The Atlantic WorldThe Atlantic World

The conditions that led to The conditions that led to American ExplorationAmerican Exploration

Our Goals this WeekOur Goals this Week

Trace life in the Americas before the Trace life in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans and Africansarrival of Europeans and Africans

Evaluate European explorations of the Evaluate European explorations of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries and the impact of the first centuries and the impact of the first contacts between Americans and contacts between Americans and Europeans.Europeans.

The Native American WorldThe Native American World

SettlementSettlement

Historians and anthropologists agree that Historians and anthropologists agree that the Native Americans came from Asia.the Native Americans came from Asia.

Most believe they crossed a land bridge in Most believe they crossed a land bridge in the Bering Strait.the Bering Strait.

Life for Early AmericansLife for Early AmericansEach Group Adapted to their EnvironmentEach Group Adapted to their Environment

North Inuit, North Inuit, Aleut (hunter gatherers)Aleut (hunter gatherers)Koyukon and Ingalik (nomadic)Koyukon and Ingalik (nomadic)

Northwest CoastNorthwest CoastCoos, Makah (fishermen)Coos, Makah (fishermen)

CaliforniaCaliforniaChumash, YurokChumash, Yurok

Fishermen, hunter-gatherersFishermen, hunter-gatherers

The Plateau (b/w the Cascades and the Rockies)The Plateau (b/w the Cascades and the Rockies)Chinook, CayuseChinook, Cayuse

Fishermen, hunter-gatherersFishermen, hunter-gatherers

The Great Basin (b/w the Rockies and the Sierra The Great Basin (b/w the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada)Nevada)Paiute, Ute, ShoshoniPaiute, Ute, Shoshoni

Hunter-gatherersHunter-gatherers

The Southwest (Very dry)The Southwest (Very dry)Hopi and Zuni--farmersHopi and Zuni--farmersApache--nomadicApache--nomadicAnasazi--lived in cliff apartmentsAnasazi--lived in cliff apartments

The Plains (well watered)The Plains (well watered)Mandans, Wichita, and Pawnee--farmers, huntersMandans, Wichita, and Pawnee--farmers, hunters

The Northeast (forests, well watered)The Northeast (forests, well watered)Seneca, Lenape, Iroquois--hunter gatherers, Seneca, Lenape, Iroquois--hunter gatherers,

fishermenfishermen

The Southeast (forests, swamps, sea The Southeast (forests, swamps, sea coast)coast)Hopewell, Cahokia, Natchez, Creek, Hopewell, Cahokia, Natchez, Creek,

CherokeeCherokeeHunter-gatherers, fishermen, farmersHunter-gatherers, fishermen, farmers

Native American CultureNative American Culture

Social StructureSocial StructureSocieties were structured based on family Societies were structured based on family

relationships (kinship, clans, tribes).relationships (kinship, clans, tribes).ReligionReligion

very ritualisticvery ritualisticbelieved in spiritual forces of naturebelieved in spiritual forces of nature

Oral HistoryOral HistoryUsed to preserve cultural traditions.Used to preserve cultural traditions.

TradeTradeBased on the barter systemBased on the barter systemTrade routes connected most of the tribes in Trade routes connected most of the tribes in

AmericaAmerica Importance of LandImportance of Land

Believed that land could not be owned, Believed that land could not be owned, therefore it was never traded.therefore it was never traded.

The European WorldThe European World

Early Middle Ages (500-1000)Early Middle Ages (500-1000)

InvasionsInvasionsGermanic, Viking, and Asian invaders tore Germanic, Viking, and Asian invaders tore

across Europe after the fall of the Roman across Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.Empire.

FeudalismFeudalismPolitical and Economic SystemPolitical and Economic SystemLand owned by nobles or lords was divided Land owned by nobles or lords was divided

among lesser nobles for loyalty. among lesser nobles for loyalty. Serfs farmed the manors (estate of a Lord)Serfs farmed the manors (estate of a Lord)Serfs were tied to the land.Serfs were tied to the land.

ReligionReligionThe Catholic Church dominated EuropeThe Catholic Church dominated EuropeClergymen were powerful and well educated.Clergymen were powerful and well educated.

Late Middle Ages (1000-1300)Late Middle Ages (1000-1300)Europe’s economy began to boom and this growth Europe’s economy began to boom and this growth

changed the feudal system.changed the feudal system.

CrusadesCrusades1096 to 1204 AD the Church organized a series of military campaigns to free 1096 to 1204 AD the Church organized a series of military campaigns to free

Jerusalem from the control of the Muslim Turks.Jerusalem from the control of the Muslim Turks.The Crusades ultimately failed.The Crusades ultimately failed.The Crusades did open Europe to the outside world and a new era of trade The Crusades did open Europe to the outside world and a new era of trade

with Asia began.with Asia began.

