The Asian World in 1700 The Asian World in 1700

Chapter 22 p. 482Chapter 22 p. 482

Asia and European Contact 1450-Asia and European Contact 1450-17501750

Europeans were not powerful enough to Europeans were not powerful enough to exploit Asia during 1450-1750exploit Asia during 1450-1750Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Asian goods since they had little or Asian goods since they had little or nothing the Asians valuednothing the Asians valuedEuropeans were only able to trade Europeans were only able to trade successfully with Asia after they gained successfully with Asia after they gained access to the New World’s precious access to the New World’s precious metals metals

European Trade With AsiaEuropean Trade With Asia

Using superior naval technology, the Using superior naval technology, the Portuguese were able to establish a trade Portuguese were able to establish a trade network in the Indian Ocean by 1507network in the Indian Ocean by 1507By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and the English had driven out the Portuguesethe English had driven out the PortugueseThe Dutch took control of the Spice The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands (modern Indonesia)Islands (modern Indonesia)The French and English concentrated on The French and English concentrated on IndiaIndia

European MissionariesEuropean Missionaries

Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Christianity was Christianity was introduced into the introduced into the Philippines by the Philippines by the Spanish, where it Spanish, where it merged with local merged with local animistic beliefs and animistic beliefs and traditionstraditionsElsewhere in Asia, Elsewhere in Asia, Christianity became a Christianity became a minority religionminority religion

Ming China 1368-1644 Ming China 1368-1644

Oldest, largest, and Oldest, largest, and richest civilizationrichest civilization

Part of the world Part of the world economy, but foreign economy, but foreign trade was only a small trade was only a small part of the Chinese part of the Chinese economyeconomy

Silk, porcelain, and cotton Silk, porcelain, and cotton were major exports, with were major exports, with tea becoming tea becoming increasingly importantincreasingly important

Ming China’s Economic Impact on Ming China’s Economic Impact on the Worldthe World

Ming China used silver as Ming China used silver as its monetary metalits monetary metal

The Single Whip tax on The Single Whip tax on all Chinese had to be all Chinese had to be paid in silverpaid in silver

Therefore, Ming China Therefore, Ming China was a major importer of was a major importer of silver in exchange for silver in exchange for trade goodstrade goods

The largest source of The largest source of silver was the Americassilver was the Americas

Reforms made by Emperor Hongwu Reforms made by Emperor Hongwu (1368 – 1398)(1368 – 1398)

Scholarly GentryScholarly Gentry

Civil Service Exam (rise in Civil Service Exam (rise in societal status)societal status)

Abolished chief minister Abolished chief minister positionposition

Public beating of corrupt Public beating of corrupt officialsofficials

Exile rivals to remote Exile rivals to remote provincesprovinces

Limited the number of Limited the number of eunuchs in the Forbidden eunuchs in the Forbidden CityCity

*Neo-Confucianism –Social *Neo-Confucianism –Social Order Order

Economic Economic

Commercial growth due Commercial growth due to peasants owning to peasants owning land- rise in land- rise in productionproduction

Trade limited to Trade limited to Macao /CantonMacao /Canton

Ming China’s Agricultural Ming China’s Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

New World crops such as corn, peppers, New World crops such as corn, peppers, and the sweet potato were introduced to and the sweet potato were introduced to ChinaChina

Crop rotationCrop rotation

Massive reforestationMassive reforestation

China’s population grew from 65 million in China’s population grew from 65 million in 1400 to 300 million by 18001400 to 300 million by 1800

Ming China’s Commercial Ming China’s Commercial RevolutionRevolution

Population growth led to Population growth led to increased urbanizationincreased urbanization

Small businesses Small businesses specialized in porcelain, specialized in porcelain, tea, silk, cotton, and tea, silk, cotton, and paper manufacturingpaper manufacturing

European trade with Ming European trade with Ming China was tightly China was tightly controlled by the Chinese controlled by the Chinese government, which was government, which was wary of foreign influencewary of foreign influence

Decline and Fall of the MingDecline and Fall of the MingLittle Ice Age related climate problems Little Ice Age related climate problems were especially severe in the early 1600swere especially severe in the early 1600sIncompetent emperors were unable to Incompetent emperors were unable to helphelpFamine and natural disasters led to Famine and natural disasters led to peasant rebellionspeasant rebellionsIn 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed In 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed the Ming, and established the Qing the Ming, and established the Qing DynastyDynasty

JapanJapan

Japan 1450-1750Japan 1450-1750Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no central leadership (Emperor only central leadership (Emperor only ceremonial)ceremonial)1543: Portuguese traders arrived in 1543: Portuguese traders arrived in southern Japan. Other Europeans followedsouthern Japan. Other Europeans followedPortuguese and other Europeans served Portuguese and other Europeans served as middlemen, carrying goods between as middlemen, carrying goods between Japan and ChinaJapan and China

Territorial dispute todayTerritorial dispute today

Senkaku Islands

Christianity in JapanChristianity in Japan

Catholic missionaries led Catholic missionaries led by Francis Xavier arrived by Francis Xavier arrived beginning in 1549beginning in 1549

Christianity had great Christianity had great appeal in Japan, and appeal in Japan, and many converted, many converted, especially on island of especially on island of KyushuKyushu

Japanese converts Japanese converts traveled to Europe to traveled to Europe to meet the Popemeet the Pope

Japan’s reaction to European Japan’s reaction to European contactcontact

Fascination with the “nanbanjin”Fascination with the “nanbanjin”

Intense interest in learning about and from Intense interest in learning about and from the Europeansthe Europeans

Large amount of trade between Japanese Large amount of trade between Japanese and Europeansand Europeans

Jesuits in Japan p.501

Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu

By 1598, had managed to By 1598, had managed to unify Japan under his ruleunify Japan under his rule

Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate 1598-18681598-1868

Distrusted Europeans and Distrusted Europeans and Christians as potentially Christians as potentially disloyal to his ruledisloyal to his rule

Restrictions placed on Restrictions placed on European traders and European traders and missionariesmissionaries

Japanese Christians were Japanese Christians were persecutedpersecuted

Sakoju Jidai: National SeclusionSakoju Jidai: National Seclusion

By mid 1600s all European traders were By mid 1600s all European traders were banned except the Dutchbanned except the Dutch

Dutch traders were only allowed in Dutch traders were only allowed in NagasakiNagasaki

Japanese were not allowed to travel Japanese were not allowed to travel abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to enterenter

Christianity was suppressedChristianity was suppressed

The Tokugawa ShogunateThe Tokugawa Shogunate

Centralized government under Confucian Centralized government under Confucian principlesprinciples

Four social classesFour social classes

1.1. Samurai Samurai

2.2. FarmersFarmers

3.3. ArtisansArtisans

4.4. MerchantsMerchants

The Tokugawa ShogunateThe Tokugawa Shogunate

Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Kyoto, OsakaKyoto, OsakaRice was the staple cropRice was the staple cropUrban areas had many small businesses Urban areas had many small businesses and industriesand industriesConfucianist schools allowed most men Confucianist schools allowed most men and some women to become literateand some women to become literateDutch studies group studied European Dutch studies group studied European books in Nagasakibooks in Nagasaki