s w e : ea lso le rnon ye l fow- The fac ings were p iped w i th wh i te . The bu t ton ho les on Lhelape ls had wh i te lace . The un i fo rm was cu t such tha t the tu rnbacks a l l haCf l a p s a r i f o u r b u f l o n s . T h e c o l l a r s h a d s t r j p e s a n d w h i t e t u r k s h e a d o u l c o n s .The i r : b - l t s re re wh i te . They wor3 h igh cu f fed boots .

Th3 dragoon 's saber scabbards were brown. The i r schabraques were ve l lo i i ,e d g e d r . r r t h w h i t e . T h e i r h o r s e s ' h a r n e s s e s w e r e b l a c k .

Th" cazadores wore a b lack shako w i th a wh i te band on the top and bo t tc : - ro f the shako- The shako cords wer re i , . ,h i te and the ova l f ron t o la te was brass .T h e s h a k o h a d a r e d c o c k a d e a n d a r e d p l u m e o n L h e l e f t s i d e . T h e c a z a d c r : : swore green dc lmans and breeches l r i th wh i te Iace , bu t tons and t r im. The fac i ;gco lc rs e , '3 re e rorn on the co l1ar . The do lman had Po l ish cu f fs . The breeches h1 ls t r ipes Co lvn the ou ts ide seam and th igh knoLs . The schabraque ivas brc ' ,nn w- l . . - : . ri . rh i te lace and t r im. The reg imen ia l co lo rs were :

Rey

R e i n a

A lmans a

P a w i a

V i ] l a v i c i o s a

Sag-unto

Numanc ia

L u s i t a n i a

O l - i venza

V o l u n t a r i o s d e E s p a f r a

L a p e I s , C u f f s , 4 B u t t o n C u f f F I a p sC o l l a r A P o c k e t F l - a p P i p i n q

C a r m i n e ( C r i m s o n )

C a r n a t i o n ( L i g h t R e d )S k y B L u eC a r n a t i o n ( R e d )

L i g h t G r e e nL i g h t G r e e nB l a c kB l a c k

R e g i m e n t a l

C o l o r s

R e dl - r - n r H l r t 5u r Y r r u

CummerbunD c d a n d I . ' i a l - r g S I U e

h l h i t e a n d L i g h i t s l u e

.,,?

T h e h u s s a r s w o r e u n i f o r m s i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e o f t h e c a z a d o r e s , ! u , a L h aI e w e x c e p t i o n s , T h e y i , / o r e r h e L r - a d i c i o n a l p e l l s s e . T h e d o l n a n ' s c u : : s r v : : 3p o i n t 3 d a n d t h e i r f r o g g i n g r . r a s w h i t e . T h e i r s h a k o h a d a b r a s s p l a L e r , , i r i r i ; "Span ish ar :ms. They a fso r , ro re a mi r l i ton shako, l i ke those worn by Revo iu t i c : : ,a r y a n d R o y a l F r e n c h h u s s a r r e g i m e n t s . T h e p e l i s s e w a s l i g h i b l u e v r i i r t r l a : {I u r a n d l r h i t e l a c e . T h e b r e : c h e s , t h e s c h a b r a q u e , t h e c o l l a : a n d c u F i s c f i : - :d o l m a n w e r e a l s o l i g h t b l u e . T h e p e l i s s e f u r o n t h e p e l i s s e r v a s b l a c k a n d i : : =lace was v rh i te . The reg imenta l var ia t ions were :

M a r i a L u i s a

E s p a f l o l e s

. P e l i s s e

C o l } a r & C u f f s

R e d

L i g i - r t G r e e n

Do lman Cumrne rbund

R e d S k y B l u e & S c a r l e :

G r e e n S k v B l u e & G r e e n

l " l i r - l i t on I ^ J i nc

S c a r l - e t

S l i y B I u =

3 7

In 1808 the Espaf ,o fes Hussars wore a b lack he lmet w i th b lack fu r c res t ,b rass p lace and f i tL ings , and red p lume and cockade.

The un i fo rms worn by some o f the un i ts ra ised a fEer 1B0g were var ied-The Fernando v I I Hussars wore a b r igh t g reen do lman w i th ye l low fac ings ,an i

- *s i l ver bu t tons - The do lman and pe l i sse bra id was wh i te . The i r b reeches ws=eyellow. They eore a black busby with a red bag and pl-ume. The schabraquer . ]as b lue-gree : r and edged w i th wh i te . The sheepsk in was wh i te .

The Navarra Hussars raised by Mina appear Eo nave worn a green dolmanwi th scar le t r -ac ings- The i r b reeches were b lue w i th a red s t r ipe-

The Espaf ro les Cu i rass ie r Reg inent was no t a la rge un i t and i t wasequ ipped a lmosc enr i re ly w i th captured French equ ipment . That be ing the case,L h e u n i . f o r m s c o n s i s t e d o f a b l u e " h a b i t - s u r t . o u t , " a 1 o n g t a i . l e d j a c k e t . T h 3tunic had a ro, of 10 but.Eons down the front and mid-thigh lengt.h tails r"rith-ou t pockets o r tu rnbacks- They a lso wore a wh i te wa is tcoat w i th two bu t tons .The co l la r was s t ra ighc a f te r 1?91 and the breeches were o f wh i te c lo th , bualea ther covera l l s were worn .

The breas tp la te was s tee l l . , i th copper sca le h inges and a red l in ing .The he lmet was a lso s tee l . r t . had a f low ing horse ha i r c res t on a b rass comb.A horse ha i r houppe sLood on the peak o f the he fmet . The tu rban was o f b lackfur - The ch in s t rap was o f copper sca les .

What , i f any reg imenta l d is t inc t i ves i ^ /e re worn by the Span ish cu i rass i -e rs , i s unknoan- There were , no doubt , var ia t ions f rom th is "French, ' un i fo r r , r ,as i t i s doub i fu l tha t enough equ ipment was captured to fu l ty equ ip the un i -fo rm wi th more than he lmets and breas t D la tes .

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Infantry 1812Grenadier Bonnet

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Spanish Artil lery1788-1814

rn i7u1 a ' ' te rc io c ie fusrL- r .ers rea-7.es" was orgar l j -ze(J . to serve t i r 'ea r t i l l e r y o f : h e S p a n i s h a r m y . I t w a s o r g a n i z e d I i k e a b a t t a l i o n o f a r q u e -b u s i e r s a n d t h e G e n e r a l d e A r t i l l - e r i a w a s i t s t i L u l a r c o l o n e l . I n L 7 O g t h i sfo rma t i on abandoned the t r app ings o f t he i n fan t r y and adop ted t hose o f t he: r t - i l l c r r ro ! L r r r s ! y . O n 2 M a y 1 7 1 0 a g e n e r a l s t a f f w a s e s t a b l i s h e d t o s u p e r v i s e t h eo p e r a t i o n s a n i a d m i n i s t r a E i o n o f t h e a r t i l l e r y . A t t h i s t i m e t h e r e g i m e n tc o n s i s t e d o f t h r e e b a t t a l - i o n s . A n a r t i l l e r y b a t t a l i o n w a s e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h 1 2c o m p a n i e s , o n e o f a r t i ] I e r i s t s , o n e o f m i n e r s , a n d e i g h t o f f u s i l - i e r s . E a c ha r t i l l e r y c o m p a n y h a d 1 0 1 g u n n e r s , e a c h m i n e r c o m p a n y h a d 4 3 m i n e r s , a n d t h ef u s i l i e r c o m p a n i e s h a d 5 3 m e n e a c h . I n ] - 7 4 8 e a c h b a t t a l - i o n a c l d e d a s e c o n da r t i l l e r i s t c c r n p a n y a n d i n I 7 6 2 a f o u r t h b a t t a l i o n w i t h s e v e n c o m p a n i e s w a sr a i s e d . r n t h . s n e w b a t t a l i o n e a c h c o m p a n y h a d 1 0 0 m e n .

I n L - 1 7 7 , i n S e g o v i a , f o u r v o l u n t e e r a r t i l l e r y c o m p a n i e s w e r e r a i s e d a n di n 1 7 8 1 , t h e y l v e r e o r g a n i z e d i n L o a 5 t h B a t t a l i o n . I n 1 7 8 5 t h e 6 t h B a t t a l i o nw a s r a i s e d w i t n s e v e n c o m p a n i e s .

T h e f i r q t h o r s e a r t i l l e r y c o m p a n y w a s r a i s e d b y V i n c e n t e M a t u r a n a i nB u e n o s - A i r e s . H o v r e v e r , i n S p a i n p r o p e r n o h o r s e a r [ i ] l e r y w a s o r g a n i z e d u n t i la f t e r p e a c e l v a s n e g o t i a t e d b y G o d o y w i t h t h e R e v o l u L i o n a r y F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t .B y 1 8 0 ; , d i l a : t i l l e r y " b r i g a d a d e d i v i s i o n . w a s r a i s e d f o r s e r v i c e w i t h t h eG u a r d - T h i s c i v i s i o n c o n s i s t e d o f t h r e e f o o t c o m p a n i e s , a h o r s e c o m p a n y , a n d- ^ - * l - r ^ ^ l ^ L - Jd . p . 1 ' ^ . L u i r r p d . t . i ) : . E a c h c o m p a n y h a d s i x g u n s . ' h i t

T h e R o y a l D e c r e e o f 2 J u J " y 1 8 0 2 , O r d e n a n z a d e A r t i f f e r i a o r A r t i l l _ e r yo r d r n a n c e , c o r : . c l e t e l y r e o r g a n i z e d t h e S p a n i s h a r t i l l e r y s t - a t i o n e d i n E u r o p e .I t v / a s t o b e r e o r g a n i z e d w i c h f i v e r e g i m e n t s , f i v e c o m p a n i e s o f l a b o r e r s ,t h r e e f i x e d c f m p a n i e s , a n d f o u r c o m p a n i e s o f v e t e r a n a r t i l t e r i s t s . E a c hr e g i r n e n c w a s : - c r m e d w i t h f h r e e b r i g a d e s , t w o o f v r h i c h w e r e f o r m e d w i t h f i e l da r t i 1 1 e l 1 , ( b r : - g a d a d e d i v i s l o n ) a n d o n e o f p a r k ( b r i g a c l a d e p a r g u e ) E a c hn a r ' . h r i n : r r : h a d f o u r c o m p a n i e s o f f o o t a r t i l l e r y , w h i l e t h e f r e l d a r t i l L e r yt - - j ^ - ^ ^ - l ^ - ; F ' ^ . ^ ^ ^ c ^ ^ ! ^ - J L ^ - ^ ^ m L -o r r g a o s s n a d t : r r e e f o o t a n d o n e h o r s e c o m p a n y . T h e s t r e n g t i r o f t h e c o m p a n l e si n t i m e o f w a r w a s 1 0 5 m e n . D u r i n g p e a c e t i m e t h i s w a s r e d u c e d b y 3 0 g u n n e r s .T h e n u m b e r o f J r a f t h o r s e s t o d r a w t h e s i x g u n s p e r b a E t e r y r e m a i n e d t h e o r e r i -c a 1 l 1 r c o n s t a n t a t 6 8 , w i t h a f u r t h e r 1 7 h o r s e s a l 1 o c a t e d f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s ,b e i t t i m e o f D e a c e o r w a r . T h e o f f i c e r c a d r e o f t h e S p a n i s h a r t i l l e r y e s t a b -I i s h m e n t c o n s i s t e C o f :

1 D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l ( a g e n e r a l o f f i c e r )5 G e n e r a l s

5 D e p a r t m e n t a l S u b - I n s p e c t o r s

5 B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l s , S c h o o l C o m m a n d a n t sI 7 C o l o n e l s

2 6 L i e u t e n a n t C o l o n e l s1 5 G e f e s d e b r i g a d a ( B r i g a d e C o m m a n d e r s )6 R C a n i t - a n e q n r - i m a r n q 1 ' 1 ̂ F / ' a r ^ r - . i - ^. r s r u a p c a l n s )7 0 C a p i t a n e s s e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C a p t a i n s )7 I T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t s )

1 3 3 S u b t e n i e n t e s ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t s )4 ] -6 To ta l -

1 . I a m g r e a t J _ y i n d e b t e d t o D r .g r a c i o u s l y p r c w i d e d m e r v i t h m u c ht h e p o s t - 1 8 0 8 S p a n i s h a r E i I l e r y

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The s ta f f and admin is t ra r ion o f the ar t i l l e ry was mod i f ied by Cap iEanGeneraL don .Jose de ur ru t ia as a resu l t o f th ree fu r ther decrees da ted 17March 1803, l May 1803 and 31 May 1go3- These esrabr ished war commiss ioners ,

- - - p rov inc ia l commiss ioners and o ther ' -s ta f f . tha t . were . fe l t necessarv to admin-. * i s t e r t h e S p a n i s h a r t i l l e r y .

on 1 January 1904, don Manue1 Godoy, the pr ince o f peace, and D j . rec to ro f Lhe Span ish Ar t i l l e ry o rdered the fo rming o f an ar t i l l e ry co I1ege. Aschool company was formed r,\, iEh lOO Gentlemen Cadets.

The Roya l Order o f 18 March 1805 reorgan ized the ar t i l l e ry . Three o fthe four reg iments were reorgan ized w i th two ba t ta l ions . Each ba t ta l ion wasto have f i ve compan ies , four o f foo t a r t i l l e ry and one o f horse ar t i l l e ry -However , in the 4 th Reg iment , a l l f i ve compan ies o f each ba t ta l ion were foo tar t i l l e ry . Each horse company had 93 so ld ie rs and each fooE company had 113men -

On paper , th is p rov ided the Span ish w i th 40 ar t i l l e ry ba t te r ies , inc lud-ing s ix horse ba t te r ies and 34 f ie ld ba t te r ies The c 'a r r i s .n a re i l le ry wasorgan ized separaee l ,y .

The four reg iments were gar r isoned in Barce lona, Va lenc ia , Sev i l la andCoru ia . A de tachment o f th ree foo t compan ies and a horse company was sent toSegov ia . In war t ime the foo t compan ies were to be augmented by the add i t j -on

o f 5 0 m i l i t i a i n t h e f i r s t t h r e e r e g i m e n t s a n d b y o n l y 4 0 i n r h e 4 c h R e g i m e n r -At t .h is t ime the Ceuta and Mal lo rca br igades were organ ized- F i f teen

s L a e i o n a r y o r g a r r i s o n c o m p a n i e s ( f i j a s ) w e r e f o r m e d i n t h i s p e r j o d . T h i sbrought Che to ta l to 17 gar r ison compan ies- In add i t ion , the ranks o f ge fe debr igada and cap iLane segundo were e l im ina led . The cap j tanes pr jmeros l re rer p n l a c c d h r r e : - r - - r- r - . . -y - - . -os mayors -

In March 1808 Godoy was rep laced by Ten ien te cenera l Don Gonza lo O,Far -r i f as D i rec tor o f the Span ish Ar t i t le ry .

A t th is L ime Spa in had a d iv is jon serv ing in Denrnark in suppor r o fNapo leons cont inenca l sys tem. I t had bo th foo t and horse ar t i l l e ry , as we l la s a c o m p a n y o f S a p p e r - M i n e l s . T h e h o r s e b a t t e r y c o n t a i n e d :

1 C a p i t a n 1 o ( 1 s t C I a s s C a p t a i n )1 T e n i e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )

2 S u b t e n i e n f e s ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t s )1 TrombeEa (Trumpet )1 S a r g e n t o P r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n t )3 S a r g e n t o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n L s )

l i v 4 C a b o s P r i m e r o s ( l s t C o r p o r a l s )4 C a b o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )

3 0 1 s t C l a s s G u n n e r s4 2 2 n d C l - a s s G u n n e r sB 9 T o r a l

T h e t w o f o o t b a t t e r i e s c o n t a i n e d :

1 C a p i t a n 2 0 ( 2 n d C I a s s C a p t a i n )1 T e n i e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )

1 S u b t e n i e n t e ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t )2 Tambores (Drummers)

. 1 S a r g e n t o P r i m e r o ( f s t S e r g e a n [ )5 S a r g e n t o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )B C a b o s P r i m e r o s ( r s t C o r p o r a l s )B C a b o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )

3 4 1 s t C l a s s G u n n e r s5 0 2 n d C l a s s G u n n e r s

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T h e c o m p a n y o f Z a p a d o r e s - M i n a d o r e s ( S a p p e r - M i n e r s ) w a s f o r m e d w i t h :

1 C a p i r a n 1 " ( t s r C l a s s C a p t a i n )i Cap i ta : t 2 " i2 r ,d C iass CaF,Ea in)

- 1 Ten ien ie (L ieu tenar r t ) . - . - , . !

2 Subten ien tes (2nd L ieuLenants )2 Tambores (Drummers )1 Sargento Pr imero ( l s t Sergeant )4 Sargencos Segundos (2nd Sergeants )8 Cabos Pr imeros ( l -s t Corpora ls )8 cabos segundos (2nd Corporals)

3 2 1 s t C l a s s S o l d i e r s

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On 27 October 1B0B t.he Junta Suprema y 7a Regencia raised a brigade ofhorse ar t i l l e ry cons is t i .ng o f th ree mounted ba t te r ies . The ba t te r ies known asthe compaiia de arti lLeria de voTunEarios de Madrid, compafi. ia de arti l lerosvo lunrar ios u rbaros nacura fes de GaTac ia , and the Ar t i -z le ros voTuncar rosCis t ingu idas de Cdd iz were , a f te r the ba t tLe o f Bay len , reorgan ized in to horsebat te r ies . Two o f these new horse ba t te r ies were a t tached to the Army o t LaM a n c h a .

Shor t l y la te r two compan ies o f vo lun teer a r t i l l e ry were fo rmed fo r thed e f e n s e o f C a d i z a n d a n a r t i l l e r y a c a d e m y w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n S e v i l l e .

The Roya l Decree o f 27 February tB09 ordered the fo rmat ion o f a b r igadeo f h o r s e a r t i l l e r y a n d t w o c o m p a n i e s o f t r a i n i n t h e A r m y o f S i e r r a - M o r e n a .Th is b r igade had two compan ies . Each company cons is ted o f :

1 C a p i t a n ( C a p t a i n )

1 T e n i e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )


1 T ro rnbe ta (T rumpe t )1 S a r g e n t o P r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n L )

5 S a r g e n t o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )

B C a b o s P r i m e r o s ( f s t C o r p o r a l s )

1 2 C a b o s S e g u n C o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )

B 5 A r t i l l e r i s t s

I I " 7 To ta l

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e b r i g a C e h a d a b r i g a d e c o m m a n d e r a n d a n a d j u t a n t , b r i n g t h et o t a l - s t r e n g f h o f E h e b r i g - , r d e t o 2 3 6 o f f i c e r s a n d m e n . T h e t r a i n c o m p a n i e sh a d :

1 C a p i t a n ( C a p t a i n )

I T e n i e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )


1 S a r g e n E o P r i m e r o ( 1 s t S e r g e a n t )

6 S a r g e n t o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )

2 T r o m b e t a ( T r u m p e t )

B C a b o s P r i m e r o s ( f s c C o r p o r a l s )

1 6 C a b o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )1 0 0 A r t i l l e r i s t s

L 3 1 T o t a l

I n w a r t i m e t h e t - r a i n c o m p a n i e s v / e r e a s s i g n e d t o t h e c o m m a n d o f t h e c o m m a n C e ro f t h e a r m y ' s g e n e r a l p a r k .

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T h e r e w e r e r e p u t e d l y s e v e r a l " n e w " a r L i I l e r y c o m p a n i e s f o r m e d d u r i n gt h i s p e r i o d , b u t t h e y w e r e a c t u a l l y c o m p o s e d o f r e f u g e e s , s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e i ru n i t s , t h a t f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e a r e a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e F r e n c h a r m y . A nexample is Ehe gar r ison ar t i l J -e ry fo rmed by t .he governor o f Tor tosa f rom: -g u n n e r s t h a t h a d e s c a p e d f r o m B a r c e l o n a .

N e w r e g u i - a t i o n s w e r e i s s u e d i n 1 8 1 0 a n d 1 8 1 1 , w h i c h o r d e r e d t h e f o r m a -t i o n o f n e w a r t i l l e r v u n i t s . The Roya l Decree o f 2 March 1810 fo rmed

f o r= r 1 - i ' l ' l o r r r - e g i m e n t i n C a d i z a n d o n 2 4 M a r c h 1 8 1 0 a n a r t i l l e r r r s c h o o lG e n r l e m e n C a d e t s w a s f o r m e d i n t h e B a l l e r i c i s l a n d s .

T h e v a r i c u s d e t a c h e d a r t , i l l e r i s t s i n B a r c e l o n a a n d T a r r a g o n a w e r e r e o r -gan ized in to a gar r i son company by the gar r ison commander and th is was ap-p r o v e d b y t h e R o y a l D e c r e e o f 1 1 J u n e 1 8 1 0 . T h i s c o m p a n y c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 Cap i tan (Capta in )l - Ten ien te (L ieu tenant )2 SubEen ien tes (2nd L ieu tenants )1 Sargento Pr imero (1s t Sergeant )5 Sargencos Segundos (2nd Sergeants )2 Tamores (Drummers )7 Cabos Pr imeros ( l s t Corpora ls )

10 Cabos Segundos (2nd Corpora ls )3 4 1 s t C l a s s A r t i l l e r i s t s

# i : : " i r "=" Arr i r ler isrs

The Roya l Decree o f 22 January 1B1O named Mar isca l de canpo y corone lD o n M a r L i n c a r c i a y L o y g o r r i t h e D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f A r t i l f e r y .

The Roya l Decree o f 18 August 1810 reorgan ized the Mal lo rca Ar t i l l e ry3 r i g a d e ' s g a r : i s o n c o m p a n i e s a n d s e t t h e f o r c e a t 1 0 0 m e n p e r c o m p a n y a n d 3 O Oi o r t h e b r i g a C 3 .

On 22 November 1810 two squadrons o t horse ar t i l l e ry vJere fo rmed, onein the A l i can t ina D iv is ion and the o ther in the Mal lo rqu ina D iv is ion .

On l3 Ma: :ch 1811 the Regency ordered the fo rmat ion o f four more squa-drons o f horse ar t i l l e ry , They v rere g iven the same organ iza t ion as the A l i -c a n t i n a a n d M a l l o r q u i n a D i v i s i o n s ' h o r s e a r t i l l e r y b a t t e r i e s . T h i s s e t S p a n i s ha r t i l l e r y e s t a b l i s h m e n t . a t s i x , ' s q u a d r o n s " o f h o r s e a r r i t l e r y , e a c h o f w h i c hhad th ree compan ies , and f i ve reg iments o f foo t a r t j l l e ry , each w i th tencompan ies . The f i f th reg iment was fo rmed on 20 Decemlcer 1811.

r j> The Roya l Decree o f 2 June 1811 ordered Lhe augmenta t ion o f the fo rce o feach o I the Ceuta ar t i l l e ry b r igades by the add i t ion to each company o f al i e u L e n a n t , a 2 n d S e r g e a n t , 3 1 s t C o r p o r a l s , 2 2 n d C o r p o r a l s , 1 4 1 s t C I a s sA r t i l l e r i s t s a n d 5 2 n d C t a s s A r L i t l e r i s t s .

The Decree o f 10 August 181.2 ordered the augmenta t ion o f the gar r isoncompan ies o f Bada joz and C iudad-Rodr igo by f i ve o f f i cers and 150 so ld ie rse a c h .

The expans ion on paper cont inued and on 16 SepEember 1813 f i ve ba t ta -' I i n r c a r a r - i 1 r - - . ' F r a i n w e r e c r e a t e d . P r i o r t o E h i s d a t e t h " a r t . i : l I p r r , r r r a i nhad been hand led by cont rac ted pr iva te c i t i zens , bu t w i th the fo rmat ion o it h e s e f i v e b a t r a l i o n s i t f i n a l l y b e c a m e f u l 1 y m i t i r a r i z e d .

T h e o f f i c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e S p a n i s h a r t i t l e r y w a s , a t t h i s t i m e , a sf o L l o w s ;

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A r t i l l e r y B r a n c h S t a f fl - Sub inspec tor , mar isca l de campo6 B r i g a d i e r ss C l l c n e l s

I 7 L i e u t . e n a n : C . , ^ ; t : 3 1 s3 7 C a p t a i n s7 0 T o r a l

o f f i c e r s a s s i q n e d t o t h e v e t e r a n a n d M i l i t i a A r t i l ] e r v4 3 C a p t a i n s1 2 A d j u t a n t s7 9 T e n i e n t e s ( L i e u t e n a n t s )9 3 S u b t e n i e n t e s ( 2 n d L i e u t e n a n t s )

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S a r g e n t o s P r i m e r o s ( f s t S e r g e a n t s )S a r g e n t o s S e g u n d o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )T ronLbe tas (T rumoe te rs )Tarn i tores (Drummers )C a b c s P r i m e r o s ( 1 s t C o r p o r a l s )C a b o s S e g u n C o s ( 2 n d C o r p o r a l s )

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O n 1 5 S e p t e n b e r 1 8 1 3 t h e S p a n i s h a r m y f o r m e d f i v e b a t t a l i o n s o f a r t i - l -l e r y t r a i n . E a c h b a t t a l i o n h a d t i l r e e c o m p a n i e s , t w o o f t r a i n s o l d i e r s a n d o n eo f c a r g o f r a i n s o l d i e r s . E a c h c o n D a n y c o n s i s t e d o f a t e n i e n t e , a s u b t e n i e n t ea n i I 0 2 s o l d i e r s , r v i t h I 3 2 m u l - e s a n d 4 0 h o r s e s . T h e s t a f f o f t h e b a t t a l i o nc o n s i s t e d o f a c a p i t a n , a s e n i o r a d j u t a n t a n d a j u n i o r a d j u t a n t .

T h o u g h t h e S p a n i s h a r m y a p p a r e n t l y h a d a n i m p r e s s i v e a r L i l l e r y f o r c et h i s f o r c e w a s m o s t l y o n p a p e r . T h e S p a n i s h h a d t r e m e n d o u s p r o b l e m s w i t h l a c ko f g u n s , d r a f t a n i m a l s a n d m o n e ) / , w h i c h c o n s i s t e n t l y r e s u l t e d i n f a r f e w e rg u n s b e i n g d e p l o y e d t h a n t v e r e " a u t h o r i z e d " b y t h e J u n t a .

Spanish Guns

T h e g u n s t h e S p a n i s h u s e C v / e r e p r o d u c e d i n S e v i l l e u n t i l 1 8 1 0 . T h e yw e r e o f t h e G r i b e a u v a l d e s i g n , i - e . 4 p C r s , B p d r s , a n d 1 2 p d r s . I n 1 8 1 1 , w h e nt h e i n t e r n a l s u p p l y o f n e w c a n n o n v a n i s h e d w i t h t h e c a p t u r e o f S e b i l I e , p o r l i -

e r r e c e i v e d a 1 2 p d r c a r r o n a d e a n d t w o B p d r s . I n 1 8 1 1 h i s a r t i l l e r y c o n s i s g e do f 4 0 f i e l d g u n s , c o m p o s e d o f g p C r s a n d 5 p d r s , o f l n e w e r , l i g h t e r c a r r i a g e s .' r l - r c Q . r l r c t v e r e p r o b a b l y o f B r i t i s h m a n u f a c t u r e , w h e r e t h e 6 p d r s c o u l d b ee i t h e r g r i t i s h , o r c a p t u r e d F r e n c h m a t e r i a l .

W h e n t h e h o r s e a r L i l l e r y w a s o r g a n i z e d i n 1 8 0 9 i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e ne q u i p p e d w i t h s h o r t B p d r g u n s E h a t w e r e G r i b e a u v a l - 4 p d r c a n n o n s r e a m e d o u t i nS e w i l l e t o h a n d l e a n B p d r s h o t . W h e n S e v i ] 1 e f e t l i n 1 8 1 0 , t h e s o u r c e o fF l - ^ ^ ^t n e s e g u n s s t o p p e d a n d t h e r e w e r e p r o b a b l y n o f u r t h e r s u c h w e a p o n s p r o d u c e C .

f n d i c a t i o n s a r e t h a t t h e S p a n i s h p a i n t e d t h e i r g u n c a r r i a g e s I i g h t g r a y .T h e r e i s n o c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f h o w r n a n y g u n s w e r e t o b e i n a b a t t e r y a n d t h i sc a n n o t b e d e r i v e d f r o m a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o m p a n i e s . W h a t i s

4 3

cer ta in i s tha t the n lmber o f weapons in a ba t te ry was never cons is ten t in thei ie ld - ' Ihe cos t . o f the weapons, the f requency o f wh ich Ehey were captured ,and Lhe mix o f w3apcns used La te in the war guaranteed no cons is tency ineOuiDment .

Another ser ious prob lem the Span ish faced was the i r lack o f_ horses todraw the guns . As much as lh is a f f l i c ted the cava l ry , i t s t ruck the ar t i l l e ryia r worse . T t re n3 t :3su1t was tha t the Span ish ar t j . l l e ry was o f ten drawn in tobat t le by mules or oxen. Th is rendered i t s low and h igh ty wu lnerab le to thefar more maneuverable and fase moving French army. Once engaged, the Spanishar t i l l e ry tended to r - ighc f rom a f i xed Locat j .on and se ldom was ab le Lo rede-p l o y d u r i n g t h e c o u : s e o f a b a t t l e .

Battle History of the Spanish Army

There are many things that have been wriEeen about the Spanish army andi ts r roops in th is per iod : nos t o f them are no t par t i cu la r ly f la t te r ing .Because o f th is , i t i s bes t to beg in a d iscuss ion o f t .he i r ba t tLe h is to ry w i tha nucrber o f quoEa i ions f rom per iod sources .