Urban GrowthUrban GrowthCities and Trade Grew in EuropeCities and Trade Grew in Europe

Effects:Effects: A new middle class emergedA new middle class emerged The money economy was revivedThe money economy was revived Contributed to the fall of feudalismContributed to the fall of feudalism

Rise of MonarchsRise of Monarchs Increased wealth increased the power of the Increased wealth increased the power of the

monarchs.monarchs.Monarchs and nobles began to clashMonarchs and nobles began to clash

1215 King John I signed the Magna Carta or 1215 King John I signed the Magna Carta or “Great Charter” granting nobles various legal “Great Charter” granting nobles various legal rights.rights.

As the power of monarchs increased, papal As the power of monarchs increased, papal power decreasedpower decreased

UniversitiesUniversitiesMonarchs began them to train government Monarchs began them to train government

officials and church officials.officials and church officials.The “Black Death”The “Black Death”

Arose in the 1300s.Arose in the 1300s.Carried by fleas on ratsCarried by fleas on ratsKilled 1/3 of Europe’s population.Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population.Resulted in starvation, riots, and economic Resulted in starvation, riots, and economic

collapsecollapse

The Renaissance “Rebirth”The Renaissance “Rebirth” Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance

Began in Florence, ItalyBegan in Florence, ItalyPursuit of LearningPursuit of LearningEvery subject--art, lit., science, philosophy, Every subject--art, lit., science, philosophy,

economics, political thought.economics, political thought. Involved the revival of the writings of the ancient Involved the revival of the writings of the ancient

Greeks and Romans.Greeks and Romans.Began to use reason and experimentation to Began to use reason and experimentation to

understand the worldunderstand the worldCore Philosophy was humanismCore Philosophy was humanism

Prominent figures: Michelangelo, Leonardo Prominent figures: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatelloda Vinci, Donatello

Financially supported by Patrons from the Financially supported by Patrons from the merchant class. (Medici family of Florence is merchant class. (Medici family of Florence is the most famous)the most famous)

                                                     Michelangelo(1475-1564) 

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

Donatello

Northern RenaissanceNorthern RenaissanceRefers to the late 1500s when the Refers to the late 1500s when the

Renaissance spread to the Netherlands, Renaissance spread to the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Spain, England and France, Belgium, Spain, England and Germany.Germany.

Prominent figure: William ShakespeareProminent figure: William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

Printing PressPrinting Press Invented in 1456 by a German named Johann Invented in 1456 by a German named Johann

Gutenberg to print Bibles.Gutenberg to print Bibles.Used movable typeUsed movable typeRevolutionized the spread of informationRevolutionized the spread of information

Johann Johann

GutenbergGutenberg

The ReformationThe ReformationStarted by Martin Luther in 1517 with the Started by Martin Luther in 1517 with the

nailing of the 95 theses to the church door at nailing of the 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg Castle in GermanyWittenberg Castle in Germany

Was an effort to reform the Catholic ChurchWas an effort to reform the Catholic ChurchResulted in a split and the creation of the Resulted in a split and the creation of the

Protestant ChurchProtestant Church

Martin Luther

Rise of NationsRise of NationsWith increased power, monarchs began to With increased power, monarchs began to

combine lands into larger nations.combine lands into larger nations.Seafaring TechnologySeafaring Technology

Renaissance scientists developed the Renaissance scientists developed the compass (direction) and the astrolabe and the compass (direction) and the astrolabe and the quadrant (position without seeing land).quadrant (position without seeing land).

Long distance travel now became possibleLong distance travel now became possible

Portuguese Dominate the SeasPortuguese Dominate the SeasPrince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the NavigatorDeveloped the Caravel (ship that could also sail Developed the Caravel (ship that could also sail

against the wind)against the wind)Bartholomew Dias--sailed around southern tip Bartholomew Dias--sailed around southern tip

of Africaof AfricaVasco da Gama--sailed from Portugal to India Vasco da Gama--sailed from Portugal to India

(first trade route by sea)(first trade route by sea)Competition among the European powers Competition among the European powers

ensuedensued

Bartholomew DiasBartholomew Dias

Vasco da Vasco da Gama

Gama

West African WorldWest African World

Contact with EuropeansContact with Europeans

During the Middle Ages contact between During the Middle Ages contact between Europeans and Africans had ceased.Europeans and Africans had ceased.

During the Renaissance contact resumed During the Renaissance contact resumed as Europeans traded gold for salt.as Europeans traded gold for salt.