The f i rsC and fo remost observer o f the per fo rmance o f the Span ish on theb a t c l e f i e l d w a s t h e D u k e o f W e l l i n g t o n . I n a l e t t e r t o t h e M a r q u i s o f W e l l . e s -l e y d a t e d 2 4 A u g u s i , 1 8 0 9 , W e L l i n g t o n r e l a t e s h e f o l l o v r i n g :

" I n t h e b a t t l e o f T a l a v e r a , i n w h i c h t h e S p a n i s h a r m y , w i t h v e r yt r i f l i n g e x c e p t : - o n s , w a s n o t e n g a g e d , w h o l e c o r p s t h r e w a w a y t h e i ra r m s , a n d r a n o = f i n m y p r e s e n c e , w h e n t h e y w e r e n e i t h e r a t t a c k e Cn o r t h r e a t e n e C w i t h a n a t . t a c k , b u t f r i g h t e n e d , I b e l i e v e , b y t h e i ro v / n f i r e . "

" W h e n t h e s e o a . : a r d I y s o l _ d i e r st h e y m e e t ; a n o i n t h e i r f l i g h tb a g g a g e o f t h e 3 r i t i s h a r m y ,e n g a g e d i n t h e i r c a u s e "

+ - h = r , r n l r r n r l o r p r z o r ' r r l - h i n r - rI L l l l C 1 w C l y , L r I = y I J J - L - r l l l l c ! u v u ! y L r r r r r : ,

f r o m T a l a v e r a , t h e y p l u n d e r e d t h e

rvh i ch was a t t he momen t b rave l y

:';v

" I c a n n o t e a s i i l - c o n c e i v e t h e u n w i l l i n g n e s s o f o f f i c e r s i n c o m -m a n d , o r a c t i n g w i t h t r o o p s , t o r e p o r t t h e i r m i s b e h a v i o r i n p r e s -ence o f t he ene rny , f o r whe re t he t r oops m isbehave no hono r can beAra ' ' ' r i r o6 l ; and ' i n t h i s way I accoun t f o r t he numerous h i s to r i es weh a v e o f t h e b r a w e r y o f t h e S p a n i s h T r o o p s . "

" I h a v e f o u n d , u p o n i n q u i r y a n d f r o m e x p e r i e n c e , t h e i n s t a n c e s o ft h e m i s b e h a w i o r - o f t h e S p a n i s h t r o o p s E o b e s o n u m e r o u s , a n d t h o s eo f t h e i r g o o d b e h a v i o r s o f e w , t h a t I m u s t c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e y a r et r o o p s b y n o m e a n s t o b e d e p e n d e d u p o n ; a n d t h e n t h e q u e s t i o na g a i n a r i s e s , w h e t h e r , b e i n g a t I i b e r t y t o j o i n i n c o - o p e r a t i o nw i t h t h o s e t r o c c s o r n o t , I o u g h t a g a i n t o r i s k t h e K i n g ' s a r m y ? "

" A t t h e s a m e t i m e f s e e t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n w h i c h t h e G o v e r n m e n t m a yb e p l a c e d . T i r e i r a r m y m a y b e s e i z e d w i t h o n e o f t h o s e p a n i ct e r r o r s t o w h i c h t h e y a r e ] i a b l e , a n d m a y r u n o f f a n d l e a v e e v e r y -t h i n g e x p o s e d t o i n s t a n t l o s s . "

I n a l e t t e r t o t h e V i s c o u n t C a s t l e r e a g h , S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e , d a t e d 2 5 A u g u s tf 8 0 9 , W e l l i n g t o n s a y s :

A A= =

::*

" B a s s e c o u r t . ' s c o r p s , w h i c h w a s s u p p o s e d t o b e t h e b e s E i n C u e s t a ' sa r m y , a n d w a s e n g a g e d o n o u r l e f t i n t h e m o u n t a i n s , a t t h e b a t t l eo f Ta lavera , was kept in check th roughouc the day by one Frenchi ; : ; r a i r o n : : . r , > c o r p s h a s s i n c e r u n a w a y t r o m t h e b r i d g e o l r . L z o -o i s p o , l e a v i n g i t s g u n s ; a n d m a n y o f c h e m e n , a c c o r d r n g t o t h eu s u a l S p a n i s h c u s t o m , t h r o w i n g a w a y t h e i r a r m s , a c c o u t e r m e n t s , a n dc l o t h i n g . I t i s a c u r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e r e s p e c t i n g t h i s a f f a i r a tA r z o b i s p o , ( i n w h i c h S o u l c w r i t e s t h a t t h e F r e n c h t o o k t h i r t yp i e c e s o f c a n n c n , ) t h a t t h e S p a n i s h r a n o f f i n s u c h a h u r r y , t h a tt - h a r r l o f t - r h e i r c a n n o n l o a d e d a n d u n s p i k e d ; a n d t h a t t h e F r e n c h ,a l c h o u g h t h e y d r o v e t h e S p a n i a r d s f r o m t h e b r i d g e , d i d n o t t h i n kt h e m s e l v e s s t . r o n g e n o u g h t o p u s h a f t e r t h e m . . . "

" T h i s p r a c t i c e o f r u n n i n g a w a y , a n d t h r o w i n g o f f a r m s , a c c o u t e r -- ^ . ^ ! ^ ^ - - r c l o t h i n g , i s f a t a l t o e v e r y t h i n g , e x c e p t i n g a r e - a s s e m -t t t g l l L J , c l l r L l r

l ' r l r r n € t - h a i n e n i n a s t a t . e o f n a t u r e , w h o a s r e g u l a r l y p e r f o r m t h ev L l V ! U r l V

s a m e m a n e u v e r t h e n e x t t i m e a n o c c a s i o n o f f e r s . N e a r l y 2 , 0 0 0 r a n

o f f o n t h e e v e n i n g o f t h e 2 7 t h f r o m t h e b a t t l e o f T a l a v e r a , ( n o t

1 0 0 y a r d s + r o m t h e p l a c e w h e r e I w a s s t a n d i . g , ) w h o w e r e n e i t h e r^ ! s ^ ^ r - ^ r : : c : t h r e a t e n e d w i t h a n a t t a c k , a n d w h o w e r e f r i g h t e n e c rO L L C I L J ( ' g L - l ,

o n l y b y t h = n o i s e o f t h e i r o w n f i r e : t h e y l e f t t h e i r a r m s a n d

a c c o u t e r m e : : s o n t h e g r o u n d , t h e i r o f f i c e r s w e n t w i t h t h e m ; a n dr h o r r : n r i r h e f r r o i t - i r , ' e c a v a l r w . n l r r n : l e r e d f h e h a o o a o e O f t _ h e, u r r u L L

f t y r * ^

B r i t i s h a r i r l z w h i c h h a d b e e n s e n t t o t h e r e a r . "

" N o t h i n g c a ; l b e w o r s e t h a n t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e S p a n i s h A r m y ; a n d

i t i s e x t r a o r d i n a r i J - y t h a t w h e n a n a t i o n h a s d e v o t e d i t s e l f t o

! . r a r , a s t h i s n a t i o n h a s , b y t h e m e a s u r e s i t h a s a d o p t e d i n t h e' r ^ ^ F F " ^ - ' 3 a r s , s o l i t t l e p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m a d e i n a n y o n e b r a n c h- L O - L L w L / y i

o f t h e m i l - r t a r y p r o f e s s i o n b y a n y i n d i v i d u a l , a n d t h a t t h e b u s i -

n e s s o f a n a r . m y s h o u l d b e s o l i t t l - e u n C e r s t o o d . T h e y a r e r e a l l - y

c h i l d r e n i : t c h e a r t o f w a r , a n d I c a n n o t s a y c h a t t h e y d o a n y L h i n g

a s i t o u g h r t o b e d o n e , w i t h t h e e x c e o t i o n o f r u n n i n g a w a y a n C

a s s e m b l i n g a g a i n i n a s t a t e o f n a t u r e . "

" I r e a l l y b e l i e v e t h a t m u c h o f t h i s d e f i c i e n c y o f n u m b e r s , . c o m p o -

s i t i o n , d i s c i p l i n e , a n d e f f i c i e n c y , i s t o b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h eo v i c t - i n n ^ C v e r n m e n t o f S p a i n . T i r e y h a . ; e a t t e m p t e d t O g o v e r n t h eY

k i n g d o m i n a s t a t e o f r e v o l u t i o n , b y a n a d h e r e n c e o l d r u l e s a n da r r a F n m n - n d w i t h t h e a i d o f w h a t i s c a l l e d e n t h u s i a s m ; a n d t h i sb y 5 L c r i l . > , c t ,

l - a s t i s , i p f a c t , f l o a i d t o a c c o r n p l i s h a n y t h i . g , a n d i - s o n l y a n

e x c u s e f o r t h e i r r e g u l a r i t y w i t h w h i c h e w e r y t h i n g i s d o n e , a n d f o r

t h e w a n t o i d i s c i p l i n e a n d s u b o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e a r m i e s . r '

I n a n o t h e r l e t t e r t o t h e M a r q u i s o f W e l l e s l e y , f r o m B a d a 1 o z , d a t e d 1 6 S e p t e m -

b e r 1 B 0 9 , l r l e l l i n g t o n s t a t e s :

" A s l o n g a s t h e S p a n i s h a r m i e s a r e s u f f e r e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e s t a t e

6 r i n d i s c i o ] i n e a n d d i s o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e y a r e a t p r e s e n t , i i w i l 1

b e i m p o s s i o l e t o c o n t i n u e i n t h e i r n e i g h b o r h o o d ; a s E h e y n o t o n l y

consume the p rov i s i ons o f t he coun t r y , bu t w i I I no t a l - l ow thew i l l a g e r s t o s u p p l y t h e B r i t i s h t r o o p s t h o s e p r o v i s i o n s w h i c h t h e l '

r e q u i r e , a n c w h i c h t h e S p a n i s h t r o o p s d o n o t w a n t . "

A T=_)

r n a n o t h e r l e t t e r t o D o n J o s e f d e c a r v a j a l , t h ei n C a d i z , d a c e d 4 D e c e m b e r 1 9 1 2 , w e r l i n g c o n p o i n c s t oo f t h e s p a n i s h a r m y ' s p r o b l e m s - n o l o g i s t i c a L s u p p o r cc o r p s . 1 ( : :

S p a n i s h M i n i s t e r a t W a r ,t w o o f t . h e m a j o r c a u s e sa n d a m i s e r a b l e o f f i c e r

" N o t o n l y a r e y o u r a r m i e s u n d i s c i p l i n e d a n d i n e f f i c i e n t , a n d b o t ho f f i c e r s a n d s o l - d i e r s i n s u b o r d i n a t e f r o m w a n t , o f p a y , p r o v i s i o n s ,c l o t h i n g , a n d n e c e s s i t i e s , a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t , e n d u r a n c e o f m i s e r yf o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e , b u t t h e h a b i t s o f i n d i s c i p l i n e a n dinsubord ina t . ion are such, tha t even those corps wh ich have beenw e l L c l o t h e d a n d r e g u l a r l y p a i d b y m y d i r e c L i o n s , a n d h a v e , t o m yk n o w l e d g e , s o l - d o m , i f e v e r , f e l t a n y p r i v a t i o n s f o r m o r e t . h a n ay e a r , a r e i n a s b a d a s t a t e , a n d a s l i t t . l e t o b e d e p e n d e d u p o n a ss o l d i e r s , d s t h e o t h e r s . T h e d e s e r t i o n i s i m m e n s e , e v e n f r o m t h et r o o p s l a s t a d v e r t e d t o . I c a n a s s u r e y o u r E x c e l l e n c y , L h a t t h eo f f i c e r s o f t h e a r m y i n g e n e r a l ( w i t h s o m e e x c e p t i o n s o f o f f i c e r s ,G e n e r a l a n d o n t h e S t a f f , a s w e l l a s a t t a c h e d t o t h e r e g i m e n t s )t a k e b u t l i t t l e p a i n s t o a p p r y a r e m e d y t o t h e s e e v i r s ; a n d , u p o nt h e w h o l e , I a r n s o r r y t o a c k n o w l e d g e t o y o u r E x c e l l e n c y , t h a t Ic o n s i d e r t h a t I h a v e u n d e r t a k e n a t a s k o f w h i c h t h e r e s u l t i s a sl i t t l e p r o n i s i n g a s t h a t w h i c h w a s e v e r u n d . e r t a k e n b y a n y i n d i v i - d -ua l - . "

" r c e r t a i n l y r r a s n o t a w a r e , t i l v e r y l a t e I y , o f t h e r e a l s t a t e o ft h e S p a n i s r a r m v , o r I s h o u l d h a v e h e s i t a t e d b e f o r e I s h o u l d h a v ec h a r g e d m y s e l f r v i t h s u c h a n H e r c u l e a n l a b o r a s i t s c o m m a n d ; b u th a v i n g a c c e p t e c i i h e c o m m a n d , I w i l l n o t r e l i n q u i s h t h e t a s k ,b e c a u s e i t i s l a b o r i o u s a n d t h e s u c c e s s u n p r o m i s i n g ; b u t w i l ]e x e r c i s e a s l o n g a s I s h a l l p o s s e s s t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e a u t h o r i -t i e s w h o h a v e c o n f e r r e d i t u p o n m e . I t w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y , h o w e v -€ r , t h a t t i - I 3 G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d a r m m e w i c h p o w e r s t o e n a b l e m e t op e r f o r m t h i s t a s k . T t i s m y o p i n i o n ,

" F i r s t ; t h a t o f i r c e r s s h o u l d b e p r o m o t e d , a n d s h c u l d b e a p p o i n t . e dt o c o m m a n d s , s o l e l y a t m y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .

r r Q o r - ^ n r i l r ' ' t h a t I s h o u l - d h a v e t h e p o w e r o f d i s m i s s i n g f r o m t h er u r J ,

s e r v i c e t h o s e w h o m I s h o u l d t h i n k d e s e r v i n g o f s u c h p u n i s h m e n t .

,rb

" T h i r d 1 y ; E h a t t h o s e r e s o u r c e s o f t h eb l e t o t h e p a y m e n t , o r e q u i p m e n t , o rs h o u l - d b e a p p l i e d i n s u c h a m a n n e r a s

s t a t e w h i c h a r e a p p l i c a -s u p p l y o f t . h e t r o o p s ,

I m i g h t r e c o m m e n d . . . . .

D u r i n g t h e A l - b u e r a C a m p a i g n t h e S p a n i s h t r o o p s u n d e r G a b r i e l M e n d i z e b a lr - ^ a ^ ! ^ ^ ^ n d D o n P e d r o C a r o y S u r e d a , t h e M a r q u i s o f R o m a n a , f o u n d t h e m s e l v e sy r _ l o , c L d 5 c , J

e n g a g e d i n t h e b a t t l e o f G e b o r a o n 1 9 F e b r u a r y 1 8 1 1 . T h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e w a so b s e r v e d b y B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l G e o r g e M a d d e n w h o w r o t e [ h e f o l l o w i n g t o W e l -i i n s f o n :

" T h e d e e d i s d o n e ! W h a t I h a v e a l l a l o n g p r o g n o s t i c a t e d h a s t a k e np l a c e ! N o r c o u l d i t b e o E h e r w i s e t h o u g h t a m i r a c l e ; t h e S p a n i s hG e n e r a l s , t h e S p a n i s h a r m i e s , a r e a s I h a v e a l l a l o n g s a i d , f u l - Io f s o u n d a n d f u r y s i q n i f y i n q n o t h i n q . ' ,

4 6

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" - . - a t d a y l i g h t t h i s m o r n i n g I w a s w o k e b y a n o r d . e r t o m o u n t t h eb r i g a d e o n h o r s e b a c k , a n d i t $ r a s d o n e i m m e d i a t e l y , I r e p a i r e d t oG e n e r a l M e n d i z e b a l t o l e a r n t h e n e w s ( H e , a s ) e w e r p r o v ( d ) t od e c e i v e h i m s e l f . " I t w a s n o t h i n g , " a f e w F r e n c h s k i r m i s h e r s o n l yh a d p a s s e d t h e . . G e L r o r a . S o o n t h i s . a u o m e n t - - e c l . i n t - o a f e w c a . - , a l . r : . , ,bu t as i t became more c l ea r i t p roved [ . o be t he who le F renchr ' : r r = ' l r r r G e n e r a l M e n d i z e b a l s o o n a f t e r d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e v- - r .h a d p l a c e d a f e w r i f l e m e n b e h i n d t h e i r h o r s e m e n , b u t n o t m a n y , . r i" r t w a s n o t h i n g ! " T h e a t t a c k a t o n g t h e w h o l e f r o n t a n d l e f tb e c a m e , h o w e v e r , s o s e r i o u s i n a f e w m i n u t e s , t h a c I w a s r e t u r n e dfo rwa rd t o i nspec t wha t was go ing oD , and so r r y am I t o obse rvet : a t e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t r e g u l a r i t y w a s t h e r e s u l - t o f m y o b s e r v a -t i o n . "

I n h i s f a m o u s s t u d y o n t h e P e n i n s u l a r W a r , t h e F r e n c h G e n e r a l F o y p r o v i d e s u sw i r h t h e f o l l - o w i n g c o m m e n t s o n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e S p a n i s h s o l d i e r .

" ) ' i a t u r e h a s e n d o w e d t h e S p a n i a r d w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t p a r t o f t h e- . - ' l . i + - i ̂ ^ . .( r r a l l t l e s w h i c h a r e r e q u i s i t e t o f o r m a g o o d s o l d i e r : h e i s- ^ " r . : ̂ j ^ . . ^r = r r g r o u s , - a n d r e l i g i o n , b y e l e v a t i n g t h e t h o u g h t s o f m a n ,r : n d e r s h i m m o r e c a p a b l e o f t h a t f o r g e t f u l n e s s o f s e 1 f , t h a t m o r a le : : t h u s i a s m , t h a t p r o m p t n e s s t o m a k e s a c r i f i c e s , f o r w h i c h w a rf u r n i s h e s d a i l y o c c a s s i o n s . C a 1 m , a n d t h o r o u g h l y i m b u e d w i t h t h ep : i n c i p a l s o f j u s t i c e , h e i s n a t u r a l l y d i s p o s e d t o s u b o r d i n a t i o n ,i . t h e o r d e r s g i v e n t o h i m a r e n o t a b s u r d ; h e i s s u s c e p t i b l e o fl . i a l : m a t t a c h m e n t t o a n a b l e a n d i n t e I l i g e n t l e a d e r . H i s s o b r i e t yi s e x t r e m e ; h i s p a t i e n c e i s i n e > : h a u s t i a b l e ; h e l r v e s u p o n an i I n h = r r r ^ n a b i t o f b r e a d r u b b e d v r i t h g a r l i c ; a b e d i s a s u p e r -€ 1 , ' - i F ' ' F a L . : - l - ^ - : ̂ - L ^ - ^ J - r - - ! il u r - t y t o n i m - h e i s a c c u s t o m e d t o s l e e p o n t h e g r o u n d a n d i n t h ec l e n a i r . | t r e x t t o t h e F r e n c h , t h e S p a n i a r d s a r e t h e b e s t f o r l o n gn a r c h e s a n d c l i m b i n g m o u n t a i n s . T h e S p a n i s h s o l d i e r i s n e i t h e rf - r r t ^ r . a r r l n A a! J : w G ! L r , r l - l . f a p r a t e r , n o r q u a r r e l s o m e , n o r a ] r b e r t i n e , a n d h e i sv 3 r - y s e l - d o r n s e e n i n t o x i c a t e d . H e h a s l - e s s c a p a c i t y t h a n t h eF : e n c h , h e h a s m o r e t h a n t h e G e r m a n s a n C E n g l - i s h ; h e l o v e s h i sc c u n t r y , a n d t a l k s o f i t w i t h r a p t u r e ; h e h a s b u t o n e a n t i - m i l i -t a r y f a u l t , i t i s d i r t i n e s s a n d i n d o l e n t h a b i t s , w h i c h g e n e r a r eC i s e a s e , a n d s p r e a d a m o n g t h e s i c k a d i s o r g a n i z i n g ] o w n e s s o fs p i r i t s . "

" T h e r e w a s n o t m u c h d i s c i p l i n e i n t h e S p a n i s h a r m i e s ; 1 t h e n o n -c c m m i s s i o n e d o f f i c e r s w e r e b u t l i t t l e r e s p e c t e d ; o o e t h i r d o f t h eo i f i c e r s w e r e t a k e n f r o m a m o n g t h e m : t h e r e m a i n i n g t v / o t h i r d s w e r ef i ] l e d L l p f r o m t h e c a d e t s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a n c i e n t r e g u l a t i o n st h e c a d e t . s w e r e t o p r o v e t h e i r n o b l e d e s c e n t . T h i s w a s n o d i f f i -c ' - i l t m a t t e r i n a c o u n t r y o f w h i c h a t w e n t i e t h o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i sn o b l e - r t w a s , h o w e v e r , D o l o n g e r r e q i r e d , e x c e p t i n a p a r t o ft n e c a v a l r y . I n t h e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n t h a t a n u m e r o u s p r e f e r m e n t o fn c n - c o m m i s s i o n e d o f f i c e r s i s g o o c a n d u s e f u ] i n a n a r m v e n t i r e f v

1 - T h e o e n a l l a w st r i b u n a l s f o r a l li n f i i c t e d w i t h o u tt h e p r o w i n c e .

a r e e x c e e d i n g l yk i n d s o f c r i m e ;r h e a n n r n h a r i o n* Y . v *

m i l d : s o l d i e r s a r e n o t a m e n a b l e t o m i l i t a r yt h e p e n a l t y o f d e a t h i s r a r e , a n d c a n n o E b eo f t h e k i n g o r o f t h e c a p t a i n - g e n e r a l o f

+ /

r e c r u i t e d b y m i l i t a r y c o n s c r i p E i o n , i t i s i m p r o p e r i n a n a r m yr a i s e d f r o m t h e d r e g s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h e S p a n i s h n o n - c o m m i s -s i o n e d o f f i c e r s w e r e n o t . m e n w h o s e a b i l i t . i e s g a v e t h e m a c l a i m t opromot ion . ' l

5)iFCr) 'a,.

"No iC i rav , oo prev io r is ' i i r ! ' t ruc t ibh , - -was" - iequ i red

to become ano f f i c e r o f i n f a n r y o r c a v a l r y . T h e s c h o o l s w h i c h h a d f o r m e r l yb e e n i n s t . i t u t e d a t P u e r t o d e S a n t a M a r i a , f o r t h e f i r s t o f t h e s el - - - - ^ l ^ ^ ^r J r -d . r . r u r r cb , aod a t Ocana fo r t he second , had been supp ressed w i t h i n

t h e l a s c t w e n t . y y e a r s . "

The Batt le of Baylen - 19 Julv 1808

B a y I e n i s t h e o n e b r i g h t s p o t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e S p a n i s h a r m i e so u r i n g t h e P e n i - n s u L a r W a r . T h e F r e n c h G e n e r a l D u p o n E , , c o m m a n d i n g 1 3 , 0 0 0Lroo:DS , vJas mov ing towards Cordova on 6 June . In Cordova, masses o f a rmedS p a n i s h : o e a s a n t s w e r e g a t h e r i n g . I n a d d i t . i o n t h e r e r v e r e 1 2 , 0 0 0 v o l u n t e e r s a n di , 4 0 0 r e g u l a r t r o o p s .

D u c o n t e n c o u n t e r e d t h e S p a n i s h a t t h e A l c o l i a B r i d g e , o o t h e G u a d a l q u i -- r ' i r R i v e r . T h o u g h h i s t r o o p s w e r e g r e e n c o n s c r i p t s , t h e y s m a s h e d D o n P e d r o ' si n r , - = - - 6 1 1 1 - i n n . i r . . i ̂- v : v v , - v s * r r r . . 1 r L - 1 , . r c , . m a t t e r o f m i n u t e s a n d s e n d i n g i t f l e e i n g p a s E C o r d o v a .

D u p c r i c h e n o c c u p i e d C o r d o v a .D u - . > c n t s o o n f o u n C h i m s e l f c u t o f f i n a r e g i o n r i l l e d w i t h h o s t i l e p e o -

p l e . H i s c o u r i e r s c o u l d n o t g e t p a s t t h e g u e r r i l l a s a n d b a n d s o f S p a n i s h

I n a d d i t i o n , G e n e r a l C a s E a f l o s h a d a n d r F , r / o f 3 4 , 0 0 0 m e n i n t h e- , ' i c i : I iL - , , . DuponL seems co have no t had any idea $rha t to do and remaineds ia i :on : :y . The Span ish took advantage o f th is to s t r i ke a t the s ta t ionary

Ge: - r3 ra1 Casta f ,os fo rmed h is a rmy in to th ree cc lumns- The f i rs t , L2 ,000nan, wh lch he commanded h imse l f , was to move on Andu jar . The second co lumn' , ;as unda: j Coup igny and conLa ined 8 ,000 men. J t r {as Lo move aga ins t V i l fal ieu : " ' : . . The th i rd co lumn, 10 ,000 men under the Swiss Genera l Red ing , hadorders ao move to Meng ibar .

Whei the Span ish o f fens ive began on 14 Ju ly , Dupont d id noc concent ra ten j .s io rces . He on ly made minor ad jus tments to h is i i spos i t ions . The Span ishsoon c i i scovered tha t rhey had underes t imated Dupont 's s t rength and theye " ( r n n p . i r h e i - : e e a r r l t .

D e s p i t e t h a t , R e d i n g s u c c e e d e d i n s c a t t e r i n g t h e s m a l l F r e n c h f o r c e

,_ be fore : l im and c rossed the Cuadatqu iv i r . Genera f Gccer t a t tempted to s top the':>' ' F renah rou t , bu t was mor ta l l y wounded and h is own command fe l l back , TheFrench le f t r f lank had been tu rned.

The French acced bad ly and evacuaEed Bay len . T 'he i r o f f i cer fo rce pan-i c k e C a n C D u p o n t f a i l e d t o t a k e a n y a c t i o n t o d 3 r e : m i n e t h e l o c a t i o n o r s i z eo f t .he Span ish armies .

F i n a l l y , o n 1 7 J u l y D u p o n t ' s t r o o p s b e g a n t o m o v e . R e d i n g p u l l e d u p1 4 , 0 0 0 m e n a n d 2 0 g u n s i n a s t r o n g p o s i t i o n i n t h e h i l l s C o t h e l e f t o f B a y -f e n . D u p o n t ' s v a n g u a r d c o m m a n d e r , C h a b e r c , u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e s t r e n g t h o f r h eS p a n i s h b e l o r e h i m . H e o p e n e d f i r e w i t h h i s s i n g l e b a t t e r y a n d s e n t h i s 3 , 0 0 0:nen io=vrard . Hope less ly ou t numbered and swept ' , v i th converg ing f i re , theF r e n c h v r 3 r e r e p u l s e d w i t h h e a w y } o s s e s .

D u o o n t a r r i v e d a n d t o o k c o m m a n d o f t h e s i t u a f i o n . H i s t r o o D s w e r ef a r i c u e : l b r z t h e i r l e n o t - h r r m a r r - h a n d l a U n c h e d t w O m o r e U n S u C C e S s f u l a t t a c k S .u r r u r ! r u I r Y u r t I a r r q ! v r r s l .

D u p o n c i o u n d h i m s e l f c o m m a n d i n g e x h a u s t e d c o n s c r i p t s , w i t h 1 4 , 0 0 0 S p a n i a r d s i ns t r c n g p o s i t i o n s b e f o r e h i m , a n d G e n e r a l C a s t a i l o s c l o s i n g o n h i s r e a r w i t h! 2 , A C j r r o r e m e n .

A A

+ t 1

','f?

A r o u n d 1 2 : 3 0 p . m . , D u p o n t l a u n c h e d o n e m o r e a t t a c k . r t m a d e p r o g r e s s ,b u t D u p o n t h a d n o r e s e r v e s w i t h w h i c h t o e x p l o i - t h i s s u c c e s s . T h e F r e n c h a r m yc o l l - a p s e d . D u p o n t ' s m o r a l e f a i l e d a n d h e c a p i t u l a t e d t o t h e S p a n i s h a r m y . r nacd i t - i on f o su r : r ende r i . ns f hnse i r oops i - , r ' ' ed i - a re - ' l _ ) r , , . r i . t h h i r n , D t rp : ; . t i f o ; l - i sh i_7o r - r i e r êd . Vede l . t c . s r . t r r enc ie r i : : s d . i - r i s i cn , e \ - . a t hcugh i t cou l i . l l a . , c cs :apc jw i t h e a s e .

The Battle of Cardadeau 16 December 1808

G e n e r a l V i v e s f o r m e d h i s s m a l l f o r c e , o f s o m e 8 , 5 0 0 i n f a n t r y G 0 O c a v a 1 -r v a n r l 1 . 1L I t a r t \ - . r t - d I l o O D S , o n a S t e e p , w o o d e d r i d g e i n t h e B e s O s V a l ] e y , n e a r C a r d a -d e u - T h e F r e n c h g e n e r a l S t . C y r f o r m e d h i s 1 3 , 0 0 0 m e n i n t o a m a s s i w e c o l u m na n C o r g a n i z e d a s i n g l e m a s s i v e b l o w .

T h o u g h a c r u d e t a c t i c , i t p r o v e d e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t a f o r c e o f r a w S p a n -i s h r e c r u i t s w h o w e r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o s h a t t e r u n d e r s u c h h a m m e r b l o w s . D e s p i t et h i s , G e n e r a l P i n o , c o m m a n d i n g t h e h e a d o f t h e F r e n c h c o l u m n , s o u g h t . t o d e p l o yh i s u n i t s a n d e n g a g e t h e S p a n i s h i n a f i r e f i g h t . T o h i s s u r p r i s e , p i n os u i f e r e d a r e p u l s e . A f u r i o u s S t . C y r r o d e f o r w a r d a n d t o o k p e r s o n a l c o m m a n c l .I r c r s ^ r ^ = n i 7 9 6 l h i s f o r c e i n t o a s i n g l e , n a r r o w c o l u m n a n d l - a u n c h e d h i _ s a r r o w! u v r

Y q r r r I

a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e S p a n i s h A r m y . T h e S p a n i s h l i n e m e l - t e d a w a y a n d t h e F r e n c hb r o k e t h r o u g h . T h e F r e n c h c a v a l r y s v r e p t i n t o c o m p l e t e t h e v i c t o r y a n d t h et e r r i f i e d S p a n i s h f l e d t h e f i e l d , l e a v i n g o v e r 2 , 5 0 0 c a s u a l t i e s a n d m o s t o ft i r = i r c a n n o n . T h e y h a d , h o w e v e r , i n f l i c t e c l a b o u t 5 0 0 c a s u a l t i e s o n t h eF r e n c h , m o s t l y a s a r e s u l t o f p i n o ' s a c t i o n s .

' I 'he Batt le of Ocar-ia - 19 Novenrber 1809

C c a f l a w a s t h e l a r g e s t c a v a l r y e n g a g e m e n t o f t h e P e n i n s u l a r w a r . T h eF r e n c h v a n g , u a r d , 3 , 5 0 0 m e n u n d e r M i l h a u d a n d P a r i s , e n c o u n t e r e d F r e i r e ' sm a = s e d c a v a l r y . F r e i r e c o m m a n d e C a b c u t 4 , 0 0 0 m e n o r g a n i z e d i n t o t h r e e d i w i -s r . 3 n s u n d e r D o n J u a n B e r n u y , D o n J o s 6 R i v a s a n d D o n M i g u e l M a r c h . T h e S p a n i s hca . . ' a l r ' , r t vas f o rmed i n co l -umns , wh i c l ' i was noL a good fo rma t i on i n wh i ch t or e c e i v e a c a w a l r y a t t a c k -

P a r i s ' l i g h t d i v i s i o n c h a r g e d t h e f i r s t l i n e o f S p a n i s h c a v a l r y a n d c u t' i t - t r ' \ v l i or .o<a L L v 1 , ' - - - J , o n l y t o f a l t e r b e f o r e F r : e i r e ' s m a i n l i r i e . M i l h a u d t h e n l e a d h i sr l v ' ; n n n n o r ^ r w a r d i n a f u r i o u s c h a r g e t - h a t c a r v e d a b l o o C y h o l e i n t h e m i d d l eo f t h e S p a n i s h c a v a l r y . A w i l d m e l e e s o o n e r u p t e d .

D e s p i t e t h e i r n u m b e r s , E h e S p a n i s h c o u l d n o t r e s i s t t h e F r e n c h a t t a c ka n c l - o s t 4 0 0 c a s u a l t i e s . T h e F r e n c h p u r s u e d t h e m , o n l y t o s t o p a s t h e y e n -c o u n t e r e d A r e i z a g a ' s m a i n b o d y .

T h e F r e n c h n o w f o u n C t h e m s e l - w e s f a c e d b y t h e A r m y o f t h e M a n c h a , w h i c hc o n t a i n e d 4 5 , 0 0 0 i n f a n t r y a n d 5 , 5 0 0 c a v a l r y T h e F r e n c h m o v e d 3 O c a n n o no p p o s i t e O c a f l a t o c o n t a i n t h e S p a n i s h t e f t a n d d e p l o y e c l t w o i n f a n t r y b r i g a d e sa n C K i n E J o s e p h ' s r e s e r v e . A t t h e s a m e t i m e W e r l 6 ' s P o l e s a n d L e v a 1 ' s G e r -I r : a : ] s , s u p p o r t e d b y G i r a r c l ' s d i v i s i o n , m a r c h e d a g a i n s t t h e S p a n i s h r i g h t w i n g ,r v h r l e t h e F r e n c h c a v a l r y s w u n g b e h i n C t h e o l i v e g r o v e s a n d e n v e l o p e d t h eS p a n i s h f l a n k .

T h e b a t t l e w a s a s l o v r , g r i n d i n g b a I t ] - e u n t i l t h e 3 , 5 0 0 F r e n c h c a w a ] r ys u C d e n l y a p p e a r e d o n t h e S p a n i s h f t a n k . F r e i r e ' s c a v a l r y s t o o d o n t h e f j - a n kt o D r o i e c t i t , b u t w e r e d r i v e n f r o m t h e f i e l d i n d i s o r d e r . A f t e r d e t a c h i n g af e ' ' . ' t r o o p s t o p u r s u e t h e b e a t e n S p a n i s h c a v a l _ r y , M i l h a u d s w u n g h i s c a v a l r ya g a i n s t t h e e x p o s e d f l a n k o f L a c y ' s i n f a n t r y .

T h e c a v a l r y a t t a c k w a s c a t a s t r o p h i c t o t h e S p a n i s h , v r h o f o u n d t h e r n s e l w e sq I r : t n k l - r r r i rr L l L a L A L J y ' , t f a n t r y t o t h e f r o n t a n d c a v a l r y i n t h e f l a n k a n d r e a r . T h e F r e n c hr r r r i n k

- l r r r n ' lv L r a \ - r \ r y . . , ' I e d u p t h e e n t i r e S p a n i s h w i n g , c a p t u r i n g a n d k i l l i n g t h o u s a n d s .

4 9

Are izaga 's in fan t ry met the same faEe. Unab le to dep loy , Lhey th rew down

the i r a rms and sur rendered, expos ing the res t o f the span ish l ine Eo che

French a t tack . The second l ine a lso co l lapsed and the span ish army began to

, f l o w f r o m t h e f i e l d .

- : - OnIy zayas ' d iv is ion dep loyed and per fo rmed w i th any mi l i ta ry sk i l i ' I c

fo rmed the rearguard and he ld the French a t bay . Th is t iny fo rce marched fo r

f i ve mi les , ho ld ing the Span ish rear un t i l i t was swept away in Lhe herd o f

te r r i f ied fug i t i ves f rom the c rushed and rouEed Span ish d iv is ions . A f te r t t te

bat t le Are izaga evenEua l ly ra l l ied 21 ,OOO in fan t ry and 3 ,000 cava l ry ' The

d. iv is ions o f Lacy , Zera in and Jacom6 were , becween them, ab le to muster on ly

3 ,500 men. Span ish sources ind ica te tha t the French k i I led 4 ,000 span iards

and captured another 12 , 000.

Batt le of Albuera - 16 May L811

A t . t h e b a t t l e o f A l b u e r a , o r L 5 M a y 1 8 1 1 - , t h e a l l i e d s o u t h e r n f l a n k w a s

f o r m e d b y B l a k e ' s S p a n i s h a r m y . I t w a s d e p l o y e d i n t w o l i n e s f a c i n g t w o

s t r e a m s w h e n t h e F r e n c h a t L a c k c o m m e n c e d . W a t . c h i n g t h e b a t t l e d e w e l o p ,

Beres ford assumed h is center was to be a t tacked. However , the mass o f French

n: r re t r r ,z Fn .eAred | -o the south fo l lowed by a co lumn o f in fan t ry . The French

cavaf ry rouEed the Span ish cavaf ry as 19 ba t ta l ions o f French in ian t ry

emerged f rom the woods.Beres ford ordered B lake to fo rm a new f ron t fac ing to the south and

there was adequate t ime fo r them to do th is as they were no t ye t engaged '

B lake , however , d id no t obey th3 orders , be l iev ing tha t the a t tack wou ld come

f rom the eas t . OnIy the four ba t ta l ions o f Zayas ' D iv is ion tu rned to face in

the proper d i rec t ion . I t then advanced to the c res t o f a low h i l l to awa i t

t h e F r e n c h a t t a c k .Th is t iny fo rce o f Span ish i tas to soon be s t ruck by the most massave

s ing le a t . tack o f the Pen insu la r War . T l to fu l I in fan t ry d iv is ions $ ' i th more

than 8 ,400 men advanced in what appeared to be a s ing le co lumn wi th on ly a

l igh t sk i rmish screen in f ron t o f them.They s t ruck zayasr t roops , who were probab ly in th ree deep l ines - The

Span ish t roops behaved unusua l ly we l l and brought the lead ing French d iw is ion

! o a s t a n d . B l a k e ' s o n l y b a t c e r y w e n t i n t o a c t i o n o n t h e i r l e f t , f i r i n g a t

c lose range on bo th the French and the Span ish in fan t ry '

The span ish he ld un t i l the second French d iv is ion c losed on the i r r igh t

f lank and broke the i r reso lve . The Span ish were pushed back '. . ' rhan .>ma | -ha famous French cava l ry a t tack Lhat sent the French cavaf ry-t

i n to che span ish rear . A t th is t ime par t o f zaya 's in fan t ry f ina l l y b roke .

They had Ios t near ly 30? o f the i r in ic ia l s t lengch in k i l led and wounded.

Th is was cer t .a in ly the f ines t span ish momen! o f the war and Lhe i r b rave ac t ion

no doubt saved Beres ford 's a rmy.I t i s somewhat d i f f i cu t t to summar ize the preced ing d iscuss ion o f the

bar t le h is to ry o f the span ish army. The Br i t i sh t .hought l i t t le o f them, no

mat te r how they looked a t them, and they made par t i cu la r po in t o f the fow

qua l i t y o f the span ish o f f i cer corps . we l l ing ton wanted to be ab le t ro d is -

charge any o f f i cer he d j .d no t fee l was sa t is fac to ry .

The var ious account .s o f the ba t t les suppor ts tha t one o f the major

fau l ts w i th Lhe span ish was the i r o f f i cer corps . on ly two appear to have had

any mi l i cary qua l i t ies o f no te : zayas and Red ing . In the o ther ba t t les the

span ish genera ls be t rayed the i r men w i th poor d ispos i t ions , bad mi l j - ta ry

dec is ions , and. the i r a lmost to ta t lack o f fo rmal mj . l i ta ry t ra in ing '

on the o iher hand, the qua l i t y o f the span ish so ld ie r i s more d i f f i cu l t

to descr i -be . Genera l Foy spoke h igh ly o f che i r v i r tues and pra ised them as a

5 0

::?

m a r t i a l p e o p l e - H o w e v e r , h e a L s o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e y w e r e o f t e n r e c r u i t e df r o m t . h e d r e g s o f s o c i e t y . A n d y e t , a t T a l a v e r a t h e y w e r e f r i g h t e n e d b y t h es o u n d o f t f r e i r o w n m u s k e t r y . T h e l a t e r , h o w e v e r , c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o t h el c , : r u r l c c - l i - t n e l r o r L t C e r S t O t r a i n t h e m i n t h e u S e O f t h e i r w e a p o n s a n C i C oc o r t r o l - t h e m d u r i n g b a C C l e .

I t i s s i m p l - e s t t o s a y t h a t , d e s p i t e t h e i r a r d o r t o ] i b e r a t e t h e i r c o u n -t : r y , t h e y e r e r e p o o r l y t r a i n e d , R i s e r a b l y s u p p o r t e d b y t h e i r n a c i o n s l o g i s t i c a l _^ ! , - ! ^ n - } - l ^ - - l ^ J L - - - ! 1 - ^ 1 ^ ^ - L ! - - ^ - - 1 ^ l - - ^ L a - - - c :sysc .em ano commanded by the l -eas t knowledgeab le o f f i cers in the wor1d. Theyi { e r e t o t a l i y o u t c l a s s e d b y t h e F r e n c h a n d i c i s o f t e n a r g u e d t h a L t h e i r o n l yv : - : t o r y , B a y l e n , w a s a n a c c i d e n t s p a w n e d b y a c h a i n o f e v e n r s m o r e c o n t r o l l e db y t h e i r a i v e r s a r y t h a n a n y s k i l l o n t h e i r p a r t .

5 1

Nrmber of

. - -Beg ieg$_ Ba t ta t i ons

. , - * , "guard ias espa f ro tes 3

G u a r d i a s w a t o n a s 3

Rey 3

R e i n a 3

P r i n c i p e 3

Saboya 3

Corona 3

A f r i c a 3

Zamora 3

S o r i a 3

C6rdoba 3

G u a d a t a j a r a 3

S e v i [ [ a 3

Granada 3

V a t e n c i a 3

Zaragoza 3

Espa ia 3

T o t e d o 3

l . l a [ l o rca 3

B u r g o s 3

l' lurc i a 3

L e o n 3

C a n t j b r i a 3

A s t u r i a s 3

F i j o d e C e u t a 3

N a v a r r a 3

A r a g 6 n 3

A m 6 r i c a 3

P r i n c e s a 3

E x t r e m a d r a 3

l'|5 t aga 3

J a 6 n 3

O r d e n e s M i I i t a r e s 3

V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a s t i t t a 3

. - . : F V o t u n t a r i o s d e t E s t a d o 3

V o l u n t a r i o s d e t a C o r o n a 3

Borbon 3

F o r e i q n I n f a n t r I m e n t s

I r t a n d a ( l r i s h )

H i b e r n i a ( l r i s h )

U t t o n i a ( l r i s h )

N S p o t e s ( N e a p o t i t a n )

t J i m p f f e n # 1 ( S w i s s )

R e d i n g # 2 ( S w i s s )

R e d i n g # 3 ( S w i s s )

B e t s c h a r t # 4 ( S w i s s )

T r a x t e r ( S w i s s )

P r e u x ( S w i s s )

3

3

3

3

?

2

2

?

?

2

of the Spanish InfantryMarch L808

L iqh t In . fan t rv

1 . o d e A . r a g 6 n

2 . o d e A r a g 6 n

1 . o d e C a t a t u i a

2 . o d e C a t a t u f f a

Tar ragona

Gerona

1 . " d e B a r c e t o n a

2 . " d e B a r c e t o n a

Cazadores de Barbas t ro

V o t u n t a r i o s d e V a t e n c i a

( V o t u n t a r i o s d e ) N a v a r r a

Campo Mayor

Cazado res

J a 6 n

Bada j oz

S e v i [ [ a

B f r g o s

Bada j oz

S e v i [ [ a

Lugo

G ranada

Leon

0vi edo

Cordoba

M u r c i a

T ru j i l . I o

J e r e z

E c i j a

C i u d a d R o d r i g o

Log rofro

S i gr ienza

T o r o

Sor^ i a

L a r e d o

0 r e n s e

San t i ago

Pon tevedra

Tuy

B e t a n z o s

M 5 t a g a

Guad i x

Ronda

Bu j a I ance

Cuenca

Sa I amanca

A t c 5 z a r d e S a n J u a n

C h i n c h i t L a

L o r c a

V a t t a d o t i d

Hondofredo

Strength

To ta IS t renoth

3 ,192

2 ,681

1 ,425

1 , 4 0 0

1 , 3 7 7

1 ,005972

968

1 , 1 6 6

1 ,381865

1 , 9 7 7

1 , 2 3 8

1 , 1 8 3

993

1 ,6311 , 1 0 7

1 ,1281 , B ' 19

1 , 3 3 1

1 , 8 3 2

1 ,2651 , 0 9 42 , 1 7 3

1 , 3 0 5

892

1 ,291958

2 ,039

840

9?1

1 ,755708

1 ,557742

1 ,5361 , 61t+

583

924{+21

358

2 ,079

1 ,5731 ,8092 , 0 5 1

I r t ) l

1 ,708

Number ofgatta!!_q6

T o t a I

Ltr_erg$1 , 3 h 6

1 , 2 6 6

1 , 2 1 1726

1 , 1 8 3

1 , 2 4 0

1 , 1 7 01 ,31+1

1 , 1 0 21 ,283

1 , 0 0 4

1 , 1 9 4

6 1 8

623

5 8 1

611

623

5 8 1

623

587

635

577

6 1 8

598

o u l

6 0 8

623

619

592

615

578

616

615

6 1 8

602

702

633

435

622

608

628

5 1 0

630

o t v

592

596

596

6?5

5 2

C a z a d o r e s

To I edo

C i r.rrJa,:J R ea I

n . ; I ̂

P t a s e n c i a

S e g o v i a

M o n t e r r e y

Compos te I a

T o t a t s

L i n e I n f a n t r y

L i g h t I n f a n t r y

S w i s s I n f a n t r y

P r o v i n c i a I I n f a n t r y

P r o v i n c i a I M i t i t i a

G r e n a d i e r s

1 s t B a t t a t i o n o f t h e

Z n d B a t t a t i o n o f t h e

Z n d D i v i s i o n

1 s t B a t t a t i o n o f t h e

Z n d B a t t a l i o n o f t h e

3 r d D i v i s i o n

1 s t D i v i s i o n 1 B B 3

1 s t D i v i s i o n 1 8 4 6

2 1 , 5 3 6

4 t h D i v i s i o n 1 6 2 3

4 t h D i v i s i o n 1 7 6 2

2 1 , 5 1 9

Nwrber of

B a t t a t i o n s

T o t a t

S t reng th

613

609t . ôU V U

537

625

639

633

52,205

14,066

10,877

31 ,638

119

1 Z

1 2

5 0

108,786

:'"v

5 3

Spanish InfantryMarch 1814

. . . -Req i men t. * g -

Rey

R e i n a ( b e c a m e G a t i c i a )

Pr fnc i pe

Saboya

Corona

A f r i c a

Zamora

S o r i a

C6rdoba

Guada t a j a ra

S e v i t I a

Granada

V a t e n c i a

Z a r a g o z a

Espaha

T o t e d o

H a I t o r c a

B I r g o s

l4urc i a

L eon

C a n t 5 b r i a

A s t u r i a s

F i j o d e C e u t a

N a v a r r a

A r a g o n

Am6r i ca

P r i n c e s a

E x t r e m a d r a

M 5 [ a 9 a

J a 6 n

0 r d e n e s M i t i t a r e s

V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a s t i t I a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e I E s t a d o

- , y . - V o t u n t a r i o s d e I a C o r o n a

Borbon

G a t i c i a ( e x - R e i n a )

I r t a n d a

H i b e r n i a

U t t o n i a

St renqth

837

?

1 , 0 1 1

?

1 , 1 4 0

806

886

881

928

848

857

?94

1 , 1 t 3

26!,

756

l , l u q

827

1 , ? 3 8

971

vu)

1 , 0 4 81 , 1 1 61 , 2 0 0

983

1 , 1 8 3

1 , 1 7 91 , 2 1 8

725

282

1 , 0 1 41 ,069

914

939

1 , 2 2 6

854

7lr4

1 ,259

755

789

203

1 ,095861

938

943

T o r o

I I S o r i a

Laredo

Orense

San t i ago

Pon tevedra

Tuy

B e t a n z o s

I I G u a d i x

Ronda

Cuenca

A t c S z a r d e S a n J u a n

C h i n c h i l . t a

P t a s e n c i a

Mon te ray

C o m p o s t e t a

Mondofredo

N e w t y R a i s e d R e g i m e n t s :

Pa Ima

B a z a

A l m e r i a

I G u a d i x

A t p u j a r r a s

U r g e t ( c u a d r o )

B a d a j o z

B enaven t e

I I V o t u n t a r i o s d e M a d r i d

B a i I e n

F e r n a n d o V I I ( 1 s t B n )

Lena

P r a v i a

I n f i e s t o

C a s t r o p o I

V e t e r a n o s d e I a P a t r i a

C a n g a s d e T i n e o

L e a t e s M a n r e s a n o s

B a r c e I o n a

I I P r i n c e s a

I V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

I I V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

I I I V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

A Imansa

C a n a r i a s

U n i o n

S a n F e r n a n d o ( i s t B n )

Ampurdan

C S d i z

C a n s a d o s d e G a I i c i a

I I G u a d a t a j a r a

263

1 , 2 1 3

926

621

1 , 1 7 2

1 ,033713

836

750

883

1 ,203

1 ,2171 , o B 1

865

1 , 1 1 5

286

785

1 , O ? 1652

880

716

91t,

548

1 ,0621 ,125

8lr5

1 , 1 0 9

766

B86

902

997

866

700

981

977

986

902

1 , 3 4 2

1 ,2821 , ? 5 9

197

1 , 0 0 11 ,200

978I+51

924

83B

1 ,600

P r o v i n c i a I R e i m e n t s :

J a6n

I I B a d a j o z

I I S e v i t l a

I I B u r g o s

L u g o

0v i edo

T r u j i t L o

C i udad- Rea I

S i gr.ienza

5 4

R e u n i o n ( c u a d r o )

A r I a n z a

M a t a 1 5

G r a n a d e r o s C e C a s t i I l a

I V o t u n t a r i o s . d e . . J . : t u r i a s

V Granaderos

I I A s t u r i a s

L e g i o n e s t r a n j e r a

C o n s t i t u c i o n

G r a n a d e r o s d e [ 3 " t u j e r c i t o

I A t a v a

I I A t a v a

I I I A t a v a

G e n e r a t d e t a r e s e r v a d e A n d a l u c i a

G e n e r a t d e t 1 e r e j e r c i t o

I I P r i n c i p e

I A r a g o n

I I A r a g 5 n

I I I A r a 9 6 n

I V V o t u n t a r - i o s d e N a v a r r a

R i v a g o r z a

P r o v i s i o n a I d e M a h o n

L i q h t I n f a n t r y

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g 5 n

2 " Y o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g 6 n

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a t a I u f r a

2 o V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a t a I u f r a

T a r ragona

G e r o n a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e V a t e n c i a ( c u a d r o )

C a z a d o r e s V o I u n t a r i o s d e I a C o r o n a

Campo-mayor

V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

N e w L i q h t I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t s

C a z a d o r e s d e V a t e n c i a

T i r a d o r e s d e C a d i z

V o t u n t a r i o s d e t a V i c t o r i a

T i r a d o r e s d e M 6 r i d a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e S a n t i a g o

Cazadores de Carmona

T i r a d o r e s d e B u s a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e L e o n

V o t u n t a r i o s d e I R i v e r o

C a z a d o r e s d e t R e y

V o t u n t a r i o s d e G u a d a t a j a r a

T i r a d o r e s d e [ a B u r e v a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e S o r i a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e M o t i n a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e R i o j a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e N u m a n t i n o s

L e g i o n E s t r e m a f r a

T i radores de S ig l i enza

V o t u n t a r i o s d e A I i c a n t e

?1 , 2 0 0

733800

1 . 1 7 3

670

1 , 0 9 1

824

1 , 4 4 2

91t,

1 , 2 5 7

346

718

883

1 , 1 6 1

888

1 , o B B

1 , 5 0 7' l

, 185

1 , 2 5 9

1 0 0

8 1 6

971

1 ,392999

897

9Bt+

257

?

1 , 1 0 { *t+07

Y V l

1 ,4551 , 1 9 7

7t+2

890lr54

822

572

1 , 1 1 1

1 , 1 1 7

1 6 0

9lrs

1 , 0 5 41 , 0 8 1

1 , 1 0 3

1 ,289

1 ,2841 , 2 0 0

801

1 ,31*5

V o t u n t a r i o s d e J a e n

T i r a d o r e s d e C a t a t u f r a

Cazadores de Ca ta tu f ra

Vo t r rn ta r ios de Carc lona

.Cazadoree .Ce l ' l a [ [ o rca l .

V o t u n t a r i o s d e M a d r i d

Cazadores Es t ran je ros

T i r a d o r e s d e D o y t e

1 " C5n tab ro

1 " I b e r i a

2 " I b e r i a

3 " I b e r i a

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3 ' T i r a d o r e s d e

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3 ' V i zcaya

i " G u i p t j z c o a

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3 o G u i p r i z c o a

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Spanish Regiments RaisedMay 1808 to March f814

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1 ' Ta r ragona , p ren ie r t e r c i o h i que te tes f y :O e t cho . Rov i ra 5 /15 /08 , 11 /7 lBg2" L6dria, p.emier tercio niquetetes 1 ga7 pabto l-ago Sl15lo8 ,11/7f091" Gerona, prenier te.cio miqueletes . l

1,028 Ramon de cdrles S/15/Oa nn' logHanresa, premie. tercio niquetetes 1 7A1 Be.na.do Ti.rett 5/15/OB 11/7/Og1' cervera, prenie. tercio miquetetes 1 a74 Antonio Vi ladonar 5/1t,/08 11/7/OgTortosa. p.emier tercio niqiretetes 1 1,080 Jos6 l lontg.6s 5/15/08 11/l /Ogl" vich, prenier tercio miqueletes 1 696 Jos6 ] larcos de sais j /1SlOA 1Zl1O/OgHataro, prehier tercio miqueletes 1 256 l ta. iano pont y Ramis Sl l i tOB 11/7/Ogseo de lrrgel, premier tercio miquetetes 1 sZt Thom6s Garcia Sl1SrcA f/7/Og8erga, premier tercio miquetetes 1 213 pabto Andreu ,/15rca 11/l /Og1" Ta ta .n , p rem ie r t e r c i o n i que le tes 1 511 f i t i pe de F te r i es S l1 | , na p /n /09ce.daffa, premier tercio niquetetes 1 8OO Francisco Gener y pons 5/15/oB 1117/Ogvaf t de Aran, premier tercio miquetetes 1 727 Juan Dueros 5l1l |oa 11/Z/OgBarcetona, premier tercio miquetetes I 806 Jos6 l iateu 5/15rca l /Z/092 ' v i ch , segundo te r c i o m ique te tes . l

581 D iego o ,Rey t t i 5 /15 /Oa e t r c l og2 ' Ld r i da , segundo te . c i o n i que le tes . l 981 An ton io v i da t 5 /15 rca f /Z /092o Tarragona. sesundo tercio niquetetes 1 S43 Vicente Amat S/15/OB 11/7/Og2" Gerona, segundo tercio miquetetes 1 111 Francisco l lar ia l . t i t i i 5/, l i /g8 1Z/10/OgAmpurdan, segundo tercio niquetetes 1 1,174 Manuet l{ontesinos S/15/0a f/ZlogIguatada, segundo tercio niquetetes I 53, Antonio Soto 5/1rOA 11/7/Og3 ' Ld r i da , t e r ce r t e r c i o m ique (e tes 1 8OO ped ro L tavane ra S l l l r ca 5 ,B11OB3" v i ch , t e r ce r t e r c i o m ique te tes 1 8OO Veh tu .a Dezca t l a r 5 /15 /OB 11 /Z /Og3o ce rona , t e r ce r t e r c i o m ique te tes I 1 ,000 F ranc i sco Fe r re r y pons 5 /15 /Og 11 /Z /Og2" Ce rve ra , segundo te r c i o n i que te tes 1 8OO And reas Bac iga tup i S /15 |OA p / f i / 09

2 " Ta ta rn , segundo te r c i o m ique te tes 1 ZSO Jos6 Mar i a A . ce 5 /15 /08 1Z / Io /OgF igu : ras , segundo te r c i o m ique le tes I I rO Juan ca r l 6s , , 15 /OB 12 /10 /09c ranc t t e r s , segundo te r c i o m ique te tes 1 7gO F ranc i sco Ba rce t6 S l IS loS 5 /3 tna1 ' " L6 f i da , cua r to t e r c i o m ique te tes j 620 Juan Baxe t 5 /15 /08 5 /31 /08osuna 3 2 ,000 Juan F ranc i sco Garc ia S /$ /OA 3 / r c /11Peias de San pedro

r- Fernando vlr I l 'uuu Pedro [a tr lota 5l2o/08 t/3t/og

l" tnfante Don cart6s 1 840 Pedro Dejui 5/27/08 6/12/09I A40 Remisio Orltara 5/27/08 6/12/09

ip cangas de T ineo 1 840 F fanc i sco Ba t tes te ros 5 |27 /08 8 /31 t11Nav ia

1 840 F .anc i sco S ie r ra S IZZ /OB S /B /12Lansreo 1 840 sacho Valdds 5/27/oa 4111/11L tanes 1 840 Jos6 Junco 5 /27 /oa q$ /11castropot 1 840 Antonio f iaim6 S/27/oB afi l /14siero I 840 f ienendo de L(anes S/ZZ/08 S,/B/jzsatas 1 840 c.esorio Caiedo S/27/OS slalpV i l t av i c i osa I s4O ped ro peoh 5 \Z7 /OB S /a /12Grado I 840 Dieso ctarck 5lZ7/oB 1/14/,11Candjs y Luanco 1 840 Juan cohzatez Cienfuegos 5/22108 1/11/11In f i es to I 840 Juan Ga td iano S /27 /os g /3 t / 11

Covadonga 1 840 pedro Mendez de Vigo S/27/Oa 5/8/12Prav ia

cangas de onis 1 840 Francisco i loreda 5/27toa 8l3l/11

R ivad Ese t t a 1 840 sa l vado r Escan ton 5 /27 lo l 5 /8 /121 A4O Juan de Dios euiros 5/27/08 5/8/12l jote: The date trreiortned'r is the date the unit , ,as absorbed into another formation of disbahded, i ,e. theda te i t ceased to ex i s t .

5 6

N o . o f S t r e n g t h

Req i rnen t Ba t ta l i ons l l hen Ra ised Conmand inq Of f i ce r

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a v i [ 6 s

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1 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g o n

d e f e n s o r e s d e t a P a t r i a

2 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g S n


3 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g 6 n


4 " V o [ u n t a r i o s d e A r a g o n

d e f e n s o r e s d e I a P a t r i a

5 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g o n


V o t u n t a r i o s d e B o n j a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e J a c a

V o I u n t a r i o s d e D a r o c a

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a t a t a y u d

2 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a t a t a y u d

1 o V o t u n t a r i o s r e b a j a d o s d e

2 " V o t u n t a r i o s r e b a j a d o s d e

V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a s p e

V o t u n t a r i o s d e A t b a r r a c i n

V o t u n t a r i o s d e A I c a f r i z

V o t u n t a n i o s d e T a u s t e

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e d e H u e s c a

2 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e d e H u e s c a

3 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e d e H u e s c a

N u e s t r a S e f i o r a d e P i t a r

R e s e r v a d e A r a g 6 n

1 " F u s i I i e r o s d e A r a g 6 n

( o r F u s i t i e r o s d e P a I a f o x )

2 " F u s i t i e r o s d e A r a g o n

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e B a r b a s t r o

2 o V o t u n t a r i o s d e E a r b a s t r o

( o r P a r d o s d e A r a g 5 n )

3 o V o t u n t a r i o s d e B a r b a s t r o

V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a r t a g e n a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e C h e t v a

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e S e v i t t a


3 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e S e v i t t a



1 " V o t u n t a n i o s d e G r a n a d a

2 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e G r a n a d a



5 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e G r a n a d a .

6 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e G n a n a d a

7 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e G n a n a d a

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e M u r c i a

2 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e M u r c i a

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11

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8 4 0 J o s 6 A r g d e t l e s

1 , 0 0 0 F l a n u e l V i a n a

1 , 0 0 0 P e d r o H e r n a n d e z

1 , 0 0 0 F e r n a n d o P a s c u a t

1 , 0 0 0 S a n c h o S a t a z a r

1 , 0 0 0 V i n c e n t e J i m e n e z

7 0 0 D i e g o N a v a r r o

1 ,000 Geron i mo Roca ta t I ada

700 Manua l Carbon

8 0 0 J . G a r d 6 s d e M a r c i t [ a

8 0 0 P . G o n z a l e z d e A g 0 e r o

1 , 0 0 0 A n t o n i o C u a d r o s

1 , 0 0 0 A m b r o s i o A s s i n

3 0 0 A n t o n i o B e n a v i d e s

300 Manue l Escobedo

7 0 0 P e d r o E t o t a

30 /+ Joaqu i n Ur ru t i a

1 , 0 0 0 F e t i p e P e r e n a

1 , 0 0 0 H a n u e t V i l . t a h a

1 , 0 0 0 A m b r o s i o V i t t a b a

1 , 5 0 0 L o r o n z o Z e r e z o

1 , 000 Jos r i Cuca [ 6n

1 , 0 0 0 A n t o n i o d e T o r r e s

1 , 0 0 0 G e r o n i m o d e T o r r e s

1 , 0 0 0 J o s 6 d e S a n g e n i s

1 , 0 0 0 P e d r o P e d r o s a

1 , 0 0 0 M a r q u 6 s d e A y e r v e

1 , 5 0 0 J o a q u i n O v a t I e

8 0 0 F r a n c i s c o M a r t i n e z

8 4 0 J o a q u i n C t a r o b o u t

840 l ' l a rqu6s Dos-Hermanas

8 4 0 J u a n M a r i a M a e s t r e

8 4 0 G o n z a t o R a m i r e z

840 e Hed ina Verdes y Caba f ras

1 , 0 0 0 F r a n c i s c o d e C o r d o v a

1 , 0 0 0 M i g u e l d e H a r o

1 , 0 0 0 J o s t i G o n z a t e z

1 , 0 0 0 I s i d r o U r i a t e

1 , 0 0 0 G o n z a t o E n r i q u e z

1 , 0 0 0 J u a n E n r i q u e z

1 , 0 0 0 V i n c e n t e A b e [ [ o

8 0 0 l ' l a n u e I M e t g a r e j o

8 0 0 F . T r u j i t t o d e S a t a s

5 7

5/27/08

5/27/oB

5 /?.7 /085 /27 /08

5/?B/08

5/28/08

s/28/08

5/28/08

5/28/oB

5/28/08

5/28/08

5/28/08

5/28/08

5/28/08

5 /29 /085 /29 /085 / 29 / 085 / 29 / 085 /29 /085/?9/08

5 / 29 / 085 / 29 / 085 / 29 / oB5 /?9 /085 /29 /08

5/29/AB

5 /29 /085 /?9 /08

5 /29 /085 /2e /oB5/30/08

5/30/08

5/30/oB

5 /30/085 /30 /085 /30/oB5/30/08

5 /31 /08

5 /31 / oB5 /31 /085 / 31 /085 / 3 t / 0 8

5 / 31 /085 / 31 /085 / 31 /085 / 31 /08

5 / B / 1 ?< t a t 1 )

- r t v t r \

R ; 7 1 t ' t l .

4 / 1 4 / 1 1

11 /26 /08

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

11 /26 /08

11 /?6 /0811 /26 /A811 /28 /08

1 / 9 / 1 2

2 / 19 /09

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 811 /26 /AB1 1 / 2 6 / 0 81 1 / 2 6 / o B1 1 / 2 6 / 0 81 1 / 2 6 / 0 8

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 8

2 / 19 /09

5 / 1 t + / 1 0

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 81 1 / 2 6 / 0 87 / 1 / 1 0

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 81 1 / 2 6 / 0 8

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 81 1 / 2 6 / 0 81 1 / 2 6 / 0 82 / 19 /09

3 / 1 0 / 1 1

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 1 / 1 0

5 / 1 / 1 4

1 1 / 1 5 / 1 0

9 / 1 / 0 8

9 / 1 / O B

9 / 1 / 0 8

9 / 1 / 0 8

9 / 1 / A B

9 / 1 / 0 8

9 / 1 / O B

2 / 19 /09

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

:p


R e g i m e n t E a t t a t i o n s t J h e n R a i s e d

D a t e

C o n m a n d i n q O f f i c e r R a i s e d

D a t e

Refo rmed

3 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e M u r c i a 1

4 ' l o tun ta r ios de_ .Hprc ia _ - , . , . - _ - , 1

* * u " 5 o _ V o l u n t a r i o s { e M u r c i a 1

L a F 6 2

V o t u n t a r i o s d e l T u r i a 3

2 o V a t e n c i a 2

2" Saboya 2

V o t u n t a r i o s d e H a r c h e n a 1

B a j a d o z 3

1 o V o t u n t a r i o s e s c o r a t e s d e L e o n 1

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e L e o n 3



V o t u n t a r i o s d e t a C a n a t d e B e r c h i n 1

V e t e z l . l a t a g a 2

B e n a v e n t e ( e s c o r a t e s ) 1

V o t u n t a r i o s d e B o r b 6 n 1

V o t u n t a r i o s C a s t e t t a n o s d e F e r n a n d o V I I I 2

1 o V o t u n t a r i o s d e C i u d a d - R o d r i g o 1

2 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e C i u d a d - R o d r i g o 1

3 o V o t u n t a r i o s d e C i u d a d - R o d r i g o 1

V o t u n t a r i o s t i t e r a r i o s d e V a t t a d o i d 1

A t p u j a r r a s 2

V o t u n t a r i o s d e P a t m a 1

G a s t a d o r e s d e A r a g 5 n 1

Puer ta -Quemada 1

P u e r t a d e S a n t a E n g r a c i a 1

2 o F e r n a n d o V I | 2

S u i z o s d e A r a g 6 n 1

V o t u n t a r i o s d e h o n o r d e [ a r e a l

u n i v e r s i d a d d e T o t e d o 1

R e a [ H a e s t r a n z a d e R o n d o 1

2 ' P r i n c e s a 2

1 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e M a d r i d 3

2 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e M a d r i d 2

R e u n i o n d e A r a g 6 n 3

: : - v L e g i o n d e V o t u n t a r i o s e s t r a n j e r o s 1

V o t u n t a r i o s d e P t a s e n c i a 1

4 " B a t a t t o n d e G u a r d i a s E s p a f r o t e s 1

4 o B a t a t t o n d e G u a r d i a s W a t o n a s 1

1 " G u a d i x 1


2 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e L e o n 2

3 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e L e o n z

4 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e L e o n z

5 ' V o t u n t a r i o s d e L e o n z

G e n e r a t d e t e j 6 r c i t o d e t a i n z q u i e r d a z

V o t u n t a r i o s d e A t i v a 2

E a z a ?

L o j a 2

C a m p o d e U j i j a r z

S a n t a - F e 2

I I i b e r i a z

800 Juan de Pef fa f ie l

800 Visconde de Huer tas

8 0 0 L i n o T r u j i t t o

1 , ? 1 8 M a r i a n o U s e [ [

1 ,800 V incen te Gonza tez Moreno

1 , 2 0 0 A n t o n i o P i n i t I o s

1 , 2 0 0 J . G o n z a t e z d e C a s t r o 5 / 3 1 / 0 8

4 0 0 J o s 6 S a t m a g e

2 , 1 1 5 R . G a r c i a d e L i n a r e s

6 0 0 V i n c e n t e B e r n a t

? , 5 0 0 J o s 6 A n t o n i o Z a p p i n o

2 ,500 Fe I i pe Zamora

2 ,500 Fernando Capacc ie

5 3 0 A n t o n i o S a r s a

2 , 4 0 0 J o s 6 d e E s t r a d a

8 0 0 F . d e M u r y V e r d e j o

8 0 0 M a r i a n o B i a n c h o n i

1 , 6 0 0 J u a n V a u t i s t a

1 , 0 0 0 J u a n M a r t i n e z

1 , 0 0 0 M a n u e I B a r r a n c o

1 , 0 0 0 J o s 6 e Q u i n t a n i [ [ a

5 0 0 J u a n S a t c e d o

2 , 4 0 0 J o s e M o r e n o

733 Harqu6s de V ivo t

3 0 0 A n t o n i o S a n g e n i s

3 0 0 M i g u e t A b a d

3 0 0 J o s 6 Z a m o r a

i , 0 0 0 P a b t o C a s a n s

500 Adr i an l Ja I ke r

5 0 0 B a r t h o t o m 6 o b e s o

8 0 0 F r a n c i s c o A y g n a v i v a

1 , 5 0 0 R a m o n A t v e a r

3 , 7 0 0 A n t o n i o C o m a s

1 , 6 0 0 M a g u e t A r m e n g o l

1 , 5 0 0 J u a n L o a r t e

4 0 6 F r e d e r i c o M o r e t t i

6 0 8 H a r q u 6 s d e t R e i n o

8 5 0 J o s e M a r i a d e A t o s

8 5 0 H o n o r a t o D u b t a i s s e I

1 , 2 0 0 F r a n c i s c o C h a c o n

1 , 3 0 0 J o s 6 A n t o n i o Z a p p i n o

1 , 3 0 0 J o s 6 B a c a

1 , 3 0 0 T h o m a s S a n c h e z

1 ,300 F reder i co Cas ta f ron

1 , 3 0 0 L e a n d r o O s o r i o

1 , 2 0 0 L u i s M a n u e t d e Z a m o r a

1 , 5 0 0 M a n u e I V i n c e n t e F e r n a n d e z

? , 4 0 0 A . B e g i n e s d e t o s R i o s

2 , 4 0 0 M i g u e l d e l o s R i o s

1 , 6 0 0 J o s e M o r e n o

? , 1 + 0 0 A . G a r c e s d e M a r c i t t a

? , / + 0 0 F r a n c i s c o d e C o r d o v a

5 B

5 t3 r / 08

5 /3 t / 08

5 /3 t / 08

5/31/08

5 /3 t lOB5/31/A8

5/31/08

6/?/08

6/5/08

6/5/08

6/5/08

6/5/08

6/6/08

6/7/08

6/B/08

6/10/08

6 /11 / 086 /12 /08

6/ 1?/08

6 /12 /08

6/13/08

6/14/08

6/15/08

6/15/08

6 / 15 / 086 /15 /08

6/18/08

6 /21 /08

6/30/08

7 / 11 /087 / 15 /087 / 1 5 / 0 87/17/08

7/70/08

B l1 /08

B l1 /08

8/7/08

B/7/08

8/ 10/08

Bl 10/oB

B /10 /08

B/10/08

8/ 10/08

8/ 10/08

B/30/08

9 /1 /A8

9/ 1 /08

9 /1 lOB

9 /1 /08

9 / 1 /08

9 /1 /08

2 /19 /09

9/28/08

2 /19 /09 -6 /21 /08

? /19 /09

? /19 /09

1 1 / 1 / 1 1

9/?6/09

3 /2 /15

1 / ? 0 / 1 1

7/14/08

7 / 11 /087/14/08

12/30/08

3 / 1 / 1 A

3 / 2 / 1 5

2 /19 /09

1 0 / 1 0 / 1 1

7 / 1 0 / 1 0

7 / 1 0 / 1 0

7 / 1 0 / 1 0

7 / 1 t , / 083 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

1 / 9 / 1 2

11 /26 /08

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 83 /20 /25

2 /19 /09

1 2 / 1 1 / 0 9

1 / 2 0 / 1 0

3 / ? / 1 s

3 / 1 /09

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 s

7 / 1 / 1 0

1 / 2 ? / 1 1

6 / 1 / 1 8

6 / 1 / 1 8

3 /2 / 15

11 /B /08

1 1 / B / o B

11 /B /08

11 /8 /oB

11 /8 /08

4 / 2 3 / 1 1

7 / 1 0 / 1 0

3 / 2 / 1 5

1 / 2 0 / 1 0

3 / 1 / 0 9

6 /28 / 11

5 / ? 9 / 1 1

N o . o f S t r e n g t h D a t e

R e q i m e n t B a t t a l i o n s t J h e n R a i s e d C o n m a n d i n g O f f i c e r R a i s e d

D a t e

Reformed

A Inrer i a

I m p e r i a I d e T o t e d o

V o I u n t a r i o s I e a l e s d e F e r n a n c l o V I I

B a i I e n

V o t u n t a r i o s d e t a P a t r i a

A l c a t a t a R e a t

(o r Cazadores de Granada)

A Imansa

Granaderos Rea ts a ragonesses de Fernando

V I I ( o r G r a n a d e r o s d e P a t a f o x )

2 " I n f a n t e D . C a r t 6 s

G r a n a d e r o s d e t G e n e r a l . d e t e j 6 r c i t o

d e C e n t r o

F i e I e s Z a r a g o z a n o s ( o r V o t u n t a r i o s

d e Z a r a g o z a )

Lobera

G r a n a d e r o s d e I a G r a n - C a n a r i a

Mouren tan

U n i o n

L a H u e n t e

M o r r a z o

M o n f o r t e

1 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

2 o V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

3 " V o I u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

M a c e d a

Lemos

Ausons

C a s t e t - L e o n

L e a t e s M a n r e s a n o s

5 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a

P r o v i s i o n a I d e C a n s a d o s d e G a t i c i a

2 " A m e r i c a n o

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3 o A m e r i c a n o

A n g I o - C a t a t a n

r , - V o t u n t a r i o s d e A y a t a" C o n s t i t u c i o n

( f o r m e t r y R e u n i o n d e A n d a t u c i a )

1 " A u s t r i a s

2 " A u s t r i a s

3 " A u s t r i a s

2 " C a d i z

D 6 p o s i t o d e S a n F e r n a n c o

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1 " A t a v a

2 " A t a v a

G e n e r a L d e t a r e s e r v a d e A n d a I u c i a

6 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a * .