West African CultureWest African Culture

Geography influenced survivalGeography influenced survivalRainforestsRainforests

Hunted fished mined and farmedHunted fished mined and farmed

SavannaSavannaLimited farming, hunting, domesticated animals, Limited farming, hunting, domesticated animals,

mining, tradingmining, trading

DesertDesertLived around oasesLived around oasesGroups traversed the desert to trade with North Groups traversed the desert to trade with North

AfricaAfrica

FamilyFamilySociety was organized according to kinship.Society was organized according to kinship.

ReligionReligionPolytheisticPolytheisticWorshipped a supreme god and several Worshipped a supreme god and several

lesser gods.lesser gods.

Kingdoms and TradeKingdoms and Trade

BeninBeninCoastal Forest kingdomCoastal Forest kingdomTraded palm oil, ivory, and exotic woods.Traded palm oil, ivory, and exotic woods.

SonghaiSonghaiSavanna kingdomSavanna kingdomMost famous king--Askia Muhammad. He Most famous king--Askia Muhammad. He

made it a muslim empire. made it a muslim empire.

Slavery in AfricaSlavery in Africa

Slavery existed in Africa.Slavery existed in Africa.Slaves were usually:Slaves were usually:

Captured in warCaptured in warTreated as familyTreated as familyAllowed to move up in societyAllowed to move up in society

The Beginning of the Atlantic The Beginning of the Atlantic WorldWorld

The Voyage of ColumbusThe Voyage of Columbus

European competition on the seas and for European competition on the seas and for trade with Asia grew.trade with Asia grew.

Christopher Columbus sought to find a Christopher Columbus sought to find a westward sea route to the Indies (Asia).westward sea route to the Indies (Asia).

In January of 1492 Queen Isabella and In January of 1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to sponsor his voyage.sponsor his voyage.

Christopher Christopher ColumbusColumbus

Reasons for VoyageReasons for VoyageColumbus hoped to enrich his family and gain Columbus hoped to enrich his family and gain

honor and fame.honor and fame.Spread CatholicismSpread CatholicismSpain’s rivalry with PortugalSpain’s rivalry with Portugal

The VoyageThe VoyageAugust 3, 1492, Columbus set sail.August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail.His three ships were the His three ships were the Nina, Pinta, Nina, Pinta, and the and the

Santa Maria.Santa Maria.On October 12, 1492, he found land, but it On October 12, 1492, he found land, but it

was not the Indies. He’d discovered America.was not the Indies. He’d discovered America.

Native Americans Native Americans Columbus met friendly natives when he first Columbus met friendly natives when he first

arrived.arrived.He called them Indians, believing he was in He called them Indians, believing he was in

the Indies.the Indies.

Later VoyagesLater VoyagesColumbus returned home and was greatly Columbus returned home and was greatly

honored. honored. He continued to make voyages to the lands He continued to make voyages to the lands

he’d found he’d found

A New WorldA New World1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the 1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the

Caribbean.Caribbean.He recognized that these lands were a new He recognized that these lands were a new

continent unknown to Europe; a New World.continent unknown to Europe; a New World.America is named after him.America is named after him.

Amerigo Amerigo VespucciVespucci

The Impact of ColumbusThe Impact of Columbus

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeEuropeans began to trade new goods from the Europeans began to trade new goods from the

Americas with Africans and AsiansAmericas with Africans and AsiansPeanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, potatoes Peanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, potatoes

Europeans also brought goods to the new Europeans also brought goods to the new world.world.

Devastation of Native AmericansDevastation of Native AmericansMany died of new diseases brought by the Many died of new diseases brought by the

EuropeansEuropeansSmallpox, typhus, measles, etc.. Smallpox, typhus, measles, etc..

Europeans become wealthyEuropeans become wealthyRivalry for riches and goods in the new world Rivalry for riches and goods in the new world

increased, especially between Portugal and increased, especially between Portugal and Spain.Spain.

Within a hundred years of the voyage of Within a hundred years of the voyage of Columbus the amount of gold and silver in Columbus the amount of gold and silver in Europe’s economy increased eight times over.Europe’s economy increased eight times over.

SlaverySlaveryTo supply new American foods to Europe To supply new American foods to Europe

plantations were established and slaves were plantations were established and slaves were brought from Africa to work them.brought from Africa to work them.

9-11 million Africans were captured or sold 9-11 million Africans were captured or sold into slavery.into slavery.

New CultureNew CultureAs Europeans settled the New World they As Europeans settled the New World they

established a new culture that blended their established a new culture that blended their old ways with the ways of the Native old ways with the ways of the Native Americans.Americans.