7 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a *

B " V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a *

9 " V o l u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a ** T h e 6 " , 7 " , 8 " , a n d 9 " N a v v a r a w e r e

b u t i n t h e r e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f F e b r u a r y

? 2 ,1+00 Juan Creagh de Lacy 9 / 1 / 0 8

1 , 5 0 0 P . D a v a t o s S a n t a M a r i 4 9 / 5 / o a

3 . 1 1 5 0 0 G e n a r o R e z a b a l

3 2 ,500 Duque de Osuna

3 2 , 2 5 6 F r a n c i s c o M a z a r r e d o

2 1 , 2 0 0 J o a q u i n T e n t o r

3 1 , 8 0 0 J o a u i n A t a v 6 s

2 1 , 5 0 0 F r a n c i s c o M a n c 5 d e l P o n t

1 1 , 0 1 4 V i c e n t e A m a t

1 679 unknown

e /5 ! 089 / 1 4 / A B

9 / 14 /OB

9 /21 /08

9/28/08

10 /18 /08

10 /30 /08

1 0 / s 1 / o B

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? , 1 9 0 J . J . M a r q u e z D o n a t t o 3 / 2 2 / 0 9

5 0 0 J u a n M a r i a d e L e o n 4 / 5 / 0 9

1 , 0 0 0 J o a q u i n A g u i r r e 4 / 1 / + / 0 9

2 , 0 0 0 P a b l o M o r i [ [ o t , / 1 4 / 0 9

1 , 0 0 0 F r a n c i s c o C o t o m b o 4 / 2 3 / O q

1 , 2 0 0 J u a q u i n G u i j a r r o 4 / 2 3 / 0 9

1 , 0 0 0 A n t o n i o P o n c e 5 / 7 / 0 9

5 0 0 F r a n c i s c o J a v i e r d e M i n a 7 / 2 0 / 0 9

9 6 0 G r e g o r i o C u r u c h a g a 7 / 2 0 / 0 9

9 6 0 L u c a s G o r r i z 7 / 2 0 / 0 9

1 , 6 0 0 J . C a m a f r o , C o n d e d e M a c e d a 7 / 2 0 / 0 9

1 , 0 0 0 u n k n o w n 7 / 2 0 / 0 9

7 8 5 V i n c e n t e A m a t B / B / 1 1

5 0 0 u n k n o w n 9 / 7 / 1 1

1 , 9 4 7 G a b r i e [ L e s s e n e 9 / 7 / 1 1

2 l + 0 S e b a s t i a n F e r n a n d e z 9 / ? B / 1 1

8 0 0 J o s t i N u f r e z d e H a r o 1 0 / 1 / 1 1

5 1 0 T h o m a s O t C o n e t t i 1 0 / 4 / 1 1

1 , 5 0 0 A n d r 6 s B a c i g a l u p i 1 1 / 1 / 1 1

1 , ? A 0 A m b r o s i o d e t G a t t o 1 1 / 1 / 1 1

3 8 6 E d w i n G r e e n 1 1 / 1 1 / 1 1

5 0 0 u n k n o w n 1 ? / 1 / 1 1

8 0 0 F r a n c i s c o K a y s s e r 4 / 1 5 / 1 2

1 1 , 2 0 0 P e d r o D e j u i 5 / 8 / 1 2 3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 , 2 0 0 J a i m e M a r i a C a r v a j a l 5 / 8 / 1 2 3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 , 2 0 0 J u a n G o n z a t e z C i e n f u e g o s 5 / B / 1 ? 7 / 1 / 2 2

1 1 , ? 0 0 F r a n c i s c o d e H a n o 5 / 8 / 1 2 3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 , 2 0 0 J o s 6 M a r i a T o r r i j o s 5 / 8 / 1 2 3 / 2 / 1 5

? 9 6 0 T h o m 5 s G a r c i a 6 / 1 / 1 2 3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 , 2 0 0 F e r m i n S a t c e d o 7 / 2 0 / 1 2 3 / 1 / 1 4

1 1 , 2 0 0 B u e n a v e n t u r a T o m a s a 7 / 2 0 / 1 2 3 / 1 / 1 4

1 6 0 0 F e r m i n d e M e n d i a k t u a 2 / 2 4 / 1 3 3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 , 0 8 8 S e b a s t i a n F e r n a n d e z 2 / 2 5 / 1 3 3 / ? / 1 5

1 1 , 5 0 7 J o a q u i n d e P a b [ o s 2 / 2 5 / 1 3 3 / 1 / 1 1

1 1 , 1 8 5 F e r m i n E s c a n d i 2 / 2 5 / 1 3 3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 , 2 5 9 P e d r o A n t o n i o B a r r e n a 2 / 2 5 / 1 3 3 / 2 / 1 5

o r i g i n a t t y r a i s e d a s t h e 1 " , 2 " , 3 o a n d 4 " V o t u n t a r i o s d e A r a g o n ,

1 8 1 4 t h e y w e r e r e n a m e d a s t h e V o t u n t a r i o s d e N a v a r r a .

3 /2 /15' t /9 /1? .

9 i 1 9 ! 1 1

6 / 1 / 1 81 / 9 / 1 2

9 / ?o / 10

3 /? /15

2 /19 /09

?/19/0e

7 / 1 / 1 0

6 / 1 5 / 1 1

B/22/22

5 /B / 1?

7 / 1 / 1 0

9 / 7 / 237 / 1 / 1 0

7 / 1 / 1 0

1 / 2 2 / 1 1

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

5 / B / 1 2

7 / 1 / 1 0

1 1 / 2 3 / 1 3

5 / B / 1 2

s / 2 / 1 5

s / 2 / 1 5

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3 / 2 / 1 5

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B a t t a I i o n s W h e n R a i s e d C o n m a n d i n q O f f i c e r

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G e n e r a t d e t p r e m i e r e j 6 r c i t o

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Ta t ave ra

G r a n a d e r o s d e t 4 " e j 6 r c i t o ,

( F o r m e r t y G e n e r a L d e [ 4 " e j 6 r c i t o )

L i g h t I n f a n t r v

1 " C a z a d o r e s d e O r i h u e t a

1 o C a z a d o r e s d e V a t e n c i a

T i r a d o r e s d e C a d i z

1 ' T i r a d o r e s d e H u r c i a

( o r d e F L o r i d a b t a n c a )

2 " T i r a d o r e s d e M u r c i a

3 " T i r a d o r e s d e M u r c i a

C a z a d o r e s d e L l . e r e n a

V o l u n t a r i o s d e A I i c a n t e

T i r a d o r e s d e L e d e s m a

1 " L i g e r o d e Z a r a g o z a

Z ' L i g e r o d e Z a r a g o z a

3 ' L i g e r o d e Z a r a g o z a

Cdrrnen

V o t u n t a r i o s n u m a n t i n o s

V o t u n t a r i o s d e V i t a n u e v a d e t o s I n f a n t e s

1 " T i r a d o r e s d e C a s t i L t a

P o r t i I I o

T o r r e r o

P u e r t a d e t S o t

T i r a d o r e s d e C a t a t a y u d

Cazadores de Segorbe

1 " C a z a d o r e s d e F e r n a n d o V I I

2 " Cazadores de Fernando V I I

- : p 2o Cazadores de Va tenc ia

2 o C a z a d o r e s d e O r i h u e t a

V o t u n t a r i o s t i t e r a r i o s d e S a n t i a g o

( [ a t e r V o t u n t a r i o s d e S a n t i a g o )

Cazadores de Carmona

T i r a d o r e s d e M 6 r i d a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e t a V i c t o r i a

C a z a d o r e s d e P a t a f o x

3" Cazadores de Fernando V I I

V o t u n t a r i o s d e V a t e n c i a y A t b u r q u e r q u e

C a z a d o r e s e s t r a n j e r o s

Cazadores de A l . can ta ra

Cazadores de Za f ra

Cazadores de Ia Serena

T i r a d o r e s d e D o y t e

( f o r m e r l y R e u n i o n d e O s e r a )

7 0 0 F r a n c i s c o J a v i e r A y m e r i c h 1 / 1 / 1 3

5 , 0 0 0 . A t e j a n d r o O ' D o n n e t t 5 / 2 / 1 3

8 0 0 I g n a c i o B a t a n z a t 8 / 1 0 / 1 3

5 0 0 F r a n c i s c o J a v i e r d e L t a m a s B / 2 8 / 1 3

600 Lo renzo Ca tvo 8 /28 /13

2 1 7 J o s 6 e d e C a t v a 9 / 1 / 1 3

1 , 0 0 0 R a f a e t M a r o t o 1 0 / 3 0 / 1 3

6 0 0 M a n u e l B e n e d i c t o 3 / 1 / 1 3

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F r a n c i s c o B e r g 6 s

C 6 r t o s L i b e r a t t i

Juan de ta Cruz Mourgeon t

F ranc isco Nu f rez

l ' lanuaI de Leyva

J o a q u i n O v a t I e

L o r e n z o C e b r i a n

An ton io Camp

L u i s L a c y

Fernando Pascua I

N i c h o t 5 s M a t d o n a d o

R a f a e t E s t r a d a

J o a q u i n G a r c i a

Ramon A ten ta

L u i s U l t o a

C 5 r t o s d e E s p a f r a

A u g u s t i n D u b t a i s s e I

J o s 6 d e S a n g e n i s

A t b e r t o L a n g t 6 s

H a r i a n o Z e r e z o

F r e y V i r m i o V a [ [ 6 s

J o s 6 A r m i s e n

Manue t Cerve ro

Conde de Romre

C o n d e d e P i n o - h e r m o s o

Marqu6s de San ta Cruz

d e R i v a d u t t a

J o s 6 d e A y m e r i c h

F r a n c i s c o d e P a u t a P a v i a

H a n u e I M i r a I t a s

J o r j e I m b o r t

J o s 6 L e g a r d a

J u a n A n t o n i o B a r u t e t t

P e d r o d e S a t a s

Jos r i P ineda

A n d r 6 s A t v a r e z G u e r r a

Juan Campos

A n t o n i o M a r i a G u e r r e r o

5 /15 /08

5 / 17 / 085/28/08

5/30/08

5 /30/085/30/08

5 / 31 /oB6 / 1 /08

6 / 1 /08

6 / 1 /08

6 / 1 /08

6 / 1 /08

6/ 1 /086/2/08

6/2/08

6/3/oB

6/1/08

6/1/AB

6/1/08

6/7 /086/9/08

6/9/08

6 /10 /08

6/ 10/08

6/ 10/08

6 /11 /08

6 / 1 1 / 0 86 / 1 1 / 0 86 / 1 1 / A B6 /13 /08

6 / 13 / 086/24/08

6/?4 /oB6/?4/08

B / 1 /08

B / 1 lAB

B/10 /08

3 / 1 / 1 1

9/27/?3

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 /2 / ' t 5

B/31 / 1r l

1 1 / 2 9 / 2 ?3 / 2 / 1 5

10 /26 / 10

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

2 / 1 9 / 4 9

2 / 1 e / 0 9

5 / 1 4 / 1 0

3 / 1 / 0 9

3 / 2 / 1 5

1 / 1 5 / 0 9

5 / B / 1 ?

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

3 / 2 / 1 5

1 2 / 2 7 / o B3 / 2 / 1 5

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

1 1 / 2 6 / 0 8

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

7 / 1 / 1 0

2 / 1 9 / 0 9

1 / 9 / 1 2

1 / 2 / 1 1

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

1 2 / 1 5 / 1 8

1 / 9 / 1 ?

7 / 1 / 1 O

5 / B / 1 2

3 / 2 / 1 5

5 / B / 1 2

3 / 1 0 / 1 1

3 / 1 0 / 1 1

2 / 1 7 / l s

5 0

N o . o f S t r e n g t h D a t e D a t eR e g i m e n t E a t t a t i o n s l J h e n R a i s e d C o n m a n d i n q o f f i c e r R a i s e d R e f o r m e dC a z a d o r e s d e I g e n e r a t d e t e j 6 r c i t o

d e [ a i z q u i e r d a

Cazadores de .An tequera

C a z a d o r e s d e l a s N a v a s d e T o t o s a

C a z a d o r e s d e B a i I e n

T i r a d o r e s v o t u n t a r i o s d e E s o a f r a

C a z a d o r e s d e V e t e z - M 6 t a g a

1 " C 5 n t a b r o

2" C5n tab ro

Cazadores de Leon

T i r a d o r e s d e B a d a j o z

T i r a d o r e s d e R i v a g o r z a

3 o C a z a d o r e s d e O r i h u e t a

3 " C a z a d o r e s d e V a t e n c i a

?" Cazadores de Barbas t ro

T i r a d o r e s d e L B i e r z o

T i r a d o r e s d e B u r e v a

T i r a d o r e s d e T o r t o s a

C a z a d o r e s d e t C a m p o d e C a r i f r e n a

C a z a d o r e s d e R e y

2 " T i r a d o r e s d e C a s t i t I a

1 " R i v e r o

2 " R i v e r o

3 " R i v e r o

T i r a d o r e s d e C a n t d b r i a

G e n e r a L d e t e j e r c i t o d e C a s t i [ [ a

6 G u a r d i a s d e h o n o r d e l d u o u e

d e l P a r q u e

V o t u n t a r i o s d e B ( r g o s

G u a r d i a s n a c i o n a t e s

V o t u n t a r i o s d e G u a d a t a j a r a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e M o t i n a

C a z a d o r e s d e S o r i a

1 ' V i z c a y a

E n c a r t a c i o n e s

V o t u n t a r i o s d e A t c a r a z

: ' ,> 1 " Gu ipuzcoa

2 " G u i p u z c o a

V o t u n t a r i o s d e R i o j a

C a z a d o i - e s v o t u n t a r i o s d e A r n o u r d a n

V o t u n t a r i o s d e A s t u r i a s

V o t u n t a r i o s d e M a d r i d

T i r a d o r e s d e S i g c i e n z a

C a z a d o r e s d e I a c o a s t a d e L e v a n t e

V o l u n t a r i o s d e J a e n

L e g i o n E s t r e m a f r a

T i r a d o r e s d e C u e n c a

C a z a d o r e s d e C a s t i t t a

3 " T i r a d o r e s d e C a s t i t t a

2 " T i r a d o r e s d e C a n t a b r i a

1 " I b e r i a

2 " I b e r i a

3 " I b e r i a

1 ,0082 ,400

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800

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1 ,20o1 ,2002 , 5 0 0

600

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900

400

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600

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l - u i s Manr to ! <Je Zapc ra 8 /30 /0P

5r .anc isco Enr iq ' re2 Garc i a 9 / i 6 /08

M e t c h o r d e t a C o n c h a 9 / 1 4 / 0 8

F r a n c i s c o P i e r r a t 9 / 1 4 / 0 8

Juan Morph i 9 /15 /05

J o s 6 A n t o n i o S a n s 9 / ? 1 / 0 8

Pedro de Labas t ida 10 /1 /05

J u t i a n A t b o 1 0 / 4 / 0 8

F e I i x A t v a r e z d e A c e v e d o 1 1 / 1 7 / 0 8

l ' f a r i a n o R i c a f o r t 1 2 / 1 / 0 8

M i g u e t S a r a s a 1 2 / 3 0 / 0 8

P a s c u a l A r a c i [ 1 / 1 / 0 9

Pedro Ceva t l os ? /15 /09

F r a n c i s c o l ' l e r i n o 3 / 1 / 0 9

A n t o n i o O s o r i o 3 / 1 / 0 9

F r a n c i s c o S a t a z a r 3 / 2 5 / 0 9

Unknown 4 /1 /09

R a m o n G a y a n 5 / 1 / 0 9

F e r n a n d o R u b i n 7 / 1 / 0 9

F r a n c i s c o d e H e v i a 7 / 2 4 / 0 9

F e L i x C a r r e r a s 8 / 1 9 / 0 9

J o s 6 d e S e n r a 8 / 1 9 / 0 9

P e d r o M a r c 5 d e P o n t 8 / 1 9 / 0 9

J o s 6 L a s a g a 8 / 2 0 / 0 9

Unknown 1A/26 /09

J o s 6 G o m e z B a r r e d a 1 1 / 2 6 / 0 9

J u a n U g a r t e m e n d i a 1 1 / 3 0 / 0 9

G e r o n i m o L u z o n 3 / 2 7 / 1 0

R a f a e l d e C u e [ l a r 6 / 2 / 1 0

B a r o n d e V e t a s c o 7 / 1 / 1 0

J o a q u i n A g u i r r e 7 / 1 / 1 0

M a r i a n o C o r t e s 7 / 1 / 1 0

J o s e M a r t i n e z d e S . M a r t i n B / 1 7 / 1 0

G a s p a r d e J a u r e g u i 8 / 2 0 / 1 0

F e r m i n l r i a r t e 9 / 1 / 1 0

J u a n A n t o n i o T a b u e n c a 9 / 6 / 1 C

B a n d i I t o M o r a t e s 9 / 8 / 1 0

F e r n a n d o M i r a n d a 4 / 1 4 / 1 1

R a f a e t P a r e d e s 5 / 1 5 / 1 1

H i p 6 t i t o A n g u e t o 5 / 1 8 / 1 1

N o n e 7 / 9 / 1 1

L o r o n z o Z e n e z o 7 / 1 1 / 1 1

M a r i a n o R i c a f o r t 8 / 1 1 / 1 1

J o a q u i n G a r c i a 8 / 1 5 / 1 1

P a s c u a l R e a L B / 3 0 / 1 1

M a t i a s N a r r o 9 / 1 / 1 1

J u a n L o p e z C a m p i t t o 9 / 1 / 1 1

M a r t i n E s u i t u z 9 / 1 5 / 1 1

A n d r 6 s G a r c i a D i e g o 9 / 1 5 / 1 1

J o s 6 R a m i r e z A b u r r u z a 9 / 1 5 / 1 1

7 t ? c . t 1 1 - . . . '

11 / 1 r / 1s

3 / 1 / 0 9

1 / 1 5 / 0 9

1 /20 /10

4 / 1 2 / 1 3

3 / 2 / 1 5

7 / 1 / 1 0

s /? /15

5 /B /12

7 / 1 / 1 02 /4 /12

1 / 9 / 1 25 / 2 1 / 1 2t , / 20 / 11

3 / 2 / 1 5

6 /B / 10

3 / 2 / 1 5

5 / 2 / 1 5

10 /3 / 223 / 2 / 1 5

7 / 1 / 1 0

7 / 1 / 1 A

3 / 2 / 1 s

s / 1 5 / 1 0

1 0 / 2 5 / 1 1

5 / 1 s / 1 1

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 /2 / 15

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / t 5

9 / 1 5 / 1 1

1 0 / 1 / 1 0

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5t+ /26 /11

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 7 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

1 1 / 1 t * / 1 t r

3 / 2 / 1 5

12 /9 / z t t3 / 2 / 1 5

2 / 1 7 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / ? / 1 5

6/20 / 1 t ,

3 / 2 / 1 5

3 / 2 / 1 5

N o . o f S t r e n g t h D a t e D a t e

R e g i m e n t B a t t a t i o n s U h e n R a i s e d C o n m a n d i n g o f f i c e r R a i s e d R e f o r m e d

Cazadores de Ca ta tu f ra

Cazadores de Ma[ [o rca

T i racJores de Busa

V o t u n t a r i o s d e C a r d o n a

T i r a d o r e s d e C a t a t u f f a

2 " G u a d a t a j a r a ( f o r m e r t y G e n e r a t

d e t 6 " e j 6 r c i t o

2 ' v i zcaya

3" Vi zcaya

AIbtr ] rera

1 " I b e r i a

3 ' T i r a d o r e s d e C a n t 5 b r i a

Hoya de M i i t aga

3" Gu ipuzcoa

C a z a d o r e s E s t r a n j e r o s

H i s c e t I a n e o u s I n f a n t r v F o r m a t i o n s

I n t h e f o f l o w i n g s m a t L u n i t s t h e r e w e r e

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The Portuguese Army

1808-1814Genera l Ove rw iew

f n 1 7 9 7 r h e P o r t u g u e s e a r m y t h e o r e t i c a l l y c o n s i s t e d o f 2 4 i n f a n t r yr e g i m e n t s ( 3 8 , 4 0 0 m e n ) , L 2 c a v a l r y r e g i m e n t s ( 5 , 5 4 0 m e n ) a n d 5 a r t i l l e r yr e g i m e n t s ( 6 , 0 0 0 m e n ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e w e r e f o r t y - t h r e e r e g i m e n t s o fm i l i t i a , 1 , 5 0 0 l i g h t t r o o p s , a n d a n i n v a l i d a r t i 1 1 e r y f o r c e o f 1 , 3 0 0 t r o o p s .

Th is fo rmat ion wou ld have prov ided Por tuga l w i th a respec tab le a rmyq.u i te su i tab le fo r gar r i son and Loca l - du t ies , bu t very unequa l to ac t i vecan ' lpa ign ing . I t appears tha t the Por tuguese government had become aware o ft h i s p r i o r t o 1 8 0 5 , w i t h w r i t i n g s b y v a r i o u s o f f i c e r s a l - s o a d d r e s s e d , ' t h e b e s tm e t h o d o f r e f o r m i n g a n a r m y f o r t h e d e f e n s e o f P o r t u g a l . '

However , the Por tuguese had no tor ious prob lems w i th recru i tment andr e t e n t i o n , a n d t h e a c t u a L s t r e n g t h w a s f a r b e l o w t h i s .

B y 1 8 0 1 , w h e n w a r e r u p t e d w i t h S p a i n , t h e P o r t u g u e s e a r m y m o b i l i z e d a n d ,i n t h e o r y , f o r m e d a s e c o n d b a t t a l i o n f o r e a c h r e g i m e n t . E a c h b a t t a l i o n w a s t oh a w e 2 0 o f f i c e r s a n d 7 5 0 m e n f o r m e d i n s e v e n c o m n ^ n i p q r h i s w a s t o g i v e e a c hr e g i m e n t a s E r e n g t h o f 1 , 5 5 0 m e n . T h e c a v a l r y r e g i m e n t s w e r e t o h a v e aa * * a n a F L r ^ F> L : c r r y L - r r \ J ! 4 7 0 m e n a n d t h e f o u r a r t i l l e r y r e g i m e n t s w e r e t o h a v e 9 8 9 m e ne a c h . O n e o f t h e a r t i l l - e r y r e g i m e n t s h a d b e e n d i s b a n d e d b e t w e e n I 7 9 7 a n d1 E 0 1 - f n d i c a t i o n s a r e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t w o a r t i l l e r y r e g i m e n t s w e r e d i s b a n d e ds h c r t l y a f t e r L 7 9 7 a n d o n e w a s l a t e r r e o r g a n i z e d i n a b o u t 1 8 0 1 .

P r i o r t o 1 8 0 6 t h e F c r t u g u e s e n a m e d e a c h r e g i m e n t f o r t h e c i t y o r d i s -t r i c t i n w h i c h i t w a s p : i < o d . ' r b y E h e n a m e o f i t s c o l o n e l , a s w e l l - a s p r o -v i d i n g e a c h w i t h a s e q u e n L i a l n u m b e r . T h e e n t i r e a r m y w a s t h e n d i v i d e d i n c ot h r e e g r a n d d i v i s r - o n s , e a c h f o r m e d w i t h i n f a n t r y , a r t i l l e r y a n d c a v a l r y . W h e nt h e s e d i w i s i o n s w e r e f o r n e d d i v i s i o n a l u n i f o r m s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y a l l o w i n gt h e s o l d i e r s t o r e t a i n i h e i r e a r l i e r u n i f o r m s a n d a p p l y i n g a n e d g i n g o f ap a r t i c u l a r c o l o r u n i q ' u e t o t h e d i v i s i o n . T h o s e r e g i m e n t s o f t h e n o r t h e r nC r . r i s i o n h a d y e 1 l - o w e d g i n E , t h o s e o f t h e c e n t e r d i v i s i o n h a d w h i t e e C g i n g a n dt h c s e o f t h e s o u t h e r n d i w i s i o n h a d r e d e d g i n g .

A m o n g t h e o d d e r n a m e s , t h e s e v e r a l r e g i m e n t s b e a r i n g t h e n a m en n r i r r c n n r r r c o n t i n u e d t o r e t a i n t h a t n a m e l o n g a f t e r t h e c i t y w a s c e d e d t o,S p a i n . T h e t h r e e d i w i s i o n s w e r e :

F i r s t ( C e n t r a l ) D i v i s i o n l

1 s t B r i q a d e

1 s t " L i p p e " ( L i s b o n ) R e g i m e n t

1 3 t h " P e n i c h e " R e q i m e n t

2 n d B r i q a d e

4 t h " F r e i r e " ( L i s b o n ) R e g i m e n t1 5 t h " V i e r a T e 1 1 e s " ( A l m e c a s t r e ) R e g i m e n t

3 r d B r i q a d e :

7 t h " S e t u b a l " R . e g i m e n t

1 9 t h " C a s c a e s " R e q i m e n t4 t h B r i q a d e :

1 0 t h " 2 n d L i s b c n " R e g i m e n t2 2 n d " S e r p a " R e g i m e n t

F o r m e d o f u n i t . s s t a t i o n e d i n t h e p r o v i n c e s o f E s t r e m a d u r a a n d B e i r a B a i x a .

C 1

Cava 1!-\,/ :1s t nA lcanEara l ragoons" (L isbon)4ch iMecklenbur -r Dragoons,, (Lisbon)7 l - h n T . i < h . t n n P c - i m p n i .

,r i.tEe 10 th isantarem:: RegimentA r t _ i I I a n ' .

l s t t rCor te ' (L isbon) ArE i l le ry Reg imen!second ( Sout .hern) D iv is ic : r : -

' 1 e F F . r i ^ r d A

2nd 'Lagos" Reg:ment .14 th nTav i ra" F .=g iment

2 n . l F t r i d a d a .

5th r r l s t E lvas " Reg imentl .?Eh "2nd E lvas " Reg iment

- - 3 rd Br iqade:8 t h n E v o r a " , l a - - e r , C a s t e l l o d e V i d e " R e g i m e n t2oth I 'Campo-Ma)- l r " Reg imenE

4th Br iqade:1 l t h " I s t A I m e i i a " R e g i m e n c23rd i2nd A1mej ja " Reg iment

Cava 1rv :2ndt'Moura" Rega-,-,ent5 t h " E v o r a , ' R e g i : m e n t8 t h t E l v a s " R e g : m e n tf 1 th "A lmeida" Leg imenc

A r t i l l o n / .

2nd "A lgarve" , ia ro ) Reg i rnent3rd (Nor thern) D iv is ion r '

3 rd " 1s t Of i ver - - -a" Reg iment1 5 t h " 2 n d O l i v e : - ? a " R e g i m e n t

t n d P r i ^ : . 1 a .

5 t h " 1 s t P o r t o " R e g i m e n c18 th r '2nd Por tc Reg iment

3rd Br iqade:

_ : 9 th t rV iana ' Reg: inent2 Is t "Va1enga" : -eg iment

4 th Br iqade :

;? 12 th "Chaves" F . =g iment2 4 t h " B r a g a n q a " R e g i m e n t

Cava l rv :3 r d " O l i v e n q a " : e g i m e n E5th t 'B raganEa" ? -eg iment9 th dchawes" Re; iment12 th "Mi randa" : .eg imenL

A r t - i I I a n ' -

4 t h n P o r L o , R e c : m e n t

1 . P r o v i n c e s o f A l g a r v e , - a - ] e n t e j o a n d B e i r a A l t a .

2 . P r o v i n c e s o f T r a s - o s - f , : l n t e s a n d E n t r e - D o u r o - e - M i n h o .

6 4

"";l

The 1801 campaign showed the weaknesses o f the por tuguese army. In1807, when the French invaded, the war was a d isas ter fo r por tuga l . The armywas badly equipped, terribty under strength, short. of horses and its generalo f f i cers were marked by the i r . to ta l . incompetence. .The na f ion2- .1 . a r rN ' wan ished__."in. No:.renh.er' l-8 0 7.-. -, -, What'-xenaired..,rras t_emFor:ari1y_. organ-i zed L\y th3 _::3rcb -i+rtc ]-a legi.on that. proved to be a near total waste. Only a smaLl nurnber of offic_ers and men, su f f i c ien t to o rgan ize 8 ba t ta l ions and s ix cava l ry squadronswere salvaged by the French- It suffered massiwe desertion from t.he verystart- They were converted into the portuguese -Legion Ehat served with theFrench army in to 1813. The bu lk o f Ehese were los t dur ing the Russ l -an cam_p a a 9 n .

The Portuquese Armv is Reborn

Por tuga l e ras l ibera ied , by the Br i t i sh , by the Convent ion o f C in t ra on30 August 1808. Th is in famous t rea ty p rov ided vesse ls to sh ip the de fea tedFrench army and i t s loo t back to France, fo r wh ich the Br i t i sh genera ls s ign_ing i t were la te r cash ie red . However , i t d id f ree por tuga l and gave theRegency t .he oppor iun i ty to reorgan ize iEs army w i th Br i t i sh a rms and exper_t i s e -

The f i rs t goa l ! . , ras Lo res tore the 24 in fan t ry reg iments and br ing themto fu f l s t rengt h . Hoe, ,ever , the perenn ia l p rob lem o f insu f f i c ieo t recru f rsnever d isappeared and Lhe t .heore t ica l s t rengths o f the reg iments were neverr e a c h e d . I n a d d i t i o n , i t w a s h o p e d f o r e s l o r e t h e c a v a l r y r e g i m e n t s a n d p r o -v ide a f i fCh squadron fo r each reg iment .

The reorgan iza t ion , however , was beyond the ab i l i t y o l the Regency andwhen Sou l t invaded nor thern Por tuga l , i t sur rendered to the inev i tab fe andrequested tha t the Br i t i sh take over the e f fo r t . T 'he pos i t ion was o f fe red t 'ol le l l ing ton ( then t le l les ley) , buc he re fused the pos i t ion . The pos i t ion o fCommander - in - Ch i e f then fe t l to the fa i r l y jun io r Wi l l ia rn Car r Beres ford ,a lmost en t i re ly because he spoke a l i t t1e o f the language, as a resu l t o fserv ing lwefwe months as the Governor o f Made i ra .

In March 1809, he took command, w i th the t i t le "Marecha1 do Campo" , andb e g a n t o c l e a n o u t t h e l a z y , c r i m i n a l a n d i n e f f i c i e n t . H e L r a n s l a L e d B r j t i s hdr i l l books in to por tuguese and brought Br i t i sh jun io r o f f i cers in t .o thePor tuguese army on a who lesa le bas is , ra is ing each one rank . Eventua l l y a l l -the reg imenhs were e i ther commanded by Br i t i sh o f f i cers o r the second incommand was Br i t i sh , and 25? o f the o ther o f f i cers were Br i t i sh . Hovrever , Lhemovemene o f Br i t i sh o f f i cers in to por tuguese serv ice was no t an L lncont ro l ledrush o f oppor tun is ts . Wel l ing ton , in a leL ter da ted ? June 1809 repor ted toS i r Dav id Dundas, Lhat " few o f f i cers have app l ied to serve w i th the por tu -guese, even w iLh the advantage o f rece iv ing one s tep o f Br i t i sh p romot ion , Ishou ld have doubted whether any wou ld be w i l l i ng to serve in th is manner , uponthe advantage now he ld ou t to them, o f rece iv ing one s tep o f por tuguese rank ,erhich can be but loca1 and temporary, together $rittr the pay of the porcugueserank in wh ich they shou ld be employed, i f you had no t t ransmi t ted me a l i s t o fthe names o f th i r ty o f f i cers who are w i l l i ng to be so emptoyed, upon the te rmshe ld ou l to them- n He goes on to say , ' t I am conv inced tha t no Of f i cers inth is count ry (Por tuga l ) w i l l o f fe r the i r serv ices upon the te rms wh ich I nowu n d e r s t a n d a r e t o b e h e l d o u t t o t h e m . ' l W e l - l - i n g t o n e x p r e s s e d c o n s i d e r a b l ec o n c e r n o v e r j u n i o r . B r i t i s h o f f i c e r s f i n d i n g t h e m s e l - v e s s u p e r i o r t o t h e i rn o m i n a l B r i t i s h s u p e r i o r s b e c a u s e o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e r a n k . T h i s , W e l l i n g t o nf e l t , w o u l d c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s s e n s i o n i n h i s r a n k s . A s D u n d a s ' r e s p o n s e c ow e l l i n g t o n t s q u e s t i o n s a b o u t h o w t h e p r e c e d e n c e o f r a n k s w a s t o w o r k i s n o ta v a i l a b l e u p o n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e r e s o l u t i o n w i l l u n f o r r u n a t e -

6 5

1y remain unknown -The t.hrear of the French in the field was sti11 very real . on 9 July1809 Beres ford gachered CogeLher a l l che ava i lab le por tuguese so l -d ie rs a tAlmeida. By rhe end of .ruly he had rB, qop..ttrg+,_ _qgqlpriSed..-mainly- of f i fteen'' - rj,af a:lt !r r.-egimenr d;' 'u.i i i let ' ' ,ni-s ir imei&ia! e.. i irpervls io.n.. Beresford enen uegan I- rs i i c t p rogram o f t ra i r i ing and d isc ip r i ib i . , un e f fo r t to wh ip the por tuguese

army rnto condition t.o meet the French.Beresford arso began removing incompet.enE officers. He had at hisd isposa l 55 Br i t i sh o f f i cers and, ra ther lhan spread ing chem Ehroughout h isarmy ' he concenEra ted Ehem in spec i f i c reg iments . He concent raEed hrs Br ic isho f f i cers in those reg iments wh j .ch cou ld be brought to a s tage o f read iness Ehemost qu ick ly . On 1 Ju ly 1909, the 3rd , 4 rh , 11 th , 15Eh and l6 th L ine Reg imenEsconta ined 40? o f rhe Br i r i . sh o f f i cers in the por tuguese Army. Ho ld ing ranksf rom co lone l to capta in , most o f these 22 men had served in the Lus i tan ianLeg ion s ince Apr i l 1809. Except fo r the 3rd L ine , a t1 had Br i t i sh co lone ls o r' ' l i eu tenant

co l .ne ls - Two o f the reg iment .s were ac tua l l y commanded by Br i t i sho f f i c e r s .The 3rd , 4 th , 13 th and 15 th conta ined very fee , recru i ts , wh ich permi t . tedthe o f f i cers to concent ra te on dr i l r ing thear ve terans back in to cond i t ion .On ly the 16 th L ine was an except ion to th is . BeE! , reen May and June cne 16 thhad rece ived 600 recru i ts . r t was the i r lack o f t ra in in j tha t p revenLed thereg iment f rom tak ing to the f ie ld immedia te ly .I t was no t un t i l the Dundas compromise on 29 Ju ly 1g09, tha t Beres fordwas ab le to d raw enough Br j - t i sh o f f i cers in to the por tuguese army tha t hecou l -d t ru ly beg in tu rn ing i t in t .o an e f fec t i ve f ie ld fo rce . However , un t i ltha t occur red he was fo rced to work w i th what he had. Th is resu f ted in the6th L ine Reg iment tak ing to the f ie ld ! , r i thour a s rngre Br i t i sh o f f i cer .Beres ford s t i11 faced the prob lem o f v /ha t to do w i t l t o lder porcuguese

of f i cers whose incompetency prevented the e f fec t i ve ins t . i tu t ion o f h is re_forms- Hovrever . a t r ip to L isbon conv inced h im tha t the Regency d ia no t hawethe pres t ige or in f luence to p revent any w j -de sweep ing ua t io . r , so he began ade l ibera te p rocess o f cash ie r ing those o f f i cers dur ing Apr i l and May.w i th in the ranks o f the porcuguese army Beres ford found numerous o f f i c -e rs over the age o f s ix ty . Among them, Capta in Jos6 Joaqu im de Souza Forvasof the 1s t L ine Reg iment , had served 3z years and was s t i1 l march ing wr th h iscompany a t the age o f ZO. Between 15 March and 4 Ju ly 1g09, Beres ford re_moved 108 o f f i cers , o f whom 7g were capta ins o r l ieu ienants . In . lu ly heident i f ied another 107 . f f i cers to be re i i red . These men had an average ageof 57 .7 years and had served 39 .3 years in Ehe army, The youngest was 47 and: : > l - h e ^ l . l a a i ? c

Fur ther compl ica t ing the process was the por tuguese process o f commis_s ion ing o f f i cers known as " aggregados, , (added) . They were en t i t led to a l l thepr iv i leges o f a regutar appo in tment , bu t were a lways subord ina te to a regru la ro f f i cer o f equa l rank . As most o f the Br i t i sh o f f i cers serv ing in the porcu_guese Army wete aggregados they often had diff iculties performiig Lheir dutieswhen faced w i th mi l i ta r i l y uneducated por tuguese o f f i cers o f equar rank wr . th inthe i r reg iments . Jea lousy and d i f f i cu l t i -es f lour ished be tween Br i t i sh andPor tuguese o f f i cers - fndeed, i t was no t unknown fo r v io lence to e rup t , evenbetween Br i t i sh o f f i cers ' A lexander D ickson observed tha t Ehe commander o fthe Por tuguese arL i l le ry was so pre jud iced aga ins t the Eng l ish thac he au_tomat ica l l y re jec ted any adv ice or suggest ion D ickson nade ou t o f hand.Fur ther compl ica t ing the issue, the por tuguese army was near ly bankrupt .The Regency was unab le Lo suppor t iE f inanc ia r ly and by mid-June, in o rder tofeed h is t roops , Beres ford d i rec ted t .ha t a l r b i l l s io r p rov is ions be sentd i rec t l y to the Br iL ish ambassad.or to por tuga l . H is ab i l i t y to p rov iae un i -

6 6

:'.;>

fo rms and egu ipment fo r h is a rmy was equa l ly l im i ted . The Br j - t i sh governmenth a d p r o m i s e d t o o u t f i t 2 0 , 0 0 0 P o r t u g u e s e s o l d i e r s . B e t w e e n J u n e a n d J u l y h ew o r k e d t i r e l e s s l y t o e n s u r e t h a t H i s M a j e s t y ' s g o v e r n m e n t m e t i t s o b l i g a t i o n s .By R Jl t ly 1.8 09 ennrrgrh rnaf"cr j a l 411i- ' r . rsd i .n the Ro-rr6. l l , :senaf in L.rsbcn tc

. -pern i i - . ths . - in fan l ry - - tc Jae *qr rpp l ied . . : " ' : :h -shoes . . , .Unfor tunate l_y , thepor t .uguese-a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s i n c a p a b l e o f m e e t i n g t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s p l a c e d

i c ^ - lc ; r l a t , ano desp i te the presence o f equ ipment in L isbon, the por tuguese t roopsw e r e f o r c e d t o t . a k e t o t h e f i e l d w i t h o u t h a v i n g b e n e f i t o f t h e m a t e r i a l sg a t h e r e d i n t h e d e p o t s . T h e p r o b l e m s w i t h t h e c o m m i s s a r i a t a n d f i n a n c e s w a sto Cog the Por tuguese army th roughout the campaign .

T h e c o m m i s s a r i a t h a d s u c c e e d e d i n i s s u i n g u n i f o r m s t o t h e c a q a d o r e s , b u ti t was to t .a I1y incapab le o f p rov id ing grea t coa ts to the t roops pr io r to thea r r i v a l - o f c o l d w e a t h e r .

Pay was another d isas ter . w i thout regu la r pay the so ld ie rs found them-s e l v e s f a c e d , i n v i l l a g e a f t e r v i l l d g e , w i t h r e f u s a l s t o p r o v i d e t h e m w i c hf o c C - T h e c i t y ' s m a y o r s a l s o r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e m i l i t a r yconr ;nanders . Before too long the so ld ie rs began to take mat te rs in to the i r ownh a n d s a n d t h e d i s c i p l i n e t h a t B e r e s f o r d h a d s o l o v i n g l - y i n s t i l ] e d i n t o h i s n e warnry began break ing down.

B e r - e s f o r d r e s p o n d e d b y r e v i s i n g t h e t r i a l p r o c e d u r e a n C r e f o r m i n g t h ec o o e o f m i l i t a r y j u s t i c e u s e d b y t h e P o r t u g u e s e . H o w e v e r , t h e i n i t i a l e f f o r t sw e r e d e l a y e d u n t i l w o r d f r o m D o m J o a o a r r i v e d f r o m B r a z i l - o n 1 4 N o v e m b e r l - 8 0 9t h a t g a v e B e r e s f o r d t h e n e e d e d a u t h o r i t y . T h i s a u t h o r i t y , h o w e v e r , w a s n o tu n l i m i t e d a n d p e r m i t t e d B e r e s f o r d t h i s a u t h o r i t y o n l y w h e n t h e a r m y w a s o nc d t r . : D E . i g n . O n o t h e r o c c a s i o n s , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l f o r m a t w a s t o b e f o l 1 o w e d .

H c w e v e r , d s t h e R e g e n c y w a s s o f a r a w a y i n B r a z i l , B e r e s f o r d s o o n f o u n c lh i r r , s e l f i n a p o s i t i o n t o a c t a c c o r d i n g t o h i s o w n c o n c e p t s . H e w o u l d d i r e c t l yi n t . e r v e n e i n t h e t r i a l p r o c e s s , i n c r e a s i n g o r d e c r e a s i n g p u n i s h m e n t s f o rc r i r n e s a s h e s a w f i t . H e m a d e a p o i n t o f r e e s t a b l i s h i n g e x e c u t i o n s f o r d e s e r -t i c n a n d a f t e r s e v e r a l s u c h e x e c u t i c n s w e r e w e l l p u b l i s h e d , h e r e s u m e d s u c he x e c u t i o n s i n p u b l i c t o f o r e s t a ] 1 o u L b r e a k s o f d e s e r t i o n , I o o t i n g a n d i n s u b o r -d i n a t i o n . f n O c t o b e r 1 8 0 9 a s o l d i e r o f t h e 2 l s t L i n e , f o u n d g u i l t y o f d e s e r -t i o n , ! ' / a s s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h . I n s t e a d o f e x e c u t i n g h i m i n f r o n t o f t h e r e g i -m e n - L , h e w a s e x e c u t e d i n t h e t o w n s q u a r e o f O p o r t o . T h e m a x i m u m e f f e c t o f t h ee x e c u t i o n w a s s o u g h t a n d t h e t i m i n g w a s e s t a b l - i s h e d s o a s t o a s s u r e t h e m a x i -m u m a u d i e n c e o f c i v i l - i a n s a n d s o l d i e r s .

T h e S e p t e m b e r r e t u r n s s h o w t h a t t h e P o r t u g u e s e a r m y n o t i n ' S p a i n h a d3 I , 4 . 2 3 r , r r e n , b u t o n l y 1 - 9 , 4 7 6 w e r e f i t f o r d u t y . A f u r t h e r 4 , 0 0 0 w e r e s h o w n a ss i c k a n d 6 3 0 h a d d e s e r t e d . O f t h e t e n r e g i m e n t s t h a t h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e

- ..i -- .: ..L - o * f , J o . - L y r r r r r S p a i n , 5 0 2 w e r e s i c k a n C d e s e r t i o n w a s o n t h e r i s e . I n t h e r e s to f t h e a r m y , t o t a l i n g 4 7 , 4 3 9 m e n , o n l y 3 6 , 3 7 2 w e r e f i t f o r d u t y .

T h e p r o b l e m o f B r i t i s h o f f i c e r s c o n t i n u e d . T h e q u e s t i o n o f r a n k w a s o n et h a t w a s n o t t o b e s o l v e d . O f f i c e r s w h o d i d n o t r e c e i v e t h e i r a n t i c i p a t e dre ' ' ;a rds o f p romot ion were soon d i s i 1 lus ioned and res igned . B e r e s f o r d w a sa b l e t o s t e m t h e f l o w o f r e s i g n a t i o n s , b u t h e f o u n d h i m s e l f b e i n g u s e d a s a^ , , - ^ i - û u t i r ! r - r r g g r o u n d f o r t h e i n c o m p e t e n t o f f i c e r s o f t h e B r i t i s h a r m y . H e f o u n da l c o h o l - i c s , w e l l - c o n n e c t e d i n c o m p e c e n t s a n d i 1 I - t e m p e r e d m a l - c o n t e n t s b e i n gr e c o m m e n d e d t o h i m i n a n e v e r e n d i n g s t r e a m . H e k e p t m o s t o f t h e m o u t o f t h eP o r t u g u e s e a r m y , b u t d e s p i t e h i s e f f o r t s , s e v e r a l s l i p p e d t h r o u g h .

B e c a u s e t h e B r i t i s h o f f i c e r s d i d n o t r e c o g n i z e P o r t u g u e s e a u t h o r i t y ,B e r e s f o r d f o u n d h i m s e l f c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g c a l l e d u p o n t o a d j u d i c a t e d i s p u t e sb e t w e e n B r i t i s h o f f i c e r s . H o w e v e r , i n o r d e r t o r e e s t a b l i s h t h e p o r t u g u e s e

a r r r i v B e r e s f o r d n e e d e d m o r e B r i t i s h o i f i c e r s a n d w a s w i l l i n q t o d e a l w i t h t h e s ep r o c l e m s i n o r d e r t o g e L t h e m .

/- -,

Problems with ]anguage, rank and quality among the officer corps con-

tsinued, but soon Beresford found himself getcing the nurnlcers of officers he

soughL. By Septenber he es tab l i shed the feve ls o f Br i t i sh o f f i cers to be

- .assigmed to ewery regiment. The ' infantry-regiments vrould be assigned five

. -€ f f i cers , the cava l ry squadrons and caqadore ba t ta l ions- wou ld have th ree .

Th is b roughE Beres ford 's requ i rements fo r Br i t i sh o f f i cers to 179. By the end

of October , 1809, he had 84 Br i t i sh o f f i cers on du ty . By May Eh is g rew to

IO7. Unfor tuna le ly , many o f these o f f i cers d id noE speak Por tuguese, wh ich

resulted in numerous problems. The Brit ish staff communicated r'r ith their

PorEuguese counterparts in French, but the regimental officers spoke 1j.tt l-e or

no Por tugr - rese and the i r so ld ie rs spoke no th ing eLse. Th is a lso lead to many

res ignat ions , bu t lhe more competent Br i t i sh o f f i cers qu ick ly began learn ing

PorEuguese. Though many developed a reading competency, few achieved verbal

fluency- Most l imited their knowledge of PorEuguese to the words of command.

Beresford was, needLess to say, bo(barded wittr requests for Lranslators and

t rans laE ions o f Por tuguese documents .Desp i te the prob lems Beres ford was to p rov ide Ehe Br i t i sh t f i th 30 ,000

Por tuguese Troops to res is t Massena 's 1810 inwas ion o f Por tuga l . The French

at tack on C iudad Rodr igo fo rced we l l ing ton to ac t and be tween June and Ju ly

1810 he in tegra ted the Por tuguese in to h is a rmy. John Hami l ton 's Por tuguese

D i v i s i o n , c o n s i s r i n g o f t h e 2 n d , 4 t h , 1 o t h a n d 1 4 c h L i n e , t o t a l i n g 4 , 5 8 1 r n e n ,

w a s a s s i g n e d c o M a j o r G e n e r a l H i l l ' s B r i t i s h d i v i s i o n . w i l l i a r n H a r v e y ' s

b r i g a d e , 9 t h a n d 3 l s t L i n e , 2 , 0 3 1 t r o o p s , w e r e a s s i g n e d t o M a j o r G e n e r a l

P i c E o n ' s d i v i s i o n . A b r i g a d e o f 2 , 5 3 6 P o r t u g u e s e ( l l t h a n d 2 3 r d L i n e ) w a s

a s s i g n e d t o c o L e ' s d i v i s i o n . T h e 3 r d a n d 1 5 t h L i n e , u n d e r B r i g a d i e r w i l l i a m

Sprye , and th ree ba t ta l ions o f the Lus i tan ian Leg ion and the Bth L ine under

co lone l Doug las fo rmed the 4 ,175 Por tuguese fo rce ass igned to Le i th 's 5 th

Dlw is ion- And the famous L igh t d iv is ion was jo ined by the ls t and 3rd Ca-

cadores , a to ta l o f 1 ,022 men. By September 1810 we l l - ing ton had incorpora ted

14,238 PorLuguese rank and f i le in to the Br l t i sh a rmy. fn add i t ion , a fu r therr h r p c i r . : - r a n a n . r o n r h r : - ^ r ^ ^ ' 1 1 ? n e n , w e r e f o r m e d . T h e f i r s t b r i -L r - ! c c r L L J s P r r 9 d u s s , L U L d f f r r y

gade v ras under Br j .gad ie r Pack and cons is ted o f the ls t and 16 th L ine and the

4rh caqadores- The 5 th Br igade, under Br igad ie r campbe l l , con ta ined the 6 th

caqadores and 5 th and 16 th L ine . The 5 th Br igade was fo rmed f rom the 7 th and

loth Line and the 2nd Caqadores under the command of Brigadier Coleman. The

o i f i c ia l records fo r th is per iod ind ica te the Porcuguese reg iments had the

fo l low i .nq s t renqths fo r rank and f i le :

';> 2 n d L i n e

3 r d L i n e

4 t h L i n e

B t h L i n e

9 t h L i n e

1 0 t h L i n e

1 1 t h L i n e

r , r o oq a 7

' t 1 6 , 4

L , 0 7 51 , 0 8 5

9 3 1L , 2 8 3

1 4 t h L i n e1 5 t h L i n e2 1 s t L i n e2 3 r A L l n e

L u s i t a n i a n L e g i o n1 s t C a q a d o r e s3 r d C a q a d o r e s

r , 2 2 L7 5 9928

r , 2 5 31 d n q

4 5 5567

T h e f i r s t r e o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t w i t h t h e t r o o p s t h a t B e r e s f o r d

i n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e e x i s t i n g a r m y . I n O c t o b e r 1 8 0 9 , h o w e v e r , h e w a s r e a d y t o

b e g i n a b s o r b i n g n e w r e c r u i t s . I n D e c e m b e r a r e v i s e d s y s t e m e r a s e s t a b l i s h e d

f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f n e w r e c r u i t s . A d e p o E w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n e a c h p r o v i n c e

a n d i t s r u n c t i o n w a s . t h e t r a i n i n g a n C e q u i p p i n g o f n e w s o l d i e r s . T h o s e d e p o t s

w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

5 B

Prow i nc eE s t r e m a d u r a

E s t remadura

A l e m t e j o

A ' l r - r r r r r c

T r a s - o s - M o n t e s

B e i r a

Minho

P a r t i d o d e P o r t o

Depo t

P e n i c h e

L i s b o n

E l v a s

Evora

Chaves

V i s e u

V ianna

P o r t o

A s s i c n e d R e q i m e n t s

I n f : ! , 4 , 7 , 1 3 , ! 6 , 1 9 , 2 2A r t : 1C a r r : 1 . 4 , 7 , - . o

. I n f | 2 , 5 , 1 4 , I 7

A r t : 2 , 3 ,

C a v : 2 , 5I n f : 1 2 , 2 4

C a c : 3 , 5

C a v : 6 , 9 , 1 2

I n f : 8 , 1 1 , 3 0 , 2 3 , & L o y a l

Lus i t . an ian Leg ion

C a v : 8 , 1 1

C a c : I , 2 , 4

I n f : 9 , 1 5 , 2 IA r t : 4

C a c : 6

f n f : 3 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 8

C a v : 3

E a c h m i l i t a r y f o r m a t i o n w a s t o m a i n t a i n a m i n i m u m n u m b e r o f r e c r u i t s i nr - l - r o - i r r r o n n t - s . T h e l i n e r e g i m e n t s w e r e r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n a d e p O t o f 1 5 5 m e n ,L l I U M v } J v u L

F l - ^ A ^ - .L r . r c . - a9c r . - ' . , . r - cs r depo ts we re t o con ta in 63 men , each cava l r y squad ron depo t had

6 0 m e n a n d t h e f o u r a r t i l l e r y d e p o t s h a d 1 5 5 m e n . T h e f u } 1 c o m p l e m e n t o f t h e

d e p o t s w a s t o b e 5 , 4 7 4 m e n .

I n i t i a l l y t h e n u m b e r s o f n e w r e c r u i t s w a s n o t a p r o b l e m u n d e r t h e n e w^ " ^ F ^ n - - ' r ? t o t a l o f 4 , 4 8 9 h a d b e e n r e c r u i t e d b y A p r i l 1 8 1 0 . U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,> y > L g r r r o . r r L , a c

i n o r d e r t o f u l f i l I t h e q u o t a s a n y a v a i l a b l e m a l e w a s s u b j e c t t o b e i n g d r a -g o o n e d - A v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r o f m e n e n t e r e d t h e s e r v i c e i n t h i s m a n n e r a n d i t

i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t h a l f o f t h e m e n t a k e n i n t o t h e P o r t u g u e s e a r m y d e s e r t e d

b e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e i r r e g i r n e n t s . T h e a c t u a l p r o c e s s o f I ' r e c r u i t m e n t " w i l l - b e

d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .

L a t e r e f f o r t s a t o b t a i n i n g s u f f i c j - e n t q u a J - i f i e d r e c r u i t s d i d b e c o m e an r n J - r l o m ' r h e m i n i m u m h e i g h t r e q u i r e m e n t w a s 5 f e e t 3 i n c h e s , b u t t h i s w a s

r e d u c e d t o 4 f e e t 1 0 7 / 2 i n c h e s b y D e c e m b e r , 1 8 0 9 . F i n a l l y , o n 9 J u l y 1 8 1 0 ,

i t w a s r e d u c e d t o 4 f e e t ' / i n c h e s , w i t h t h e s t i p u l - a t i o n t h a t t h e y b e h e a l t h y

a n d o f g o o d m o r a l c h a r a c t e r .

T h e 2 2 n d L i n e R e g i m e n t p r o w i d e s a g o o d e x a m p l e o f h o w r e c r u i t i n g p r o c e s s

v r e n t . T h e r e g i m e n t h a d b e e n d e s t r o y e d i n 1 8 0 7 d u r i n g J u n o t r s i n v a s i o n . I n

S e p t e m b e r 1 8 0 9 i t h a d 5 3 m e n , a n d b y J a n u a r y 1 8 1 0 i t h a d d e c l i n e d t o 4 I . I tw a s s e l e c t e d t o s e r v e a s a n e x a m p l e o f h o w t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s w a s t o

o c c u r , b u t t h e c i v i l s e r v i c e i n L i s b o n w a s s o c o r r u p t t h a t n o q u a l i f i e d r e -

c r u i t s c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d . O n 2 6 J u l y 4 6 r e c r u i t s w e r e r e j e c t e d f o r t h e f o l -

l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1 5 t o o s h o r t ; 2 3 S p a n i a r d s f r o m G a l i c i a ; 2 w e a k c h e s t e d ; 1h r ^ l r o n ' l o n .

1 t o o o l d ; 1 v e r y w e a k ; 1 l a m e r i g h t 1 " g r 2 a l r e a d y t h r o r v n o u t o f- v J ,

a n o t h e r r e g i m e n t .

E v e n t u a l l y 1 , 7 2 9 r e c r u i t s w e r e s e n t t o t h e 2 2 n d L i n e , b u t o n l y I 9 4 w e r e

f r o m L i s b o n . B e r e s f o r d i n f o r m e d F o r j a z t h a t u n t i ] t h e a b u s e s o f t h e c i v i l i a ng o v e r n m e n t w e r e c o r r e c t e d i t w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e t o r e f o r m t h e r e g i m e n t . T h i sw a s n o t a p r o b l e m u n i q u e t o t h e 2 2 n d L i n e R e g i m e n t . S i m i l a r s t o r i e s a b o u n dt h r o u q h o u t t h e e n t i r e a r m y .

T o c o r r e c t t h i s , B e r e s f o r d b e g a n t o e x e r c i s e h i s m u s c l e a n d a u t h o r i t y

o v e r t h e c i v i l i a n g o v e r n m e n t . H e t h r e a t e n e d p u n i s h m e n t o f c i v i l a u t h o r i t i e sw h o d i d n o t c o o p e r a t e a n d s o o n l a r g e n u m b e r s o f q u a l i f i e d t r a i n e e s b e g a n: r r i r r i r r r r i n t h e v a r i o u s d e p o t s . T h o u g h t h e q u a l i t y h a d r i s e n , m a n y r e c r u i t s

6 9

w e r e t h e d r e g s o f s o c i e E y . I n a d d i E i o n , i n o r d e r t . o k e e p c o n t . r o l o f t h e m a n dt o p r e v e n t d e s e r t i o n , t h e n e w i n d u c E e e s w e r e k e p t i n j a i l u n t i l t h e y w e r ed e l i v e r e d t o t h e d e p o t . T h e y w e r e , d s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r i n c a r c e r a t i o n , u s u a l -

--lv,.under.nourished,. and -.i-1 1 .- -

< r r r r - . ; Th i€ - i l l ness . was brought . in to the depots 'and the depcc a t Pen iche soonfound iLse l f swept w i th ep idemics o f fever and d ia r rhea. The preva i l ingPortuguese ideas relaEing to hygiene did not J"mprove this situation, but. thenhyg iene was a ra ther a l ien concept in most o f Europe a t th is t ime.

Massena's invasi.on of Portugal proved opportune for Beresford in onesense, i t go t the a t tenc ion and cooperaEion o f the c iv i l ian popu la t ion andits governmenu. More men appeared at Lhe depots, buE the corruption andincompetence of Che supply system kept nen wiEhout uniforms for three or fourmonths . AE Pen iche a lone 400 men d ied o f exposure . In add i t ion , a roundPen iche, food and f i rewood were no t read i l y ava i lab le . By October 1810, 1 ,200

; f s ick were in hosp i ta l and those tha t were s t i1 l we l l enough were s tead i l ydeserE ing . The commander o f the Pen iche depot soon found h imse l f fo rced tosend h is men to o ther depots where they cou ld be suppor ted .

The depots soon began to func t ion as in tended and w i th es tab l i shment o ft h e d e p o E s y s t e m B e r e s f o r d ' s m a j o r t a s k w a s c o m p l e t e d - I t h a d t a k e n h i me igh teen months , bu t in Lhat t ime he had toLaf ly reorgan ized Lhe Por tuguesearmy and f ie lded a fo rce o f 30 ,000 t roops ready fo r campaign . By the t ime thewar was over, Beresford would have expanded the PorCuguese army Co a strengthnear ly equa l to thaE. o f Lhe Br i t i sh a rmy serv ing in the Pen insu la .

' lne ur t 1 r 5vs cem

In order to s tandard ize the method o f d r i l1 in the Por tuguese armyBeres ford adopted the Dundas Dr i1 l Book . I t was Lrans fa ted ineo Porcugueseand w ide ly d is t r ibu ted , Beres ford a lso s imp l i f ied the ! , ,o rds o f command sotha t they were compat ib le w i th the Por tuguese language and even in t roducedsome Eng l ish words in to the command sys tem.

T ' h e k e y C o B e r e s f o r d ' s s y s t e m w a s r e p e t i t i o n . D u r i n g t h e f a l 1 o f 1 8 0 9h3 worked on cur ing the ve terans o f the i r bad hab i ts and began a program o fb r e a k i n g t h e r e g i m e n t s d o w n i n t o s q u a d s a n d e n f o r c e d d a i l y d r i l l s . t n i t i a l l ythe Por tuguese r , re re unab le to per fo rm even the s imp les t maneuvers . Beres ford

- ob l iged the Por tuguese so ld ie rs to repeat the maneuvers end less hours on thed r i l i s q u a r e u n t i l t h e l e s s o n s w e r e f e a r n e d .

To suppor t th is , Wel l ing ton len t enough Br i t i sh sergeants to Beres ford

:p tha t he was ab le to ass ign two to each reg iment o f in fan t ry and cagadoreb a L C a I i o n . T h e B r i t i s h s y s t e m w a s t a u g h t i n a l l p h a s e s a n d t h e ' , E i g h t e e n

Maneuvers" o f Dundas ' sys tem gu ided the maneuvers o f the l ine in fan t ry . Thecaqadores learned and worked f rom the Br i t i sh a rmy 's I igh t in fan t ry regu la -t r,ons -

The cava l ry and ar t i l l e ry a lso adopted the regu la t ions and dr i l l p ro -cedures o f the i r counterpar ts in the Br ic ish army.

1'he Infantrv is Reformed

T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e A r m y a n d i t s r e g i m e n t s w a s e s t a b -l - i s h e d b y C o u n t S c h a u m b u r g - L i p p e i n 1 7 6 2 . E a c h r e g i m e n t h a d s e v e n c o m p a n i e sf o r m i n g a s i n g l e b a t t a l i o n . T h e f i r s t . c o m p a n y , c o m m a n d e d b y t h e c o I o n e l , h a d116 men . The second company was commanded by t he I i eu tenan t - co l - one l - , t het h i r d b y t h e m a j o r a n d t h e r e r n a i n i n g f o u r b y c a p L a i n s . T h e l a s t s i x c o m p a -n i e s h a d 1 1 4 m e n e a c h , s o t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h o f t h e r e g i m e n t , i n c l u d i n g as t a f f o f o n e a d j u [ a n t , o n e q u a r [ e r m a s t e r , o n e c h a p l a i n , o n e a u d i t o r , , o n e

/ U

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surgeon, s ix ass is tanE surgeons, a d rum major , an armorer and a hangman, l ras805 men, o r 23 reg imenta l o f f i cers , 15 sEaf f o f f i cers , and ?69 non_commls_s ioned o f f i cers and men. Th is was t .he fo rmal s t ruc tu re , bu t the reg imentcould have anv number of agqradadop-s atiached to the regirnent. These men,F | i F h F r . | f ; i . F r c n ^ n - . ^ m r n i e c i - n a d ^ f f i ^ a r a __, . rnen, - . r :ece iv j .ng .ha1f the Fa l , .3 . : rCa l l0wances o f the regu la r t roop, bu t . d id the same duty as the e f fecc ives o fthe corps to wh ich they were aEcached. They were a lso the jun io r o f the i rrespec t iwe ranks . Th is p rac t ice e f fec t i very doub led Ehe s t . rength o f thereg iment in many cases . However , th is was very open to abuse.

The f i rs t reg imenC o f l ine in fan t ry was fo rmed under the persona l in_spec t ion o f count schaumburg-L ippe in l .762 . r t was named a f te r h im and v rasra ised in L isbon. r t v ras Ehe sen io r reg iment and served as guards o f thecour t and househo ld t roops fo r the sovere ign .

The 2nd Regiment was raised j-n Algarve and endcodied in Lagos. The 3rdReg iment , O l ivenqa, was fo rmed pr inc i .pa l l y by men f rom the d is t r i c t o f Lamego.They were not as hardy as the croops forming the other regimenLs and reputedlyhad a prob lem wi th s ickness .

The 4 th Reg iment was commanded by comes Freyre , one o f the most d is t in_gu ished o f f i cers in por tuguese serv ice , p r io r to the 190? inwas ion by LheFrench. Genera l F reyre e /as , a f te r the French invas ion , persuaded to jo inFrench serv ice and the grea ter par t o f h is reg imenL jo ined h im in Decomlngp a r r o f r h e P o r t u g u e s e L e g i o n , i n F r e n c h s e r v i c e . T h e 5 L h R e g i m e n t d i s L i n _gu ished i t se l . f aga ins t the French a t cuad iana- The 6 th Reg iment was known asthe Opor to Reg i rnent , f ro rn whence i t was ra ised- The 7 th Reg ianent was as o - I j d b o d y o f m e n f o r m e d f r o m L h e r e g i o n a r o u n d S t . U b e s . T h e g t h R e g i m e n L ,on the o ther hand, was in a wre tched cond i t ion- L ikewise , the 9 th Reg imenth a d a r e p u t a L j o n a s b e i n g v e r y i n e f f i c i e n t . T h e o i h e r r e g i m e n t s w e r e o fv a r y i n g e f i e c L i v e n e s s . T h e 1 1 t h R e g i m e n t , w a s n o r p a r t i c u l a r l y e f f i c i e n l , t h e12th was no t ab le to take t .o the f ie ld in 1807, and the 13hh Reg iment wasnoted on ly fo r i t s labors on var ious fo r t i f i ca t ions . The 14 t .h reg imenb,ho l rever , was probab ly the bes t in th : por tuguese Army- The 15 th Reg iment i rasnoted fo r i t s s ickness . The 21s t was in good order , bu t o f a no ted lowere f f i c i e n c y , a s w a s t h e 2 2 n d .

When Lhe French invaded, however , a l1 th is was swept a ! , ray- The por tu -guese Army was no match fo r the French army. A f te r i t . was des t roved, andPor tuga l l ibera ted by the Br i t i sh , the remnants were ga thered back togetherand the reorgan iza t ion began. However , i t v7as progress ing so ine f f i c ien t ly ,tha t the Br i t i sh were inv iLed to assume cont ro l o f t .h is p rocess and Beres fordw a s a s s i g n e d t o t h e t a s k .

Beres ford began h is work on the l ine in fan t ry by d isband ing the gLh and22nd Reg iments , because Lhey were so under s t rength . They were , however ,eventua l - l y re fo rmed. By Septern l f ,e r 1809, a l t the reg iments , bu t the 3rd , 5 th ,1 5 t h , 2 1 s t a n d 2 4 t h R e g i m e n t s , h a d o r g a n i z e d t h e i r s e c o n d b a t t a l i o n s . T h e o 1 ds t ruc ture was re ta ined, except fo r the fo rmal add ib ion o f a second ba t ta l ion .I t was in tended tha t bo th ba t ta f ions o f each reg iment serve together , bu tdur ing che ear ly s tages the f i rs t . ba t ta l ions were o f ten found serv ing in thef ie ld e / i thout the second ba t ta l ions-

The br igade fo rmat ions es tab l i shed in 1801 were re ta ined un t i l theGenera l o rder o f 29 sept .eTn l f ,e r 1go9 was issued, wh ich reorgan ized the br igades t ruc ture . Th is fo rmat ion was to remain fa i r l y cons tan t th roughout bhe res to f the war in the Pe_n insu la , though t .here were some smal1 changes.

Each br igade had Cwo l ine in fan t ry reg iments , each w i th two ba t ta l j -ons ,and a s ing le "caeadore ' , ba t ta l ion , g iv ing them an average s t rength o f beLween2 , 5 0 0 a n d 3 , 0 0 0 m e n . I n p r a c t i c e , t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e p o r t u g u e s e a r m y w a snot long l i ved and i t . was absorbed in to the Br i t j . sh f ie ld a rmy, w i th the

7 I

br igades be ing d is t r ibu t .ed in tac t to the var ious Br i t i sh d iv is ions .Under the new es tab l i shment se t by Beres ford , rhe in fan t ry reg iment .s

were organ ized w i t .h two ba t ta l ions . Each ba tea l ion had one grenad ier and fourfus i l ie r compan ies . The compan ies were numbered ls t and 2nd Grenad ier Compa-

- j , - l ies and Ls t th rough 8 t 'h Fus i l ie r Compan ies . Which f , rs i t ie r compan ies werg-ass igned to wh ich ba t ta l ion , hoerever , i s no t c lear . Th is made a Por tuguese

. Reg iment , w iLh bo th ba tEa l ions , the tac t i ca l equ ive lan t o f a Br i t i sh tencompany baCtaLion and permitted Che Portuguese Eo maneuver their regimentexac t ly l i ke a Br i t i sh ba t ta l ion . The sEaf f o f an in fan t ry reg iment wasorgan ized as fo l lows :

l Corone l - (Co loneI )1 T e n e n t e C o r o n e l ( L i e u t n a n t c o l o n e l )2 M a j o r e s ( u a i o r s )2 A d j u t a n t s1 Thesoure i ro o r Pagador (Treasurer o r paymaster )2 Q u a r t e l - m e s t r o ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r )2 Sargentos de Br igada or A judantes Sargentos

( B r i g a d e S a r g e a n t s o r A d j u c a n t S a r g e a n t s )2 P o r t a B a n d e i r a s ( S L a n d a r d b e a r e r s )1 C a p e l l d o ( C h a p l i n )1 C i r u r g i d o M 6 r ( S u r g e o n m a j o r )4 A j u d a n r e s d o M 6 r ( A s s i s t a n t s u r g e o n )1 C o r o n h e i r o ( G u n s t o c k m a k e r )1 E s p i n g a r d e i r o ( G u n s m i t h )1 M e s t r e d e M u s i c a ( M u s i c m a s t e r )B M u s i c o s ( M u s i c i a n s )1 T a m b o r - M o r ( D r u m m a j o r )1 Cabo de Tombores (C i r ie f o f d rummers , /d rum corpora l )2 P i f a n o s ( F i f e r s )

A n i n f a n t r y c o m p a n y a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n o r g a n i z e C w i t h :

1 C a p i t d o ( C a p t a i n ) 1

1 T e n e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )

1 A l f e r e s ( S e c o n d I i e u t e n a n t s )1 P r i m e i r o S a r g e n t o ( t s t s e r g e a n t )2 S e g u n d o s S a r g e n L o s ( 2 n d s e r g e a n t s )1 F u r r i e l ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r c o r p o r a l )4 C a b o s d e E s q u a d r a ( S q u a d c o r p o r a l s )4 A n s p e q a d a s ( L a n c e c o r p o r a l )1 Tambore (Drummer)

8 2 S o ] d a d o s ( S o l d i e r s )9 B T o t a l

A r e w i e w o f o r d e r s o f b a t t l e a n d c o m b a t h i s t o r i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h eP n r f , , . n , o e a r e g i m e n t w a s t h e p r i n c i p a l t a C t i c a l e l e m e n t . T h i s m e a n t t h a t t h eb a t t a l - i o n w a s l i t t l e m o r e t h a n t h e h a l f p o r t i o n o f t h e r e g i m e n t a n d n o t t h et a c t i c a l e l e m e n t i t w a s i n o t h e r n a L i o n a l a r m i e s . T h i s m a y w e l l a l s o h a v eo c c u r r e d b e c a u s e o f t h e n e e d t o c r e a t e m o r e o f f i c e r b i l l e t s f o r t h e P o r t u g u e s eg r a n d e e s w h o h a d a s o c i a l - n e e d t o b e o f f i c e r s . T h i s w o u l d b e m u c h a l o n g t h e

1 . " C a p i t a o " i n P o r t u g u e s e i s p r o n o u n c e d " C a p i t a n " .

:'*

7 2

l i n e s o f t h e r e a s o n f o rb a t t a l i o n r e g i m e n t s s o a sa n d c o l o n e l s .

The Ca.Cadol:_gs_

t h e S p a n i s h a r m y ' s h a v i n g

t o c r e a t e m o r e p o s i t i o n sr e o r g a n i z e d i n t o s i n g l e

fo r r eg imen ta l commanders

P r i o r t o t h e F r e n c h i n v a s i o n t h e M a r q u i s o f A L o r n a h a d a s m a ] l c o r p s o r" L e g i o n " o f l i g h t t r o o p s . W h e n t h e F r e n c h i n v a d e d , t h i s f o r c e v a n i s h e d . W i t ht h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y f r o m t h e F r e n c h , t h e g r i t i s h e n c o u r a g e d t h ee s t a b l - i s h m e n t o f a f o r c e o f l i g h t i n f a n t r y , t h e C a q a d o r e s l . T h e D e c r e e o f 1 9I \ i a y 1 8 0 5 h a d o r d e r e d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n t h e f i r s t c a q a d o r e r e g i m e n t s . A s e c o n dr l a r - t ^ a o r l : r s c l L 4 A u g u s t 1 8 0 8 , a g a i n o r d e r e d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t s i x\ J e v - v v t

c a q a d o r e b a t . t a l i o n s , b u t i t w a s n r t u n t i l 1 4 O c t o b e r 1 8 0 8 t h a t t h e 1 s t C a q a d o r eB a t t a l i o n w a s f u l 1 y o r g a n i z e d a n d i t s c o l o n e l , , J o r g e d ' A v i l - e z , w a s a p p o i n t e da s o f L 2 J a n u a r y 1 8 0 9 . T h e s i x b a t t a l i o n s w e r e r a i s e d a s f o l l - o w s :

B a t t a l - i o n1 s t2 n d3 r d4 r h5 r ha * l Ô L I I

R a i s e d a t

C a s t e l - 1 o d e V i d e

Moura

V i 1 l a R e a I

V i s e ur a ^ - ^ ^ x r - . , ^ -\ - c r ' u I I J L ) - r ' r a y L J r

Por to

C o m m a n d i n q O f f i c e r

C o l o n e 1 J o r g e d e V i l l a s

C o l o n e l B i l s t o n

C o l o n e l S i l v e r i a

C o l - o n e l L e u i s d e R i g o

C o l o n e l M o z i n h o

unknown

O n c e f o r m e d , i t w o u l - d a p p e a r t h a t t h e 2 n d B a t t a l i o n w a s t h e b e s t l i q h tu n i - t i n t h e P o r t u g u e s e A r m y .

T h e n e x t l i g h t f o r c e r a i s e d b y t h e P o r t u g u e s e w a s t h e f a m o u s " L o y a 1L u s i t a n i a n L e g i o n " f o r m e d b y G e n e r a l R o b e r t l . l i l s o n . I n i t i a l l y t h e L u s i t a n i a nr .=n ' i nn f r . a r l abou t 2 , 000 men - I t wou ld have expanded f u r t he r , bu t t he po r tu -

€ - : - - ' -: j u - b c r - r r r c r r r c e s w o u l d n o t a l l - o w i t . T h e L e g i c n h a d t h r e e b a t t a l i o n s o f l i g h ti n f a n l - r r r e o m e c a v a l - r y 2 a n d a " b r i g a d e " ( b a t t e r y ) o f a r t i l l e r y w i t h f o u r 6 p d r sI v L

' J ,

a n i 2 h o w i t z e r s . t h e f i r s t e l e m e n t s o f t h e i e g i o n w e r e o p e r a t i o n a l i n D e c e m -b e r 1 B 0 B . T ' i i e y v r e r e e v e n t u a l l y a b s o r b e d i n t o t h e r e g u l a r P o r t u g u e s e a r m y a st h e 7 L h , B t h a n d 9 t h C a q a d o r e s i n 1 8 1 1 . T h e 1 O t h , 1 1 t h a n d 1 2 t h C a q a d o r e sv r e r e n e w l y f o r m e d i n 1 8 1 1 .

O n 2 0 F e b r u a r y 1 8 1 0 t h e C a q a d o r e 3 a t t a l i o n s w e r e

v r i t h s i x c o m p a n i e s , T h e b a t t a l i o n s t a f f c o n s i s t e d o f :

1 T e n t e n t e C o r o n e l ( i , t . C o l o n e l )

I tv tat or' l

A i r r r : l . a n t - o { 7 \ - l + r r F r n F \J n J u u u t r L C \ . H ' L r J L l L a t t L /

1 T h e s o u r e i r o o r P a g a d o r ( P a y m a s t e r )

1 Q u a r L e l M e s t r e ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r )

1 S a r g e n t o d e B r i g a d a o r A j u d a n t e S a r g e n t o ( S e r g e a n t m a j o r o ra d j u t a n t s e r g e a n t )

' r o r r a r r - o l M e s t r e s a r g e n t o ( e u a r t e r m a s t e r S e r g e a n t )4 X s u ! e v f

1 C a p e l ] 5 o ( C h a p l i n )

1 . " C a q a d o r e s " i s P o r t u g u e s e f o r h u n t e r , s a m e a s " C h a s s e u r " i n F r e n c h a n d" J A g e r " i n G e r m a n . .

2 - T h e c a v a l r y w a s o f a t l e a s t s q u a d r o n s t r e n g t h , b u t i t s p r e c i s e s i z e h a s n o tb e e n d e t e r m i n e d .

o r g a n i z e d

.1 -.'

l - C i ru rg ido M6r (Surgeon Major )2 A j u d a n t e s d o M 6 r ( A s s i s E a n t S u r g e o n )l - Coronhe i ro (Gunstockmaker )1 E s p i n g a r d e i r o ( G u n s m i r h )1 M e s t r e d e m u s i c a ( M u s i c M a s t e r )B M u s i c o s ( M u s i c i a n s )1 C o r n e t a M 6 r ( T r u m p e t M a j o r )

2 3 T o r a l

S a c h o f t h e s i x c o m p a n i e s h a d :

1 C a p i c d o ( C a p r a i n )

1 T e n e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )2 A l f e r e s ( S e c o n d l i e u t e n a n t s )1 P r i m e i r o S a r g e n t o ( f s t s e r g e a n t )4 S e g u n d o s S a r g e n t o s ( 2 n d s e r g e a n t s )1 F u r r i e l - ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r c o r p o r a l - )6 Cabos de Esquadra (Squad corpora ls )6 A n s p e q a d a s ( L a n c e c o r p o r a l )2 C o r n e t a s ( B u g l e r s )

8 B S o l d a d o s ( S o l d i e r s )L L 2 T o t a l

f]re--egra-l-iy:

Theo: ,e t i ca l . l , y , in 1762 each t roop cons is ted o f chree o f f i cers , f i ve non-commiss ioned o f f i cers , a t rumpeter , a fa r r ie r and 30 men. Th is gave eachreg iment , v r i th e igh t t roops , a s t rengch o f 30 o f f i cers and non- commi ss ionedof f i cers and 240 men. Th is s t rength was increased a t d i f fe ren t per iods , bu t' c y 1 8 0 8 t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h h a d d e c l i n e d t o 4 7 0 m e r , p e r r e g i m e n t -

The PorLuguese were no t good horsemen. The m3n were reputed ly tooindofen t :o a t tend to the i r horses and the count ry d id no t p rov ide good fo rage:or any la rge number o f cava l ry . Gomes Freyre de Andrade, whose book ad-C r e s s e d t h e d e f e n s e o f P o r l u g a l , a d m i t s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e c a v a l -ry fo rce , bu t d id no t p ropose fo rming more than 11 reg iments o f na t ive t roops .r i ' i - th about 500 men each.

One o f the pr inc ipa l p rob lems Beres ford encountered in re fo rming thePor tugues= cava l ry a rm was the a lmosf to ta l lack o f horses in Por tuga l , The

,J ' F rench and Br i t i sh had s t r ipped the count rys ide o f horses and an ou tbreak o fg landers had dec imated the remain ing horses

The 1s t Reg iment , fo rmer ly the A lcanLara Dragoons, was fo rmed in L isbon.I t was , as Por tuguese cava l ry wenL, very e f fec t i ve . The 2nd or Moura Reg i -ment , lacked horses . The 3rd , o r O l ivenqa Reg iment , was no ted fo r i t s ine f f i -c iency- The 4 th "Meck lenburg" Reg iment was, in cont ras t , very e f f i c ien t . The5th , Evora , Reg iment was fo rmed qu ick ly and ab le Lo cake to the f ie ld , as wasrhe 5 th , Braganqa, Reg iment . The 7 th Reg iment was fo rmed in L isbon, the 8 th ,S1vas , Reg iment was very comple te , e ,h i le the 9 th "Chaves" Reg iment was su i tedon ly fo r gar r i son du ty . The lo th "Santarem" Reg im3nt was newly ra ised in1808. The 11 th Reg iment was no t comple ted and lacked horses and the 12 th' l randa" Reg iment was no t par t i cu la r ly e f fec t i ve .

Though Lermed 'd ragoons" , the Por fuguese cava l ry ! , ras a f ighL cava l ryio rmat ion much l i ke the AusLr ian Chevaux leger and the French Chasseurs aCheva l . : che i r per fo rmance in ba t t le was mixed, aL bes t , and they were re -s l r i c t e d t o w h a t f e w h o r s e s c h e B r i t i s h w o u l d s p a r e c h e m . A s a r e s u l l , t h e ysefdom exceeded two f ie ld squadrons in s t rength . In 1813 t l ro squadrons o f the

7 4

5 t h R e g i m e n t a n J o n e o f t h e B t h w e r e s e r v i n g a s i n f a n t r y w i c h t h e A m m u n i t i o nD e p o t o f t h e A r t i l l e r y R e s e r v e , w h i l e t h e 2 n d a n d 3 r d R e g i m e n t s s e r w e d a sga r r i sons t h roughou t t he cou rse o f t he wa r , and neve r we re moun teC . The cava l -r y r e q i m e n t ' s s r . a f f e o n s i s t e d o f :

Corone l ( Co lone l )Tenente Corone l ( f , t . Co lone l )M a j o r e s ( M a j o r s )

Adj ut antThesoure i ro o r t ragador

(Treasurer o r pa l rmaster )Sargento de Br igada

( Sergeant t . ' la j or )

C ) r t a r f e l - m e s f r r l S a r c r e n f oV I I U L

( Q u a r t e r m a s r e r )P o r t a E s t a n d a r t e ( S t a n d a r d b e a r e r )C a p e l l S o ( C h a p l i : i )

C i - r u r g i d o M 6 r ( S u r g e o n m a j o r )A j u C a n t e s d c M 5 r

( A s s i s t a n t s u r g e o n )P i c a d o r ( R i d i n g l . l a s t e r )

T r o m b e t a - M o r ( T r u m p e t m a j o r )S e l e i r o ( S a d C l e r . . , a k e r )

Coronhe i ro ( Guns . - ockmaker )E s p i n g a r d e i r o ( G : : n s m i t h )

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E a c h s q u a d r o n h a d t w o c o m p a n i e s . T h e c o m p a n i e s e a c h h a d :

- C a p i t S o ( C a p t a i n )

I T e n e n t e ( L i e u t e n a n t )

i A l f e r e s ( S e c o n d l i e u t e n a n t s )

2 S e g u n d o s S a r g e n t o s ( 2 n d s e r g e a n t s )

- F u r r i e l ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r c o r p o r a l )

4 C a b o s d e E s q u a d r a ( S q u a d c o r p o r a l s )

I A n s p e q a d a s ( L a n c e c o r p o r a l )

i T rombe ta (T rumpe te r )

i F e r r a d o r ( B l a c k s m i t h )

4 E S o l d a d o s m o n t a d o s ( m o u n t e d S o l d i e r s )

E S o l d a d o s a p 6 ( d i s m o u n t e d S o l d i e r s )

7 2 T o t a l M e n

5 4 T o t a l H o r s e s

T h i s g a v e t n e s q u a d r o n s a t o t a l s t r e n g t h o f 5 7 5 m e n , o f w h o m S I 2 t v e r em o u n t e d . T h e s t a f f a d d e d a f u r t h e r 2 1 m e n b r i n g i n g E h e t o t a ] r e q i m e n t a ls t r e n g t t r t o 5 9 7 i r e n , o f w h o m 5 3 3 w e r e m o u n t e d .

T h e A r t i l l e r v :

C o u n t S c h a u m b u r g - L i p p e , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d e f e n s e o f P o r t u g a ] i n I ' / 6 2 ,c h o s e t o p l a c e m c r e e f f o r t o n h j - s f o r t i f i c a t i o n s a n d i t s a r t i l l e r y , t h a n u p o n

7 5

the maneuwering army. He formed four regimencs and several f ixed independenEar t i11ery compan ies . The 1s t Ar t i l l e ry Reg iment , was the reg iment o f thecourE, and fo rmed Ehe gar r isons o f the case les and fo r t resses o f the prov inceof Estrema-dura. - I-ES headquarters qere .-i_rl l , iFb-o.n! and its duty, was conf ined to

...{.5he- -c-ap}E.ql, and ti 're ad j acent sea coas-ts .The 2nd Reg i r ,en t was fo rmed in A lgarve , w iEh i t s headquar te rs in Faro .

I t was en t i re ly occup ied in the de fense o f casEles and fo r ts in tha t decached. kingdom. The 3rd Regiment iras headquartered in Estremos, and provided garri-

sons on the f ronEiers o f A len te jo and Be i ra Ba ixa . : fhe 4 th Reg iment occup iedthe fo r l resses on the nor thern f ron t ie rs and had j . t s headquar te rs in Opor to .

The independ=nt . , o r invaL id , a r t i1 le ry compan ies were ass igned to spe-- c i f i c fo r t resses , and se ldom moved f rom the i r d is t r i c ts .. When t .he Por - luguese ar t j - I le ry a rm was organ ized, i t . wou ld appear tha t

che Br ic ish ord inance depar tment was used as a modef . The ar t i lLery and.. engineers were und3r the same syst.em and were comrnanded by a general officer,

ho ld ing the rank s imi la r to the Br i t i sh Master -Genera l o f lhe Ord inance.In 1809 t .he Por t .uguese ar t i l l e ry cons is led o f four reg iments . They

w e r e :No. 1 R.=g iment do Cor te (o f the roya l cour t )No. 2 R3g iment do A lgarveNo. 3 P ,3g iment do Es t remosNo. 4 R.eg iment do Opor lo

Each arL i l . fe ry reg iment was organ ized w i th ten compan ies and had a theore t ica fs t rength o f 1 ,148 :nen. The reg iment was commanded by a co lone l , who had underh i m i n h i s s t a f f . T h e D e c r e e o f 2 0 O c t o b e r 1 8 0 9 e s t . a b l i s h e d t h e s t a f f w i t h :

1 c o r o n e l ( c c r o n e l ) 1 c i r u r g i d o M 6 r ( s u r g e o n M a j o r )1 T e n e n t e ( t t . C o l o n e 1 ) 3 A j u d a n t e s d o M 6 r ( A s s i s t a n t S u r g e o n )1 M a j o r 1 M e s t r e d e M u s i c a ( M u s i c M a s t e r )1 A d j u d a n t e , A d j u t a n t ) B M u s i c o s ( M u s i c i a n s )1 Q u a r t e l - m e s : r ' e ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r ) 1 T a m b o r - M o r ( D r u m t t 4 a j o r )1 C a p e l l d o ( C r a p l i n ) 2 P i f a n o s ( F i f e r s )

ZZ fo tu t

E a c h o f t h e t e n c c n o a n i e s c o n s i s C e d o f :

l C a p i t d o ( C a p t a i n )1 1 o T e n e n t e ( F i r s t L i e u t e n a n t )2 2 o T e n t e s ( S e c o n d L i e u t e n a n t )1 P r i m e i r o S a r g e n t o ( f s t S e r g e a n t )4 S e g u n d o s S a r g e n t o s ( 2 n d S e r g e a n t s )1 F u r r i e l ( Q u a r t e r m a s t e r C o r p o r a l )6 A r t i f i c e s d e f o g o ( P y r o L e c h n i c i a n s ) 1

B Cabos de Esquadra (Squad Corpora ls )2 C o r n e t a s ( B u g l e r s ) o r T a m b o r e s ( D r u m m e r s )

9 1 A r t i l l e r i s t s118 Tota l in a howiLzer companyI I 2 T o t a l i n a n a r L i l l e r y b a t t e r y

-,'?

1 . O n l y f c u n d i n a h o w i t z e r c o m p a n y .

7 6

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T h e a r t i l l e r y r e g i m e n t w a s e s r a b l i s h e d w i t h o n e h o w i t z e r c o m p a n y ( r r gm e n ) , o n e m i n e r c o m p a n y ( t t z m e n ) , o n e p o n t o o n e e r c o m p a n y ( : - t z m e n ) a n d s e v e na r t i l l e r y c o m p a n i e s ( t t Z m e n e a c h ) .

T h e r e f o r m i n q o f t h e P o r t u q u e s e a r t i l l - e r v w a s t h e e a s i e s L t a s k B e r e s f o r d- - f aced. I t . .hac1 on lv 947 rank and f i 1e and 150 cannon. Dur ing Novemher^ anc j ,D e c e m b e r 1 8 0 9 t h e B r i t i s h o f f i c e r s a s s i g n e d t o t h e a r t i l l e r y b e g a n a p r o g r a mo f c o n s t a n t d r i l l i n g o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e a r t i l l e r i s t s .

I n 1 8 0 9 , t h e a r t i l l e r y i n t h e f i e l d w e r e f o r m e d b y d e t a c h m e n t s c o m b i n e dt - . - " s t - h o r t - 9 f o r m a v i a b l - e u n i t . , S o c o m p l e t e a r t i l l e r y b a t t e r i e s o f c e n c o n -e ^ ^ v ! , e

t a i n e d m e n f r o m s e v e r a l r e g i m e n t s . A s t h e w a r p r o g r e s s e d , h o w e v e r , t h e y w e r es l o w 1 y s o r t e d o u t a n d o r g a n i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r r e g i m e n t s . N o n e t h e l e s s ,u n t i l - 1 8 1 3 , t h e r e w e r e s t i l l m i x e d a r t i l l e r y b a t t e r i e s .

Beres ford l -e f t the cont ro l o f the ar t i l l e ry to the Por tuguese Commandanto f A r t i l l e r y , M a r e c h a l - d o C a m p o J . A . d a R o s a a n d h i s s t a f f . I n M a y 1 8 0 9 t h e r ee x i s t e d o n l y t w o f i e l d b a t t e r i e s , o n e w i t h 5 p d r g u n s a n d o n e w i t h 3 p d r g u n s .Borh were commanded by Capta in V ik to r von Arentsch i l -dL . , fo rmer ly o f the Hano-v e r i a n A r m y . T h e g u n s h a d n o l i m b e r s a n d t h e d o u b l e t r a i l - s e r v e d a s t h e s h a f t sf o r t h e d o u b L e d r a u g h L j u r y r i g g e d w i t h a n o u t r i g g e r . T h e p i e c e s w e r e p u l l e d! - , , - , , ' l ^ ^D y . . u r E b / w h i c h a l s o c a r r i e d t h e a m m u n i t i o n a n d s e r v e d a s m o u n t s f o r t h eo f f i c e r s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n w i t h m u l e s w a s t o c o n t i n u e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w a r , e v e nt h o u g h B r i t i s h p a t t e r n l - i m b e r s w e r e i n u s e b y t h e e n d o f 1 8 0 9 .

T w o b a t t e r i e s , s e r v i n g t o g e L h e r , w e r e o r g a n i z e d i n t o w h a t w a s c a l _ I e d a" d i v i s i o n " a n d t h i s t e r m r e m a i n e d i n u s e u n t i l 1 8 1 3 . T h e p o r t u g u e s e b a t t e r -l - e s w e r e , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , € e u i p p e d w i t h B r i t i s h 5 p d r a n d g p d r g u n s . T h e r et v e r e , h o w e w e r , t w o m o u n t a i n b a t t e r i e s f o r m e d i n l - a t e 1 B 1 3 w i t h 3 p d r g u n s a n di n L e n d e d f o r c o m b a t i n t h e m o u n t a i n s .

P o r L u q l r e s e A r t i f l e r y l B l O C a m p a i q n :l s t R e g i m e n t - M a j o r A . D i c k s o n

B a t t e r y o f C p t d e R o z i e r r e s ( 5 p d r s )

B a t t e r y o f C p t d a C u n h a P r e t o ( 6 p d r s )

B a t . t e r y o f C p t B r a u n ( 9 p d r s )

B a t t e r y o f C p t P i n t o ( 9 p d r s )

2 n d R e g i r n e n t - M a j o r v o n A r e n t s c h i l d t

B a c t e r y o f C p t d a S i l v a ( 3 p d r s )

B a t t e r y o f C p t F r e i r e ( 3 p d r s )

B a t t e r y ( 3 p d r s )

B a r r e r y ( 9 p d r s )

4 t h R e g i r n e n t

B a t t e r y o f C p tP o r t u q u e s e A r t i l l e r v 1 8 1 2

B a t t e r r z C o m m a n d e r

C p t . d a C u n h a P r e t o

C p t . B r a u n

M a j o r A r r i a g a

C p t . P e r e i r a

C p t . M i r o n

C p t . C o x

C p t . H o l o c o m b e

C p t . T h o m p s o nCnt- tr 'e rre r i" H - .

C p t . P e n e d o

L t . C o s t a e S i l v aC p t . B a r r e i _ r o s

C p t . D e l g a d o

d e S o u s a P a s s o s ( 5 p d r s )

A s s i q n e d W e a p o n s- 6pdrs- 9pdrs- 24pdr howi tzers

7 7

T h e M i l i t i a a n d O r d e n a n z a

,-..,+-. .:-Portuga l:rhad Jtwo {orces-,of =irregxrlar- infantry: -. . The'. f- irsE--was a more-5't6orma I ,mil it ia and che second was the.,ordeBanza . -. lThare-. -!rer.e .4 8 regiments of

mi l i t ia , wh ich were organ ized in to th ree grand d iv is ions . The organ iza t ion o f. these d iv is ions was as fo l lows:

1 s t D i v i s i o n

" T h e S o u t h :Guarda Regiment.Lagos Reg imentTav i ra Reg imentBe j a Reg iment .Evora Reg imentV i l l a v i c i o s a R e g i m e n tD n r F a l o c r r p P o r r i m a n t -L r r u l l u

C a s t e l l o B r a n c o R e g i m e n t

Idanha Reg imen t

Cov j - t hao Reg imen t

A rgan i 1 - Reg imen t

V i s e u R e g i m e n t

Lamego Reg imen t

T o n d e ] 1 a R e g i m e n t

A rouca Reg imen t

T r a n c o s o R e g i m e n t

2 n d D i v i s i o nThe Center1s t L isbon Reg iment2nd L isbon Reg iment3rd L isbon Reg iment4 th L isbon Reg imentCoimbra RegimentSantarem Reg imentThomar RegimentLeyr ia Reg imentSoure Reg imentLousao Reg imentS e t u b a l R e g i m e n tA l -cazar do SuI Reg imentAve i ro Reg imentO l i v e i r a d e A z e m i s R e g i m e n tF ' i r v r r p r i a P e q i m e n tr a Y u v ! r q r \ 9 Y

3 r d D i v i s i o nThe Nor thMi randa Reg imentFe i ra Reg iment ,Opor to Reg imentGuimaraens Reg imentB a l t a r R e g i m e n tMayo Reg imentP e n a f i e l R e g i m e n tBraga Reg imentV i l l a d e C o n d e R e g i m e n tB a r c a R e g i m e n tB a r c e I l o s R e g i m e n tArcos Reg imentV i a n a R e g i m e n cC h a v e s R e g i m e n tV i l l a R e a ] R e g i m e n tB r a g a n q a R e g i m e n t

T h r e e f u r t h e r r e g i m e n t s a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n r a i s e d b e L w e e n 1 8 1 0 a n d 1 8 1 1

a n d a s s i g n e d t o t l - r e 2 n d D i v i s i o n . T h e y w e r e t h e E s t r e m a d u r a R e g i m e n t , t h e

B e i r a B a i x a R e g i m e n : a n d t h e T o r r e s V e d r a s R e g i m e n t . 1'l-r orr .t i .l onr . ^ - r , - . ^ g a g e r n

combat and were invc lved in the recapture o f Co imbra under Br igad ie r Genera lTrant ,

The Ordenanza was fo rmed o f fa rmers and inhab i tan ts o f the count ry ,capabfe o f bear ing arms in the f ie ld , and who cou ld be removed f rom che i rd is t r i c ts w i th the t3as t d is rup t ion to agr icu l tu re . Normal ly , i c cons is ted o f

.every adul,t male that i^,as not a mernber of t.he church, the regular army or Lhemi l i t ia . I t was governed by laws tha t were cenEur ies o Id .

The faw d i rec ted tha t in every c i ty , town or v i l lage , the lo rd o f the

. / - . ; z manor was, by v i r tue o f h is rank in 1 i fe , the capta in -major o f the armedinhab i tan ts o r o rdenanza, o f the c iEy , town or v i I lage . Shou ld the lo rd o fthe manor noL res ide on h is p roper ty , he is ob l iged to ac t as capta in -majorun t i l rhe k ing appo in t .ed some person to serve as such,

H is f i rs t du ty was Lo numlcer the male inhab i tan ts o f h is d is t r i c t , andto d iv ide the who le in to compan ies o f 250 men each- As soon as the compan ieswere nurnbered, the ch ie f mag is t ra tes o f the d is t r i c t were ob l iged to meet w i t .hL h e c a p c a i n - m a j o r i n t h e p u b l i c h a l l o f t h e c i t y , t o w n o r v i l I a g e , w h i c hformed the d isLr ic t , and there e lec t the capta ins , who were to command thecompan ies , as we lL as the o f f i cers rank ing as majors and known as "sargentomor t ' - The du t ies o i the sargento nor was to oversee the organ iza t ion o f the. l i f f p r e n - c ^ m n a n i p e a n d t . o c o m m a n d t h e d i s t r i c t i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h o . e n t - a i n -m a j o r . T h e c a p E a i n s , o f t h e c o m p a n i e s a p p o i n t e d t h e i r s u b a l t e r n s , s u b j e c t L othe approva l o f the capta in -major .

Before any cap ia in -major cou ld ac t as such, he was ob l iged to take anoath be fore the cor reg idor o f the commarca (a c iv i l mag is t . ra te s imi . l -a r to theh i g h s h e r i f f o f a c c u n L y i n E n g l a n d ) t h a t a s h e h a s b e e n e l e c t e d b y h i s s o v e r -

7 B

e i g n c a p t a i n - m a j o r o f t h e d i s t r i c L , a n d o f t h e p e o p l e w h i c h b e e n a r m e d b y h i sm a j e s t y f o r t h e d e f e n s e o f t h a t d i s t r i c t , t h a t h e w o u l d a l w a y s h a v e t h e i n h a b -i t a n t s o f t h a t d i s t r i c t r e a d y f o r t h e s e r v i c e o f h i s m a j e s t y a n d s t a n d p r e -pa red t o de fend t he c l i s t r , i c t , e i t y , r - own o r r z j _ _ l 1a?e . r - t e l * e eb l i ged t c swca rthat he wor , r ld .c l t : .d I l . - r - jnes oh 'e i . ' * f .he , c rCers -o f , } . t is -pr lnce, . - t :espect . the f a tvs . e f ,h i s c o u n t r y , a n d a s s i s t i n t h e i r e x e c u t i o n , a n d t h a t , w i t h t h e p e o p l e o f h i sd i s t r i c t , h e w o u l d d e f e n d i t , o r m a k e w a r i n w h a t e v e r m a n n e r t h e s o v e r e i g n m a yr l i r o n F ' - ' d t h a t h e w o u l d n e v e r e m p l o y t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h a L d i s t r i c t ,9 : ! v v 9 ,

e i t h e r t o g e t h e r o r a n y p a r t o f t h e m , i n a n y p a r t i c u L a r s e r v i c e o f h i s o w n , n o rin the serv ice o f any o f h is re la t ions , and tha t they wou l -d on ly be commandedl - . - l - { - € n r t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e k i n g , a n d t o g u a r d , f u l f i t , a n d o b e y , w h a t e v e rp y l r r r r r ! v !

i n s t r u c t i o n s o r o r d e r s h e m a y r e c e i v e f r o m t h e k i n g .T h e c a p t a i n s o f t h e c o m p a n i e s , o n b e i n g e l e c L e d , h a d a l s o t o t a k e a n

oath be fore the capta in -major , tha t they wou ld a lways have the company underthe i r command ready fo r the serv ice o f the k ing and fo r the de fense o f the- i t - r r t n r ' r n o r v i l l a g e t o w h i c h i t b e l o n g e d . T h e y a l s o s w o r e t h a t . t h e y w o u 1 d, e v " r r

obey the laws and tha t they wou ld no t employ the i r t roops in the i r own serv -i c e .

T h e m e n o v e r a g e s i x t y w e r e e x c u s e d f r o m t h e o r d e n a n z a , p r o v i d i n g t h e- ^ ^ F - . i - * ^ - : ,c a p c a l - n - m a l o r d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e y w e r e u n a b l e t o c a r r y a r m s . E v e r y c o m p a n y! ' r a s d i w i d e d i n t o s q u a d s o f 2 5 m e n , e a c h s q u a d b e i n g c o m m a n d e d b y a c o r p o r a l ,v r h o w a s w e l I a c q u a i n t e d w i t h e v e r y i n C i v i d u a l o f t h e 2 s h e c o m m a n d e d . T h ec o r p s o r b r i g a d e , d S i t w a s c a I l e d , c o n s i s t e d o f a s m a n y c o m p a n i e s a s t h ed j - s t r i c t c o u l d f o r m , b u t t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h o f e v e r y c o m p a n y w a s a s f o l -l-or.rs :

1 C a p t a i n

l Ens i -gn

1 S e r g e a n t

1 M e i r i n h o ( B a i l i f f )

1 C l e r k

1 Drummer

1 0 C o r p o r a l s

2 5 0 M e n

2 5 6 T o t a l

E v e r y c a p t a i n h a d h i s o w n c o l o r s , w h i c h w e r e c a r r i e d b y t h e e n s i g n . T h ed r u m m e r w a s g e n e r a l l y o n e o f t h e c a p E a i n ' s s e r v a n t s t r a i n e d i n t h h t f u n c t i o n .T h e r e w e r e , i n f a c t , m o u n t e d o r d e n a n z a , w h i c h w e r e f o r m e d f r o m t h e h i g h e re l e m e n t s o f P o r t u g u e s e s o c i e t y . T h e y h a d t h e s a m e o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h e c r o o p sa n C c o m p a n i e s w e r e t r a i n e d t o a r m s b y r - h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c a p t a i n s o n c e o r t w i c ea m o n t h , a n d t w i c e i n e v e r y y e a r t h e w h o l e f o r c e o f t h e d i s t r i c t w a s a s s e m b l e db y t h e c a p [ a i n - m a j o r a n d i n s p e c L e d b y h i m .

E w e r y m a n i n t h e k i n g d o m w a s a s o l d i e r o f s o m e k i n d o r a n o t h e r . H e w a s ,o b l i g e d t o h a v e a r m s i n h i s p o s s e s s i o n , e i t h e r f o r t h e d e f e n s e o f h i s h o m e o rh i s s t a t e . T h e p e a s a n t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e f i r e a r m s , h a d p i k e s o r p o l e s w i t hl ' ' r : r z r - r n c i - q ̂r f i x e d o n t h e m . T h e o r d e n a n z a w a s f o r m e d i n t o s i x q r a n d d i v i s i o n so r p r o v i n c e s -

P o r t u o u e s e R e c r u i t m e n t :

T h e p r o c e s s o f r e c r u i t m e n t w a s t i e d i n t o t h eo r d e n a n z a . The men we re no t l - ev i ed bv b r i bes o rK i n g s i m p l y o r d e r e d t h a t a r e g i m e n t s h o u l d c o n s i s tf i n d i n g t h a t h e h a d 1 , 3 0 0 r n e n , p r o w i d e d a l i s t o fg e n e r a l o f t h e p r o v i n c e , w h o t h e n i s s u e d a n o t i c e t o

c a p t a i n - m a j o r s o f t h er e c r u i t i n g p a r t i e s . T h eo f 2 , 0 0 0 . T h e c o l o n e f ,h i s r e q u i r e m e n t s t o t h et h e c a p t a i n - m a j o r o f t h e

7 9

d is t r . i c t cha t 700 men were needed. The capta in -major o r h is deputy , passed arewiew o f the d is t r i c t and p icked ouE 700 young men. The men wou ld then besent to p r ison fo r a few days to I 'Eame" them and as soon as enough are co l -

...1e-qged, chey -were marched off under... ' escorL-,tso !, the - regimertE . . - - They- were . then

..crd.i€€r-ibuced -between the companies, so as to dj-lute tsheir numbers with veterantroops. They were Chen sworn in and had no option but t.o take the oath- ffthey shou ld chance to leave the corps fo r 24 hours , w i thout au thor iza t ion ,

.a f te r be ing sworn in , they were dec la red to be deser t .e rs and shot . o f course ,there were many abuses o f Eh is sys tem. The wea l th ie r escaped en t i re ly , Eheproduc t ive and soc ia l l y necessary ind iv idua ls , be they ar t i sans or fa rm hands,generally escaped as much as the government could permit and the "draft":tended to fal1 on those idenEified by the government as 'expendable!' or

"undes i rab l -e . ' Vagrants , unemployed and fo re igners were swept up by thePortuguese equivalenc of press gangs and were submitt.ed for service in the

Performance of the Portuquese Armv

The Battle of Bussaco

Shor t l y a f te r Massena invaded Por tuga l , Wel l ing ton began to rece ivereporLs o f the per fo rmance o f the re fo rmed Por tuguese army. The f i rs t repor tre la ted to rhe 3rd Caqadores engaged the French advanced guard on the Azaba,s rand ing the i r g round and sk i rmish ing we11. Shor t l y la te r , when c iudad Rodr i -go f311, the Por tuguese ! , ,e re no t engaged. Wel l ing ton had ins t ruc ted Craufurdto make sure tha t the L igh t D iv is ion was no t caught in f ron t o f A lme ida . I tw a s n o l u n t i 1 2 4 J u l y t h a t c h e f i r s t t r u e - , e s t o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e w a s t ooccur . Neyrs VT Corps c rossed the Coa near A lme ida and caught Craufurd 'sL i g h c D i v i s i o n o n t h e e a s t b a n k o f t h e r i v e r . C r a u f u r d o r d e r e d a w i t h d r a w a l

a n d t . h e 1 s [ a n d 3 r d C a q a d o r e s , w i t h t h e 9 5 t h R i : l e s , w e r e o r d e r e d t o c o v e r t h e

b r i d g e s o t h e r e s t . o f t h e d i v i s i o n c o u l d c r o s s o v e r i t . T h e F r e n c h a t t a c k e d

t h e l l r i C g e , S U f r e r i n g 5 2 0 k i l l e d a n d w o u n d e d a n C i n f l i c t i n g 3 3 3 c a s u a l t i e s o n

t h e a l l i e s , o f w h i c h 4 5 w e r e P o r t u g u e s e . T h = o f f i c i a l d i s p a t c h e s r e p o r t e d

t h a t t h e l s t C a q a d o r e s h e l d t h e i r g r o u n d , b u c - - h e r e w e r e r e p o r t s t h a t t h e 3 r d/ - a ^ ^ ^ l ^ - ^ - l - .\ - d v a L . r L r r c > r r d d b r o k e n a n d f l e d i n p a n i c . B o t h B = r e s f o r d a n d W e l - l i n g t o n o r d e r e da n i m m e d i a t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i n q u i r y r e v e a l e d t h a t , t h o u g ht h e b a t t a l i o n h a d c r o s s e d t h e C O a a t a n " a c c e l e r a t e d p a c e " i t h a d b e e n t h er e s u l t o f c o n f u s e d o r d e r s , r a t h e r t h a n p a n i c a m c n g s t t h e t . r o o p s .

M a n y p o s i t i v e r e p o r t s w e r e r e c e i v e d a b o u t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e P o r t u -^ - - - - 1g u c > = s c l v c r , L r y . O n 2 A u g u s t 3 0 F r e n c h c a v a l r y w e r e c a p t u r e d i n a n a m b u s h b y

i - l r c D r r r l - r r - r r 6 o a n r - t r " l v t r ^ ^ n F i - ^ ^ ^ F n € . l a Q i l : r c ' i r = I o a r m l I t t n A a r I J ru r r v ! v ! u u y J e s e c a v a l r y c o n t i n g e n L o f d e S i l . z e i r a ' s a r m y , u n d e r F r a n c i s c o

T e i x e i r a L o b o , n e a r S i m a t r i a . T w e n t y - f o u r h c u r s l a t e r t h e I s t P o r t u g u s e/ / a - - . ^ * " 1 . . n ^ ^\ - o . v o . ! r y ' . c y i m e n E k i l I e d 1 9 F r e n c h i n a d i s c i p l r n e d c h a r g e a t A t a I a y a , O n 2 2

A u g u s t t h e 4 t h C a v a l r y R e g i m e n t , p a r t o f H e n r y ' s F a n e ' s b r i g a i e , t o o k p a r t i n

a c h a r g e n e a r E s c a l h a s d e C i m a . A t o t a l o f 5 0 F r e n c h c a v a l r y w e r e c a p t u r e d

a n d n o t a s i n g l e P o r t u g u e s e s o l d i e r w a s w o u n d e d .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a f t e r t h e f a l l o f A l m e i d a , t h e r e w e r e r e p o r t s o f

l a r g e s c a l e t r e a s o n b y t h e 2 4 t h L i n e R e g i m e n t , p a r t o f t h e c i t y ' s g a r r i s o n .

The F rench a r rny t ha t cap tu red t he c i cy con ta ineC a number o f Po r tuguese nob lesw h o h a d b e e n b r o u g h t a l o n g t o p r o v i d e p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e i r m o v e i n t oD . r r t - t t r r . a l O n e , D o m P e d r o d e A l m e i d a , M a r q u i s d ' A l - o r n a , a p p a r e n t l y c o n v i n c e dt t r : : 24 t l n L i ne t o j o i n t he F rench . I t was p laced unde r t he command o f Manua l -r r r : r i - i ^ M r r f i p s P a m p l o n a , C o n d e d e S u b s e r r a , a n d s e n t t o A l d e a d e l O b i s p ow h e r e i t , a n d t h r e e r e g i m e n t s o f P o r t u g u e s e l ' 1 i 1 i t i a , t o o k a n o a t h o f a l l e -n i : n c c F n T r ]1 1 r q r ^ u e L v . , a p o l e o n . A f t e r f o u r d a y s o f d r i l l t h e y w e r e g i v e n t h e i r w e a p o n s .

.,F

B O

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W i t r h i n a f e w d a y s t h e d e s e r t i o n s b e g a n a n d w i t h i n a w e e k h a l f t h e r e g i m e n t h a dd e s e r t e d b a c k t o t h e a I l i e s . I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e d e f e c t i o n w a s l i t t l em o r e t h a n a p l o y t o e s c a p e t h e p r o s p e c t o f a p r i s o n e r o f w a r c a m p . I n f a c t ,B e r e s f o r d w a s s o o n a h l e t o r e f o r m L h e . r e g i n e n t - -. . . . " .*S-bCr5-.Jrr . . I af-e.r , -af ! - -he baCCIe 3l f BuSS?.C.*, th-e. P: : l t rg ' iese ' , . , 'ere to ShOw--t h e i r m e t a l a g a i n . I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e b a t t L e o f B u s s a c o t h e F r e n c h? 1 c F r ' 6 n a r o R e g i m e n t , w i t h 1 , 7 0 0 m e n , a d v a n c e d a l o n g t h e r o a d t h a t c r o s s e d t h eS e r r a d e B u s s a c o a t t h e P a s s o f S a n A n t o n i o d e C o n t a r o . A s i t . r e a c h e d t h ec r e s t . o f t . h e m o u n t a i n , i t w a s m e t b y f i r e f r o m t h e 2 1 s t P o r t u g u e s e L i n e a n dc a n n i s t e r f r o m A r e n t s c h i l d t ' s P o r t u g u e s e b a t t e r y . T h e F r e n c h w e r e s t o p p e d .T h e 7 4 t h B r i t . i s h F o o t a n d 9 t h P o r t u g u s e L i n e b e g a n a c r o s s f i r e a g a i n s t t h eF r e n c h . A f t e r a h a l f h o u r e x c h a n g e t h e 2 1 s t L i n e , 7 4 t h F o o t , d s s i s t e d b y t h el igh t compan ies o f the 5 /60Lh Foot , counter a t tacked and drove the French downr h e h i - ] I .

E l -sewhere t .he French 35 th L ine and 2nd L6gdre Reg iments a t tacked thep o s i t i o n h e l d b y t h e B r i t i s h 4 5 t h a n d B B t h F o o t . T h e 8 t h P o r t u g u e s e L i n ej o i n e d t h e m a t t h e c r i t i c a l m o m e n t a n d a s s i s t e d i n b r e a k i n g t h e F r e n c h a t t a c k .T h e r e w a s a d i s p u t e , w h i c h s u g g e s t e d t h e B t h L i n e f i r e d o n t h e B r i t i s h t r o o p s ,b u t i t w a s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d t h a L t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e w a s " g a ] l a n L . t '

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e w a s n o t s o h a p p y e l s e w h e r e d u r i n g t h eb a t t l - e . T h e B t h a n d 9 t h P o r t r u g u e s e L i n e , s u p p o r t e d b y t h e ? 4 t h B r i t i s h F o o ta n d A r e n t s c h i l - d t ' s P o r t u g u s e a r t i l l e r y w e r e s t r u c k b y a m a j o r F r e n c h f o r c eu n d e r G e n e r a l - F o y - T h e F r e n c h o u t n u m b e r e d t h e m t h r e e t o o n e a n d e v e n t u a l l yb r o k e t h e m . H o w e v e r , t h e P o r t u g u e s e h a d h e l d t h e i r p o r L i o n o f t h e f i n e l o n gc r - r ^ t r r r h t - ^ ^ e r m i t t h e 9 t h F o o t , 3 8 t h F o o t , a n d 1 s t R o y a l s t o a r r i v e a n d r e p u l s eF o y ' s a s s a u l t .

f n t h e r e p u l s e o f L o i s o n ' s a t [ a c k t h e 1 s t a n d 3 r d C a q a d o r e s w e r e n o t e dr . \ h : r r c n o r r 6 1 s 1 3 6 ] e x t r e m e l y w e l - I , w h i l e l o s i n g I I 2 o f t h e t o t a l 1 7 7 c a s u a l t i e st , v l r

s u f f e r e d i n t h e a l l i e d c h a r g e .A r o u n d 9 : 0 0 a . m . , t h e 1 9 t h P o r t u g u s e L i n e , u n C e r L i e u t e n a n t C o l - o n e l W m .

M c B e a n , f o u n d i t s e l f f a c i n g t h e 3 2 n d L 6 g d r e R e g i m e n [ . T h e 1 9 t h a t t a c k e d w i t hb a y o n e t s a n d c h a s e d t h e F r e n c h b a c k u n t i l t h e y w e r e e n g a g e d b y a F r e n c h b a t -t e r y . T h e y s u f f e r e d 3 7 c a s u a l t i e s , v r h i l e i n f l i c t i n g 1 1 3 o n t h e F r e n c h .

A t t h e b a t t l e o f B u s s a c o t h e P o r t u g u s e s u f f e r e d h a l f o f t h e I , 2 5 2 c a -s u a l t i e s s u f f e r e d b y t h e a l l i e s . f n h i s a f t e r a c t i o n r e p o r t , t r , I e l l i n g t o ns i n g l e d o u t f o r p r a i s e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e B t h , 9 t h , 1 9 t h a n d 2 1 s t L i n e a n d3 r d C a q a d o r e s .

T h e b a t t l e o f B u s s a c o c h a n g e d t h e w o r l - d ' s i r n p r e s s i o n o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e€ - i ^ ' t ^ r . i - -as r l - gn t t ng men . P rev ious l y t hey had been kno ln as t he r ' \ r amosos ( runav rays o r

" b u g o u t s " ) b y t h e g r i t i s h , b u t t h e y w e r e n o w v i e v r e d a s e q u a l s . E v e n t h eF r c n n l - r r r r l r n h a d p r e v i o u s l y b e e n c o n t e m p t u o u s o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e , c h a n g e d t h e i rr v ^ ^ ,

^ n i n i n n c p e l e t o b s e r v e d " t h e P o r t u g u e s e w e r e i n t e r s p e r s e d a m o n g t h e B r i t i s h ;t h e y a c E e d p e r f e c t l y . " O f f i c i a ] B r i t i s h r e c o g n i r i o n f o r t h e p o r t u g u e s e

c o n t r i b u t i o n c a m e w h e n B e r e s f o r d w a s m a d e a K n i g h t o f t h e B a t h f o r t h e i rp e r r o r m a n c e C u r i n g t h e c a m p a i g n .

The Bat t le o f A lbuera

T h e b a t t l - e o f A l b u e r a o c c u r r r e d o n 1 5 M a y 1 8 1 1 . S o u 1 t f a c e d t h e A n g l o -P o r t u g u e s e - S p a n i s h a r m y w i t h h i s a r m y . H e f a c e d t h e B r i t i s h f r o n t a l l y r v i t h af o r c e 4 , 4 ' / 4 m e n a n d v i s i b l y r n a n e u v e r e d a f u r t h e r 5 , 6 2 1 o n t h e i r l - e f t f 1 a n k .H o w e w e r , u n s e e n , h e m a n e u v e r e d h i s 1 s t a n d 2 n d D i v i s i o n s , a b o u t 1 2 , 0 0 0 m e nu n C e r G 6 r a r d a n d G a z a n , u n s e e n a g a i n s t t h e i r f l a n k .

A t B : 3 0 a . m . , t h e F r e n c h a s s a u l t e d t h e a l l i e d c e n t e r a n d t h e f o u rr e g i m e n t s o f F r e n c h c a v a l r y a t t a c k e d t h e a 1 1 i e d r i g h t f I a n k . T h e S p a n i s l - r

B 1

s tood fac ing the v i l lage o f A lbuera , desp i te Beres ford ,s o rders fo r Chem toface to che f lank . The Span ish Commander , 81ake, apparent ly be l ieved LheFrench a t tack wou ld be aga ins t the cenEer . Shor t l y la te r Sou le 's maneuver was

- -4Rtr-9.5€nL:-and..rBeresford and Blake f ranEica-l1y l actempEed -to: turri Lhe.ir:forces - to

" * . . iF ee-€he- pend ing .French a t tack , , The - four .b r igade s .under Zayas , .were - in - t .heproper pos i t . ion and B lake ordered h is remain ing reg iments to tu rn and face theFrench. Sou l t o rdered h is fa lse aEtack on the le f t to tu rn and march infeserve o f c6rard and Gazan.

lnvol,ved in their maneuver, Ehe spanish suffered heavy casualties. TheFrench would have enveloped the altied flank if action had not been prompe anddec is ive , fo r t .he pos i t ion occup ied by Ehe French raked and dominated thee n t i r e a l l i e d p o s i t i o n .

The Span ish w ing began to co l lapse and Br i t i sh cenera l Wi l l iam Stewar to rdered h is 2nd D iv is ion fo rward to ho ld the f lank . The 3rd , 31s t , 48 th and

-66th Foot reached the c res t , dep loyed in l ine and s t re tched ou t across theex t reme r ighc f l -ank o f the French pos i t j .on .

Not ic ing th is , cenera l de d j -w is ion La tour -Maubourg ordered the po l i shV isEu l -a Lancers , the 2nd and 1o th Hussars and the 20 th Dragoons to a t tackthem. As Lhe Br i t i sh were engaged f ron ta l l y w i th c6rard 's in fan t ry , they d idnot no t ice the 1 ,424 French cava l ry p ress ing do$rn on them. In a few momentsChe four Br i t i sh reg iments were des t royed and t .he Br i t i sh los t 1 ,413 o f the i ro r i g i n a l s t r e n g t h o f 2 , 0 6 G m e n . T h e F r e n c h c a v a l r y t h e n t u r n e d t o s t r i k e c h eB r i t i s h c e n t e r .

Stewart brought forward his t.wo remaining brigades under Houghton andA l b 3 r c r o n i l c y . T h e s e b r i g a d e s c o n t a i n e d t h e 3 , 2 4 8 m e n o f t h e 3 1 s t , 2 9 t h , 5 7 t h ,48 th , 28 th , 39 th and 34 th Foot . They s tood in a two deep l ine and were soone n g a g e d G a z a n ' s a n d G 6 r a r d ' s i n f a n t r y .

Meanwhi le the V is tu la Lancers and the French Hussars cont inued to sweepa r o u n d b e h i n d t h e A I l i e d 1 i n e s . T h e y o v e r r a n B e r e s f o r d ' s g e n e r a l s t a f f a n dcne Po l is f r lancer near ly k i l led Beres ford h imse l f . The s i tua t ion was on lychanged by the ar r i va l o f Lumley 's d ragoons.

The V is tu la Leg ion Lancers herded the i r p r isoners back to the rear andre formed. They came fo rward aga in and the i r nex t a t tack was broken as theycharged aga insC Harvey 's four Por tuguese ba t ta f ions . The Por tuguese met themv/ i th care fu l , d isc ip l ined vo l leys tha t ended the Po les ' ac t ions in the ba t . t le -

, . The ba t . t le was ou t o f Beres ford 's cont ro l and h is subord ina tes took whatac t ion they thought necessary to save the ba tc le . One, Henry Hard inge, DeputyQuarLermaster cenera l o f the Por tuguese Army, d i recLed Campbe l l to suppor t the

i > K G L w i t h h i s 2 , 0 0 0 P o r t u g u e s e . M e a n w h i l e , C o l e b e g a n c o d e p l o y h i s f o r c e s ,2 , 0 1 5 B r i t i s h a n d 2 , 9 2 7 P o r t u g u e s e s o l d i e r s o f t h e l - 1 t h a n d 2 3 r d L i n e a n d L h eLoya l Lus i tan ian Leg ion . Because o f the French cava l ry th rea t , Co le p laced aco lumn on e i ther end o f h is l ine .

In response to th is advance, Sou l t sen t fo rward the 26 th , 14 th , 1? th and27th Dragoons to s t r i ke the Por tuguese on the a l I ied r igh t f ]ank . The por tu -guese were se t and wa i t ing fo r the French cava l ry a t tack . The i r s t .eady wo l -l ies s toppsd che cava l ry a t tack and prevented the i r reach ing the advanc ingB r i t i s h i n f a n t r y .

As the Br i t i sh reserve moved up the h i l1 , Sou l t was send ing fo rward the5 , 5 2 1 m e n o f h i s r e s e r v e - 1 2 t h L e g A r e , 5 5 t h a n d 5 8 t h L i n e - i n a c h a r g e t otake the pos ie ion- Co le responded by order ing h is t roops to counter charge.The Br i t i sh were to p reva i l , desp i te the d ispar i ty in nun i l f ,e rs .

I f i t . had no t been fo r the sLa lwar t f igh t by the Por tuguese in fan t ry ,th3 French cava l ry wou ld have swept down upon and c rushed the Br i t i sh 1 ine , o rfo rced i t to fo rm square and become easy prey fo r the French in fan t ry - The i rac t ions were p ivo ta l in the Br i t i sh success a t A lbuera ,

6 Z

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. f a . : i - r - . g . o f f e 3 a i n . n e a t ^ l h e v i . J " 1 - a g e e f C . ? l " a r r a . a d e A r r i b a . T h e : ' e g i o n b e t . r ' ? 3 n

the. , B- : - i . . t i .h an. i . '9 r : .e i :ch .wes mar l :eJ . b i ' t ' r . 'o - r c rge rncunds, L3t Arap i f es , - :L l , -

G r e a t e r A r a p i l e a n d t h e L e s s e r A r a p i l e . I n a n e f f o r t t o s e i z e t h e s e s i g n i f i -

c a n t t e r r a i n f e a t u r e s , t h e F r e n c h m a d e a r u s h b e f o r e B : 0 0 a . m . , t o s e i z e t h e

G r e a t e r A r a p i l e . T h e y f o u n d t h e m s e L v e s f a c e d b y t h e 7 t h C a q a d o r e s o f C o l e ' s

4 t h D i v i s i o n . T h o u g h t h e 7 t h C a q a d o r e s f o u g h t b r a v e l y , t h e y w e r e s e v e r e l y

ou tnumbered by t he f ou r F rench ba t t a l i ons t ha t opposed them and d r i ven back

a f t e r a b l o o d y f i g h t .

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1 0 1 s t L i n e R e g i m e n t m a r c h i n g f o r w a r d w i t h o u t a n y s c o u t s . H e w h e e l e d h i s

l e a d i n g r e g i m e n L , t h e 1 s t P o r t u g u e s e D r a g o o n s , w h i c h c o n s i s t e d o f a b o u t 2 0 0' y ,an ' i n t - ̂ 1 i - ne and o rde red t . hem to a t t . ack t he F rench . The 1 l t h Po r tug -ueser r r v r r ,

D r a g o o n s a n d t w o s q u a d r o n s o f t h e B r i t i s h 1 4 t h L i g h c D r a g o o n s , w h i c h h a d j u s t

a r r i v e d , w e r e s e n t f o r w a r d i n s u p p o r [ . T h e F r e n c h a t t e m p t . e d t o c ] - o s e t h e i r

b a t t a l i o n i n t o a m a s s , b u t t h e y w e r e u n s u c c e s s f u l . T w o P o r t u g u e s e s q u a d r o n s

a t t a c k e d f r o n t a I l y , w h i l e t h e t h i r d s t r u c k t h e f l a n k o f t h e F r e n c h . T h e

F r e n c h b a t f a l - i o n w a s o b l i t e r a t e d a n d s c a t t e r e d t o L h e h i l I s .

A s t h e b a t f l e d e v e l o p e d , P a c k e n h a m a n i t h e 3 r d D i v i s i o n s t r t t c k t h e

F r e n c h . T h e i r a d v a n c e d i n t h r e e c o l u m n s , e a c h c o l u m n f o r m e d f r o m o n e o f h i s

l - r r i c r a c l e s . T h e 1 2 t h C a q a d o r e s a n d s e v e r a ] c o m p a n i e s o f t h e 5 / 5 0 t h R i f ] e s

a d w a n c e d b e f o r e t h e m a c [ i n g a s a s k i r m i s h s c r e e n . D ' U r b a n ' s P o r t u g u e s e c a v a l -

T y a d v a n c e d o n t h e e x p o s e d s o u t h e r n f l a n k o f L h e B r i t i s h a t t a c k .

T h e B l i t i s h a t t a c k b r o k e t h e F r e n c h a t t a c k a n d W e l l i n g t o n , w h o w a s t o

t h e r e a r , s e n t f o r w a r d B r a d f o r d a n d L e i t h v r i t h E h e i r b r i g a d e s . A g a i n t h e yr . . r e r e c o w e r e d b y a ] i n e o f s k i r m i s h e r s f o r m e d o f 9 t h C a q a d o r e s a n d B r i r i s h

i i g h t i n f a n t r y . T h e f i r s t l i n e w a s f o r m e d o f B r i t i s h t r o o p s a n d t h e s e c o n d

l - i - n e c o n t a . i n e d t l v o B r i t i s h b a t t a l i o n s a n d t h e 3 r d a n d 1 5 t h P o r t u g u e s e L i n e .

T h e n e x t B r i f i s h a t t a c k , s u p p o r t e d b y L e l i , l a r c h a n t ' s c a v a l r y , d e s t r o y e d

= h e F r e n c h . T h r e e F r e n c h d i v i s j - o n s v / e r e d e s t r o y e d a n d t h e s u r v i v o r s f e l l b a c k

l o t h e G r e a t e r A r a p i l e .

C o l e l a u n c h e d h i s a t t a c k o n t h e G r e a t e r A r a p i l e . T h e m a i n b o d y r n c l u d e d

S t u b b ' s P o r t u g u e s e B r i g a d e , f o r m e d v r i t h t h e l f t h a n d 2 3 r d P o r t u g u e s e L i n e

R e g i m e n t s a n d t h e 7 t h C a q a d o r e s . C o l e s e n t f o r w a r d t h e ? t h C a q a d o r e s a n C

i o u r B r i t i s h l i g h r c o m p a n i e s i n s k i r m i s h f o r m a l i o n t o l e a d t h e a t t a c k . T h e ypushed back the French sk i rmishers thaE they encountered . Shor t l y la te r Co le

: , : t , no t iced severa l F rench ba t ta l ions on h is le f t tha t were chrown back by fourP o r t u g u e s e l i n e b a t t a l i o n s . T h e F r e n c h r e t r e a t e d e a s t , r a t h e r t h a n s o u t h , s oC o l e d e L a c h e d t h e 7 t h C a q a d o r e s a n d s e n t L h e m t o p u r s u e t h e r e t r e a t i n g F r e n c h .

Near the c rea ter Arap iLe Pack advanced fo rces ! t i th the 4 th caqadoreslead ing h is a t tack in sk i rmish order . The 4 th Caqadores pushed up the Greater :A r a n i l c I n r ' c e i w p A \ , ^ l l a \ . / f r ^ m f h F F r a . l c h F r F d i s l a n - p o ' a n p a c e s . T h l

F r e n c h t h e n f o l l o w e d u p w i t h a b a y o n e t a t t a c k . T h e 4 t h C a q a d o r e s a n d L h e i rs u p p o r t i n g B . j t i s h g r e n a d i e r c o m p a n i e s w e r e t h r o w n b a c k . o n l y L h e a p p e a r a n c eo f t h e 1 / 4 o t h F o o t p r e v e n t e d a t o t a l d i s a s t e r .

Because the Por tuguese were so thorough ly in tegra ted in to che Br i t r , sh^ r m v f h e i r B . - f i o n q a r F d i f f i . n l f r - . \ q F . a - ; F e : r o m t h o s e o f t h e B r i t i s r r r r . r . n q

- { o w e v e r ; o f t h e 9 1 2 P o r t u g u e s e o f f i c e r s a n d 1 ? , 1 0 5 m ? n e n g a g e d i n t h e b a : t l e ,22 o f f i cers and 484 men were k i l led , 59 o f f i cers and 976 men were i , ,ounded and8 5 w e r e l i s t e d a s m i s s i n g . T h e t o t a l l o s s e s w e r e 8 6 o f f i c e r s a n d 1 , 5 2 7 m e n ,o r 9 . 5 e o f a l f t h e P o r L u g u e s e e n g a g e d . T h e B r i t i s h l o s s e s w e r e 3 . 1 2 9 m e n o u t^ f 1 n r i 4 t m 5 n a n ^ r ^ 6 / t ^ r ' I n 9 . F h a r a u ' ^ r r l . l n ^ t - : n n p a r r ^ h : r z a l - ' a. - _ - e n a n ) , s t g _n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e v a l o r o r e f f o r t o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e i n t h e b a r t l e ,n o r d o e s i L a p p e a r r . h a t t h e B r i t i s h w e r e i n a n y w a y h e s i l a n t t o e m p l o y r l : " f i r - :i h 3 y w o u l d t h e i r o w n m e n i n t h e t h i c k o f b a t t l e .

B 3

Portuguese Unifornrs

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T h e 1 8 0 5 p a t t e r n o r B a r r e n t i n a s h a k o w a s o f b l a c k f e l t , w i t n a b l a c k' l a . a t - h o r 1 1 s . ar s s L r t s ! 1 r = o k a n d e d g i n g . I t h a d a r e d a n d b l u e c o c k a d e u n C e r t h e p l u m e o n

E h e l e f t a n d b r a s s p l a t e w i t h t h e r e g i m e n t a l n u m b e r o n r h e f r o n t . T h e L i n er e g i m e n c s h a d w h i c e p l u m e s a n d c o r d s o f b l u e m i x e d w i r h t h e r e g i m e n f a l p i p i n gc o l o r - T h e b a t t a l i o n c o m p a n i e s ' b a d g e w a s a s m a l l b r a s s o v a l b e a r i n q t . h eP o r t u g u e s e a r m s . T h e g r e n a d i e r s ' b a d g e h a d a b r a s s g r e n a d e .

T h e n e w 1 8 1 1 m o d e ] s h a k o w a s a u t h o r i z e d o n 3 0 J u I y 1 8 1 1 . I t w a s b l a c kf e l t a n d s i m i l a r i n m o s t d e t a i l s t o t h e 1 8 0 5 s h a k o . T h e c o c k a d e w a s n o w r e dw i t h a b l u e c e n t e r . I t h a d a s m a l - I t u f t i n t , h e 1 8 0 5 c o l - o r s . T h e l i n e i n f a n -t r y 1 8 0 5 p a t t e r n p l a c e a n d o v a r o r g r e n a d e w a s s t i l l w o r n .

T h e l i n e i n f a n t r y w o r e a d a r k b 1 u e , s i n g l e b r e a s t e d j a c k e t w i t h d a r kb l - u e s h o u l d e r - s t r a p s , b r a s s o r p e w t e r b u t t o n s , a n d . d a r k b l u e t u r n b a c k s . T h er s a i m c n F = - l

c o ] - o r w a s w o r n o n t h e c o l I a r . c r t f f s . a n r i 6 ' i 1 - . i - - A n - L . ^ r - n l I a rr v Y r v v r v ! w q - w u l _ I l . ( J l l L l l C v v r r s ! , e u ! _ v , f * P I n 9 O n C n e

c u f f s , s h o u l - d e r - s t r a p s , I a p e 1 s , t u r n b a c k s a n d f r o m t h e h i p b u t t o n s . S o m ed o c u r . i e n t s s h o w c r o s s p o c k e t s , w h i l e o t h e r s s h o w s l o p i n g p o c k e t s . T h e g r e n a d i -e r s s h o u l d e r - s t r a D s h a d f r i n g e d e n d s o f b l - u e m i x e d w i t h t h e p i p i n g c o l o r . A ] l- i - € - F F e ir n r a n t r y w o r e r v h r t e c r o s s - b e 1 t s w i t h n o p l a t e , a b l a c k b u I l e t p c u c h w i t h aF r r : c c r o n i ' n e n t a l n u m b e r , b r o w n k n a p s a c k w i t h g r a y b l a n k e t r o l I a n d w h i t es t r a c s , h a v e r s a c k , a n d c a r r i e d a m u s k e t w i t h a w h i t e s l i n g . T h e y w o r e c o m b i -- - r . i ^ - ^ - h Fn a t l o r l p a l c a l - o o n s - g a i f e r s i n t h e s u m m e r , a n d d a r k b l u e p a n t . a l - o o n s a n d b l a c kg a i t e r s i n t h e w i n t e r . T h e y c a r r i e d a b r a s s h i l t e d i r i f a n t r y s ' . v o r d . T h e N C O s ,b e t v . ' e e n 1 8 0 6 a n d 1 8 1 0 , h a d a w h i t e s w o r d k n o t . T h e s a m e s w o r d k n o t - r a s u s e d b yt h e i n f a n t r y f r o m 1 8 1 0 t o 1 8 1 4 .

T h e o i o n e e r s w e r e d r e s s e d l i k e t h e l i n e i n f a n t r y , b u t h a i t h e g r e n a d i e rs c y l e f r i n g e d s h o u l d e r - s L r a p s . T h e y w o r e a n a p r o n a n o c a r r i e d a n a x e a n oc a r b i - n e - T h e y a l - s o w o r e t h e t r a d i t . i o n a l f u l l b e a r d - T h e i r s h a k o n a d c r o s s e da x e s o n t h e m b e l c r v t h e o v a l b a d g e .

T h e C r u m m e i s w e r e d r e s s e d l i k e t h e i n f a n t r y , b u i h a c r e g i m e ; , : a l l a c e ,t h e p i p i n g c o l o r w i t h b l u e f r i n g e s , o n t h e f r o n t a n d b a c k s e a r i - : s o f t h e i rs l e e v e s a n d , i n s t e a d o f p i p i n g , o o t h e f r o n t , b o t t o m a n d t u r n b a c k s " T h e y w o r ew h i t e s h c u l d e r - b e l - t s , b r a s s o v a l p l a t e s , a n d t h e i n f a n r r y s r . r o r d i n a b l a c ks c a b b a r d w i t h a b r a s s t i p . T h e i r d r u m s w e r e b l - u e , w i t h t h e P o r t u g u e s e c o a t o fa r m s o n t h e f r o n t .

T h e c o l l a r , c u f f s a n d p i p i n g c o l o r s w e r e c y c l i c a l a n d a c c o r d r - n E t o t h ec \ t q r a r n a f C o u n t S c h a r r m h r r r o - T , i n n e . w h c r c i n n r i m a r v r - r - r l r -J y D L c - t t r \ r L \ - ( J U I I L 5 C f I d L , , - u r y l r 1 , u u , r t r r e ! e ! ^ r J - - * J l : S C O f f S S p O n d e d t O

o r d i n a l - n u m b e r s - r v h i t e I , r e d 2 , y e I l o w 3 , b l u e 4 . T h e r e g i m e n c a l c o l o r sr v e r e :

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B 4

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T h e C a q a d o r e s w o r e b r o w n j a c k e t s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e l i n e i n f a n t r y .I t h a d b r a s s b u t t o n s , p o i n t e d y e 1 ) - o w l a c e I o o p s , g r e e n p i p i n g a n d i t s c o ] 1 a ra n d c u f f s w e r e i n t h e r e g i m e n t a l c o l o r s . T h e a t i r a d o r e s ' h a d g r e e n f r i n g e ds h i o u l d e r - s t r a p s . T h e i r d r u m m e r s h a d g r e e n a n d w h i t e l a c e . T h e b u g l e r s w o r eg r e e n a n d y e l l o w l a c e . A p p a r e n t l y t h i s w a s w o r n o n l y o n t h e i r c o l - I a r s a n dc u f f s . T h e y w o r e b l a c k w a i s t a n d p o u c h b e l t s . T h e i r p a n t a l o o n s w e r e b r o w n ,b u t w h i t e b r e e c h e s w e r e w o r n i n t h e s u m m e r . T h e y w o r e b l a c k g a i t e r s . T h eo f f i c e r s w e r e d r e s s e d l i k e t h e l i n e , b u t t h e i r s w o r d b e l t s w e r e p r o b a b l y b l a c ka n d t h e i r s w o r d s m a y h a v e b e e n c u r v e d . B e t w e e n 1 B 0 B a n d 1 8 1 0 L h e r e g i m e n t a lc o l o r s w e r e a s f o l L o w s :

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Off icers' Uniforms:

B y 1 8 0 5 , w i t h t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e g r a n d d i v i s i o n s , t h e o f f i c e r s v r o r 3

t h e s a m e b a s i c u n i f o r m a s t h e ] i n e a n d m i l i t i a . T h e e n s i g n s w o r e e p a u l e t sw i t i r a f r i n g e o n t h e i r l e f t s h o u f d e r , l i e u t e n a n t s v r o r e i t o n t h e r i g h t s h o u l d -€ r , c a p t a i n s w o r e t w o f r i n g e d e p a u l e t s . T h e m a j o r w o r e a b u l l i o n ( g o l C e n )

e p a u l e t o n h i s l e f t s h o u l d e r a n d a f r i n g e d o n e o n h i s r i g h t . T h e l i e u t e n a n t

c o f o n e l - w o r e a b u l l i o n ( g o l d e n ) e p a u l e t o n h i s r i g h t s h o u l d e r a r : : r a f r i n c e oo n e o n h i s l e f c , r e v e r s i n g t h e o r d e r o f t h e m a j o r

B 5

Th= co. t - on: 1 wore f t . . rc

bu l l ion epau le ts . A l t o f f i cers , f rom co lone l downwards , wore sca le epau le ts .The Br igad ie r cenera l wore two wrought bu l l ion epau le ts , w i th one scar , h isun i fo rm was p la in b lue c lo th , w igh broad goLd Lace on the co l la r and cu f fs -The tlajor ce_neraI. -wore- -t_he same ulifgffrL- bue. the -collar.-and _quf f s of Ehe coar'- 'wer'e' -e j.broid6red.'

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-r"1r-ii3t'h-r'iii ihe whole or'ni".oiiii.;lt*ri"-";;J;.J";r.-n;t;*."dl;.,y and woreern l f , ro idered epau le ts . The d isE incE ions o f the mi l i t ia o f f i cers were ident i -ca l , buc the t roops o f the l ine had go ld mount ings and those o f the mi l i t ia

, ' were s i l -wer .A fcer 1809, th is changed. and capEa ins and above couLd wear e i ther the

t ra i i t iona l PorLuguese shourder -sEraps , ends f r inged or un f r inged accord ing t .oLhe i r rank , o r Br i t . i sh -scy le epau le t .s w i th a lace s t rap and c rescent end, w i thunf r inged "counter -epau le ts " . The suba l te rns and sergeants wore g i r t . o r b rasss c a l e s .

The o f f i cers wore the s tandard shako, bu t had a coat w i th a longer ta i l ,doub le tu rnbacks in the reg i rnenta l p ip ing coror , g i r t bu t .Eons , ver t i caL 3-po in ied pocket f laps , p iped w i th the reg imenLa l co lo r and r r immed wi th th reeb u t L o n s - T h e y w o r e a c r i m s o n s a s h ( l i k e t h e B r i t i s h ) w i t h s i l v e r C a s s e l s C i e don Ehe r igh t - The i r s t ra igh t swords had go ld h i l t s and a brack and g i l tscaa i la r :d - The sword knot was c r imson and goLd- The i r shou l -der -be1ts r^ re rew h i : = v r j - t h a n o b l o n g g i l t p l a t e . T h e y w o r e b l a c k h e s s i a n s .

Art i l ler l ' Uniforrns

T n e p r e c i s e n a t u r e o f t h e u n i f o r m s , w h e n t h e p o r t u g u e s e a r m y r e f o r m e di t ' a r - f j - 1 1 e r y , i s n o t c e r t a i n . I t w o u l d a p p e a r - t h a t i t f o l l - o r . r e d t h e s t y l e o ft h e i n r a n t r y . r n 1 8 0 8 , t h e y w o r e t h e 1 8 0 5 s t y l e s h a k o , w i t h m i x e d r e d a n Cb l u = c o r d s a n d a b l a c k p l u m e . T h e y w o r e d a r k b l u e j a c k e t s a n d p a n t a l o o n s1 i k = t h e l i n e i n f a n t r y w i t h r e d . p i p i n g a n d b r a s s b u t t o n s . A 1 1 r n a y h a v e w o r nt h = s a i n e f a c i n g c o l o r s - b l a c k c o l - I a r s a n d d a r k b l u e c u f f s , b u c t h i s i s n o tc e r - - a i n - h l h i t e c r o s s b e l L s a n d s h o r t b l a c k g a i t e r s f i n i s h e d t h e u n i f o r m .

I n 1 8 1 3 , t h e y w o r e t h e 1 8 1 1 p a t t e r n s h a k o w i t h a b t a c k t . u f t ' . T h e j a c k e tv t a s d a r k b l u e a n d t h e p a n t a l o o n s w e r e a s b e l o r e . T h e u n i f o r m h a d y e l l o wn i n i - ' - r n r r b r a s s b u t t o n s . T h e c o l l a r a n d c u f f s w e r e b l a c k , d s w e r e t h eY - y - - - =

q r r v

s h c u l - o e r - s t r a p s , e x c e p t i n t h e l s E A r t i l l e r y R e g i m e n t , w h e r e c h e y w e r e b l u e .I t a a C w i n g s l i k e L h o s e w o r n b y t h e c a q a d o r e s . T h e y h a d w h i t e s h o u l - d e r - b e l t sw i t l r b r a s s h i l t e d i n f a n t r y s w o r d s . T h e y d i d n c ) t w e a r g a i t . e r s . T h e a r t i l l e r yd r i - . z e i - s w o r e t h e a r t i l l e r y u n i f o r m w i t h s o m e l i m i t e d m o d i f i c a t i o a s : b r a s ss h c u l C e r - s c a l e s , w h i t e p o u c h b e l t , w h i t e w a i s t b e l t w i t h n o b r a s s p l a t e , a n d ac a r , - a l r l r s a b e r . T h e i r b r e e c h e s w e r e b u f f l e a t h e r a n d t h e y h a d b l a c k i a c kb o c r s .

Cavalrv IJnifornrs

B e t w e e n 1 8 0 5 a n d 1 8 1 4 t h e P o r t u g u e s e c a v a l r y w o r e a b l a c k l e a r - - h e r h e l - m e [w i t h b r a s s t r i m , b l a c k f u r c r e s t , t h e n a t - i o n a l - c o c k a d e , a r e C p l u m e a n d f h er e g i i n e n t a l n u m b e r o n a s m a l l o v a l b r a s s f r o n t p l a t e . T h e r e a r e i n C i c a t i o n st h a t a b l - a c k b e l l t o p s h a k o w i t h a r e c l p l u m e , o d t i o n a l c o c k a d e , a n d b r a s s* ^ - : - ^ - . r - ' lr e c ; n e n t a l n u m b e r a n d c h i n s c a l e s w a s w o r n l a t e r i n t h e w a r , b u t t h e r e i s n o t -e n c u g h e v i d e n c e t o i n d i c a t e a g e n e r a l , w i d e s p r e a d u s e . r t i s c e r t a j - n t h a t o nd i s r : i c u n t e d d u t y , i . e . g a r r i s o n d u t y , s o m e t y p e o f g a r r i s o n c a p v / a s w o r n i nl i e u o f t h e h e l m e t .

T h e y w o r e d a r k b l u e j a c k e t s p i p e d l i k e t h a t o f t t r e i n f a n t r y . T h e y w o r eb r a = s s h o u l d e r - s c a l e s a n d b u t t o n s . T h e i r b r e e c h e s w e r e d a r k b l u e . T h e y v r o r er a i l b 1 a c k b o o t s . T h e i r g a u n c l e c s w e r e b u f f . T h e i r b u l l e t c o u c h v , a s b u f f

:'x

B 6

wi th a ob long brass p1aLe. The carb ine be l t , wa is t sword be l t (a lso w iLhob long brass p laEe) and s l ings were a lso bu f f . They car r ied a s tee l h i lLedl igh t cava l ry saber g r iEh a s tee l scabbard and wh i te sword knoE. They a lsoc3r ' - ' : ied a sabre tac l ' :e w i t l - ^ a s r .a l l ova i .b . r .asJ p ia te . T 'he p la te w. is l i ke che1. . . fa i l * - ry . . -shako. l :a i ige . -?he-s .ab i :€ t .ache .was ,suspended - f ro i . . th ree -bu i f s l1ng

-

s t r a p s . T h e o f f i c e r s , s a s h e s , r a n k d i s t . i n c t i o n s , e t c . , w e r e l i k e t h a t o f t h ein fan t . ry . They used a b lack sheepsk in sadd le and had a dark b lue ro t l , beh indthe sadd le- ' fhe ho ls te r cover was bu f f - The reg imenta l co lo rs were :

R e g i m e n t

1 s t A l c a n t a r a2nd Moura3 r d O l i v e n q a4 t h P r i n c i p e

or Duke o f Meck lenburg5 t h E v o r a6 t h B r a g o7 t h L i - s b o nB t h E l - w a s9 t h C h a w e s1 0 t h S a n t a r e m1 1 t h A l m e i d a1 2 t h M i r a n d a

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L i E h t B l u et . r a Y n r H . t r l a

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-:v

Uniforrns of the Lusitanian Legion

F r o m i t s f o r m a t i o n , L h e i n f a n L r y w c r e a s h a k o i d e n t i c a l - t o i h e p o r f u -g u e s e l - B 1 1 p a t t e r n s h a k o . I t h a d a g r e e n t u f t , t h e n a t i o n a l c o c k a d e , a n d a na r m c r j - a l o v a l p l a t e b e a r i n q t h e c i p h e r " L . L . L . r ' T h e j a c k e t s a n d o . r e r a l l - s t d e r eb o c t ] e g r e e n . T h e c o l - I a r , c u f f s , p o i n L e d c u f f s , s h o u l - d e r - s t r a p s a n d t u r n b a c k sw e r e b o t - - t l e g r e e n , p i p e d w h i t e . y J h i t e b r a i d f r o g g i n g a n C p i p r n g w a s r v o r n d o v r nt h e f r o n t . T h e j a c k e t h a d 2 4 p e w t e r b u t t o n s o n t h e f r o n t i n t h l e e c o ] u m n s ,a n d t r , v o b u t t o n s o n t h e b a c k o f e a c h c u f f , o n e a b o v e a n d o n e b e l o r v t h e ] i n e o fp i p i - n g . T h e c r o s s p o c k e t s w e r e p i p e d a n d h a d t h r e e b u t t o n s . T h e r e r v e r e t v r cm o r e b u t t o n s o n t h e h i p s a n d e a c h h a d a l i n e o f p i p i n g .

T h e w a i s t a n d p o r - r c h b e l t s w e r e b l a c k . f t i s p r o b a b l - e t . h a t t h e y w o r er , v h i t e o v e r a l l s i n t h e s u m m e r . T h e o f f i c e r s h a d s i l v e r b r a r d . T t i e i r s a s h e sa n d r a n k d i s t i n c t i o n s p r o b a b l y f o l l o w e d t h e B r i t i s h s y s t e n p r i c r t o t h e i rt r a n s f e r - t o P o r t u g u e s e s e r v i c e .

' f h e a r t i l l e r y o f t h e l e g i o n w a s d r e s s e d l i k e t h e i n f a n t r : y , b u t w i t hL - t ^ ^ r - : - - , . : - ô r a c K r a c l n g s a n d p r o b a b l y b l a c k s h a k o t u f t s . D e t a i l s o f t h = c a v a l - r y a r e v e r yl i m i L e d - T h e i r u n i f o r m w a s g r e e n w i t h w h i t e f a c i n g s . I t ( r / d s p r o b a b l y c u tl i k e t h a t o f t h e B r i t i s h l i g h t d r a g o o n s a n d i t i s l i k e l l ' r h a t t h e T a r l e t o nh e l m e t v / a s w o r n .

Uni for rns o f the Mi l i t ia anc l Ordenanza

T i r e r e w a s l i t t I e s t a n d a r d i z e d a b o u tb l u e , g i - e e n o r b r o w n c o a t a n d a s h a k o o ra b l y ! . , , o r - e t h e i r n o r m i r l c I o L h i n q .

t h e i r u n i f o r m .a C o r s i c a n h a t

r n i 1 i t i a w o r e a

O r o = n A n z A n r o b -v

B 7

Orqanizat ion of the Por t ,uquese Arr ty15 Sep tember 1809

1 / , Z / t s c " l s t L i s b o n o r L a L i p p e , , I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 3 3 0 )

- i * = o 1 / , 2 / 2 n d " L a g o s o r A l g a r v e " I n f a n L r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , - ? 0 L )- 1 / , 2 / 3 r d t ' 1 s t O l i v e n q a " I n f a n E . r y R e g i m e n t . ( 6 7 9 )

r / , 2 / + c n " F r e i r e " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( l , 4 7 7 )a / , 2 / S c n " 1 s t E 1 v a s " I n f a n t . r y R e g i m e n t ( 7 5 9 )l / , 2 / 5 t h " 1 s t O p o r c o " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n c ( 1 , 0 8 2 )L / , 2 / 7 t h " S e t u b a l - " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 3 1 2 )I / , 2 / g t n " E v o r a " f n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 3 5 9 )I / , 2 / g c n I ' V i a n a " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 5 1 1 )I / , 2 / 1 0 t h " 2 n d L i s b o n " I n f a n t . r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 3 ? 0 )t / , 2 / f f t f r " 1 s L A l - m e i d a , , I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 4 9 8 )I / , 2 / L 2 t h r " C h a v e s " f n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 4 9 1 )

I / , 2 / f : t n " P e n i c h e " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 3 5 1 )

L / , 2 / t q L n " T a v i r a , ' I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( I , 2 3 9 )I / , 2 / r S t . f r " 2 n d O l i v e n q a " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 5 7 7 )

I / , 2 / t e c n " V i e r a T e I l e s " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 5 9 5 )

I / , 2 / L 7 t l n " 2 n d E l v a s " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 2 1 8 )

I / , 2 / 1 B t h " 2 n d O p o r t o " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n c ( 1 , 3 7 1 )

L / , 2 / 1 9 t h " C a s c a e s " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 5 1 9 )\ / , 2 / Z O c n " C a m p o - M a y o r " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 2 1 8 )

I / , 2 / 2 L s t " V a l e n q a " f n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 9 3 )

I / , 2 / 2 2 n d " S e r p a " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( L , 4 7 9 )

I / , 2 / 2 3 r d " 2 n d A l m e i d a " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 1 , 5 2 1 )

I / , 2 / 2 1 L h " B r a g a n q a " I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t ( 5 0 5 )

1 s L C a q a d o r e ( C a s t e l l o d e V i d e ) ( 6 2 0 )

2 n d C a e a d o r e ( M o u r a ) ( 4 2 5 )

3 r d C a g a d o r e ( v i l l a R e a l ) ( 6 0 7 )

4 r h C a q a d o r e ( v i s e u ) ( 6 1 9 )

5rh Caqadore (Canpo-Mayor ) (321- )

6 t h C a q a d o r e ( O p o r t o ) ( 5 6 0 )

7 th , B th , & 9 th Caqadores were fo rmed fo rmed f rom the Lus i t .an ian Leg ion in1 8 1 1 -

;p 10 th , I1 th & 12 th Cagadores were fo rmed la te r .

Cava l rv :

l s t ( A l c a n t a r a D r a g o o n ) R e g i m e n t ( 5 5 9 )2 n d ( M o u r a ) R e g i m e n t ( 4 0 0 )3 r d ( o l i v e n g a ) R e g i m e n t ( 3 9 4 )4 th (Duke o f Meck lenburg , L isbon) Reg i rnent (559)

5 t h ( E v o r a ) R e g i n e n E ( 5 8 1 )

6 t h ( B r a g a n q a ) R e g i m e n t ( 5 7 8 )7 L h ( L i s b o n ) R e g i m e n c ( 5 6 4 )8 t h ( E l v d s ) R e g i m e n t ( 2 8 ? )

9 r h ( C h a v e s ) R e g i m e n L ( 5 ? 2 )1 0 t h ( S a n t a r e m ) R e g i m e n t ( 4 ? 5 )

1 l t h ( A l m e i d a ) R e g i m e n t ( 4 8 2 )1 2 r h ( M j r a n d a ) R e g i m e n r ( 5 8 9 )

B B

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Brigading of the Portuguese Armv1809-1814

.... g!-B-t-:.ecC3 'L / , 2 / t s t P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n tI / , 2 / t e t n P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t4 t h C a q a d o r e s

2 n d B r i q a d e :l / , 2 / 2 n d P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t1 / , 2 / t + t n P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t

1 f ^ H r r ^ - d 6 -J l V U ! M U U -

\ / , 2 / 3 r d P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n tI / , 2 / 1 5 t h P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n tB t h C a q a d o r e s l

4 t - h R r i r r . a r l o .

I / , 2 / A a l n P o r t u g u e s e f n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t\ / , 2 / f O t t r P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t

\ r n H r 1 ^ - d 5 -

1 / 2 / c t h P o r t t l c n r e q F T n f a n t r r r P e c r i m o n fL / r L / J w L r I v ! u u Y u L J L r r r L q r r u r ) / r \ C Y - L l t t g f l L

1 / , 2 / 1 ' / f h P n r t r r . n r o q o T n f : n F r r . r P o r r i m p n l -- / t u / L t v L L r v ! L u : J u u o 9 r r r ! s r l u t J / r \ L y r r r t L t r L

( f h R r i r r . a r l c .

I / , 2 / 6 t h P o r t u g u e s e f n f a n t r y R e g i m e n tI / , 2 / l B t h P o r t r r g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t5 t h C a c a d o r e s

i / f n H , r 1 a Y , a d 3 .

1 / 2 / ' / f h P n r l - l l . n t F q F T n f a n t r r r P e c r i m e n fL / , L / t L L r L v ! L U y U C D t - r r r ! q l r u ! ) / r \ g : J I t t t c ; I l L

I / , 2 / t g t n P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t2 n d C a q a d o r e s

! { f n L . i r f - 1 ^ 5 .v s r r u ! r Y q L { g .

1 / ) / R f h P r - r r t - r r . y r l p q c T n f a n t - r r r P o c ' i m . r n t -t / | L / a w t r I v ! L u v u u J L f t 1 ! u I r L I y ] \ C : y r l t t c l l L

I / , 2 / T 2 t h P o l t r - r g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t9 t h C a q a d o r e s

9 t h B r i q a d e :

I / , 2 / g c n P o r t u g u e s e f n f a n t r y R e g i m e n IL / , 2 / 2 7 s t P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t1 1 t h C a q a d o r e s

l l l f n R r l f r : a l t r .

l / , 2 / L 1 - t l n P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n tI / , 2 / 2 3 r d P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n [7 t h C a q a d o r e s

I I t _ h R r i r r : r d a .

I / , 2 / I 3 L h r P o r t u g u e s e f n f a n L r y R e g i m e n tI / , 2 / 2 3 r d P o r t u g u e s e I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t

1 . A 1 ] o f t h e C a q a d o r e s n u m b e r e d 7 a n d a b o v e w e r e n o t a l l - o c a t e d t o t h eb r i g a c i e s u n t i l t h e y w e r e r a i s e d . O n c e r a i s e d , t h e i r a s s i q n m e n t s w e r e a si n d i c a t e d .

B 9

General Bibliography

Foy, Gen., History of t .he War in the Peninsula. under Napoteon. to . .which is, . .pref ixed a, v iew of . E,he .Pot iE ical - .and : Mi l i tary Statse.

JOi- LIre --Foui

Be-Ilicibient Ppwers , Lqg\rt E-e I and WdrEz, L'ruLE.e1, , Jul ---bnd R ich te r , Lbndon l -827 .

'GaEes , D . , The Span ish ULcer . A H isE .o rv o f t he Pen insu la r

W a r , W . W . N o r E o n & C o . N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 5 .

G lower , M . ,We l l i nq t .on ' s Pen insu la r V i c to r i es , B .T .Ba tss fo rdL t s d . , L o n d o n , 1 9 5 3 .

G love r , M . ,The Pen insu l "a r War , 1808-1 -814 , Dav id & Char l -es ,London , 1974 .

G love r , M . ,We l l i nq ton ' s A rmv in E .he Pen insu la L808- l -8L4 ,H ippoc rene Books Inc . , New yo rk , L977 .

Gurwood, the Dispat.ches of Field Marshal the Duke of Welf inqt.on' Durinq His Various Campaiqns from 1799 E.o 1815, John Murry,L O n O O n , - L a a A -

' ' L o p e z , E . M . . f . P . , c u e r r a d e f a I n d e p e n d i e n c i a 1 8 0 8 - 1 8 1 4 , L i b r a i r i aEd ico r ia l San Mar t i n , Madr id , 1972 .

Saint-Maurice Cabany, E., Etude Histor ique de l -a Campaqne deBay fen , Revue Genera le B iog raph ique e t Nec ro log ique , Pa r i s , 1846 .

We l Ie r , J . , We l l i nq ton i n t he Pen insu fa , Kaye & Ward , London ,

Spanish Bibliograhy

. A Ib1 , J . , & Scampa , L - , Campa f ras de l a Caba f le r i a Espa f fo las en e l' - S iq lo X IX , Se rv i c io H is to r i co M i1 i t . a r , Mad i rd , 1985

. * Boppe , P . , Les Espaqno ls dans fa Grande Arm6e ; Le D iv i s ion Romana:P r r - s -oe - reo i l g - re r : t ,C . T e r n a , P a r i s , 1 9 8 6

Bueno , J .M . , Un i fo rmes M i f i t a i res Espa f l o fes : E l - E je rc i t o v f aArmada en l -808 , J .M .Bueno Car re ra , Ma laga , Spa in , l - 982 .

Car re ra , J .M .B . , La Exped ic i6n Espa f fo la a D inamarca l -807 -1808 ,A ldaba Ed ic iones , Madr id , 1990 .

Cascan te , A .T . , H i s to r i a de E res l au readas , E l - 5o Req imen to deA r t i f l e r i a a P i e , S e r v i c i o H i s t o r i c o M i l i t a r , M a d r i d , 1 9 8 4 .

Ceva f l os , Don P . , ed i to r , Con f6d6 ra t i on des Royaumes e t p rov1ncesd 'Espaqne con t re BounaparE6 ou Recue i l des P idces O f f i c i a les ,T m n 7 . i m a r i a p . r 1 r ^ l a M - / l r i / l ^ - F ^ , , n u '- - - , , -J , rv ld .u rJ -u , udce u l r r tnown,

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de Clonard, Histor ia orq6nica d.e las armas de infanter ia vcaba l l e r i a espa f fo les , Vo l IX , Madr id , 1851-1852

De1or , J .B . , , _81 . - -e je rc i t o Fsna f ro : I . de : t 8O8_g .es tado rn i l i t e r de.--.F-sga-fra. -a-1*Cornenzar la .GLterra de .13_ -Tndependj-enca

E s d a i l - e , C . J . , T h e S p a n i s h A r m y i n t h e P e n i n s u l a r W a r , M a n c h e s E e rUn ive rs i t y P res s , Manches t ,e r Eng land , 19 B B .

L o p e z , J . P . , G u e r r a d e l - a f n d e p e n d e n c i a 1 B 0 B - 1 8 1 - 4 L i b e r i a E d i t . o -r i a l S a n M a r t i n , M a d r i d , d a L e u n k n o w n .

M a a g , D r : A . , G e s c h i c h E e d e r S c h w e i z e r t r u p p e n i m K r i e g r e N a p o l e -o n s f . , i n S p a i n e n u n d P o r [ u q a l ( ] - 8 0 7 - 1 8 1 4 ) , V e r l a g E r n s t k u h n ,B a s e l , ] - 8 9 2 -

v o n P i v k a , O . , A r m i e s o f t h e N a p o l e o n i c E r a , T a p l i n g e r P u b l i s h i n gCo - , New York , 7-97 9

r r o Q r I : q R a m o n , M e m o r i a l H i s t o r i c a l d e I a A r t i l l e r i a E s p a f f o l a ,g v v t 4 4 \ 4 u ,

G a r c i a , M a d r i d , 1 8 3 1 .

Y a p 1 e , R . L . , T h e R e q i m e n [ s a n d U n i f o r m s o f t h e B r i t i s h , P o r t u -g u e s e , S p a n i s h , B r u n s w i c k a n d N e t h e r l a n d i s h A r m i e s 1 8 0 2 - 1 8 1 5 , D e rK r e i b s p e i l e r s , D a y t o n , O H , L 9 7 5

Portuguese Bibliographl'

A r t h u r , R . i b i e r o , O s C a q a d o r e s P o r t u g u e s e s n a G u e r r a P e n i n s u l a( 1 8 0 8 - 1 8 1 4 ) , S e c c a o E d i t o r i a l d e c o m p a n h i a N a c i o n a l - E d i t o r a ,L i sboa , dat e unknor ,vn .

B e r e s f o r d , W . C . , C o l l e c q a o d a s O r d e n e s D o D i a d o I l l u s t r i s s i m oe E x c e l l e n t i - s s i m o S e n h o r G u i l h e r m e C a r r B e r e s f o r d , Y e a r 1 8 0 9 ,1 8 1 0 , 1 8 1 1 & 1 8 1 4 , A n t o n i o N u n e s d o s S a n t o s P r i n t e r t o t h e G e n e r -a l H e a d q u a r t e r s , L i s b o n , d a t e u n k n o w n .

A H i s t o r y o f E h e C a m p a i q n s o f E h e B r i t i s h F o r c e s i n S p a i n a n dP o r t u q a l , U n d e r t a k e n t o r e l i e v e t h o s e C o u n t r i e s f r o m t h e F r e n c hU s u r p a t i o n ; C o m p r e h e n d i n q M e m o i r s o f t h e O p e r a t i o n s o f t h i sI n t e r e s t i n g W a r , C h a r a c t e r i s t i c R e p o r t s o f t h e S p a n i s h a n d P o r t , u -q u e s e T r o o p s . a n d f l l u s t r a t i v e A n e c d o L e s o f D i s E i n g u i s h e d M i l i -ta r l r Conduc t i n f nd iv idua l s , Whatever the i r Rank in the Army, Vo II I F i r s t B r i t i s h C a m p a i q n ( 1 8 0 8 ) , T h e C o n v e n t i o n o f C i n t r a .R e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e K i n g d o m o f P o r t u q a l . o n i t s e v a c u a t i o n b y t . h eFrench Troop s , T . Goddard, London, 1-8L2 .

G u r w o o d , L t . C o 1 . T h e D i s p a t c h e s o f F i e I d M a r s h a l t h e D u k e o fI n I e l l i n q t o n D u r i n q H i s V a r i o u s C a m p a i q n s i n I n d i a , D e n m a r k , p o r t u -9 a I , S p a i n , t h e . L o v r C o u n t r i e s a n d F r a n c e f r o m 1 7 9 9 t o 1 8 1 8 , J -M u r r y , L o n d o f l , 1 8 3 7 .

H o r v a r d , R . A . , T h e P o r L u g u e s e R e g u l a r A r m y , 1 8 0 6 - 1 8 1 4 , R . A . H o w a r d . ,L 9 7 9 .

9 1

liY

L e s l i e , M a j o r J . H . , T h e D i c k s o n M a n u s c r i p t s . b e i n q D i a r i e s , L e t -te rs . Maps . Accoun t . Books , w i th Var ious Other Papers o f t .he La teM a i o r - G e n e r a l S i r _ A l e - x a n d e r D i q k F g B , _ l G . C . B . , _ l i . C . H . , . K . T . S . ,R c y a I A r t i l l e r y , S e r i e s . ' t C r f 1 8 0 9 t . o 1 8 1 - 8 , P . o 1 ' a 1 A r t i l - l e r y I l l s l . i -t u t i o n P r i n t i n g H o u s e , W o o 1 w i c h , 1 9 0 5

M a y n e , L t . C o l . W m . & L i l 1 e , C p t . , A N a r r a t i v e o f C a m p a i q n s o t , h eL o y a l L u s i t . a n i a n L e g i o n D u r i n g t h e Y e a r s 1 8 0 9 , 1 8 1 0 . & 1 8 1 1 , T .Eger t .on, London , L81-2 .

Oman, A H is to rv o f the Pen insu la r W a r , At the Cl-arendon Pre s s ,O x f o r d , E n g l a n d , L 9 0 2 .

Papers Presen ted t ,o Par l i amenL in 1809 Re1a t . ing t .o Amer ica , Spa ina n d P o r t . u q a l , A . S t r a h a n , L o n d o n , 1 8 1 0 .

V i c h n e s s , S . E . M a r s h a l o f P o r t u g a l : T h e M i l [ a r y C a r e e r o f W i ] - -

l i a m C a r r B e r e s f o r d 1 7 8 5 - 1 8 1 4 , D o c t o r a l D i s s e r t a t i o n , F l o r i d aS t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , L 9 7 6 .

Y a p l e , R . L . , T h e R e g i m e n t s a n d U n i f o r m s o f t h e B r i t i s h , P o r t u -q u e s e , S p a n i s h , B r u n s w i c k a n d N e t h e r l a n d i s h A r m i e s , 1 8 0 2 - 1 8 1 5 ,D e r K r i e g s p e i l e r s , D a y t o n , O H L 9 7 5 .

9 2

Index

Por tugueseA r m y 1 8 0 B - 1 8 1 4 , 6 3A r t i l l e r y U n i f o r m s , 8 5B a t t l e o f A l b u e r a , 8 1B a t t l - e o f B u s s a c o , B 0B a t t l - e o f S a l a m a n c a , 8 3C a q a d o r e , U n i f o r m s , 8 5C a v a l r y U n i f o r m s , B 5I n f a n t r y , U n i f o r m s , 8 4L u s i t a n i a n L e g i o n , U n i f o r m s , 8 7M i l i t i a U n i f o r m s , 8 7O f f i c e r s ' U n i f o r m s , 8 5O r d e n a n z a , U n i f o r m s , 8 7

S p a i nA r m y 1 7 8 8 - 1 8 0 8 , 1A r t i l l e r y 1 7 B B - t B L 4 , 3 9B a t t l e H i s t o r y o f t h e S p a n i s h A r m y , 4 4

B a t t I e o f A l b u e r a , 5 0B a t t l e o f B a y l e n , 4 BB a t t l e o f C a r d a d e a u , 4 9B a t t l e o f O c a f l a , 4 9C a v a l . y , O r g a n t - z a t i o n , 1 7 B B - 1 8 1 4 , 2 8

G u n s , 4 3S p a n i s h I n f a n t r y , O r g a n t z a L i o n , 1 7 B B - 1 8 1 4 , 1 5

l*

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