The Atmosphere

Q2. What are the properties of air?

Ans. 1. Air has mass.

2. Air occupies space, or has volume.

3. Air has density.

4. Air exerts pressure.

What is the atmosphere?• The layer of gases that surrounds our

planet.• Weather is the condition of the

atmosphere at a certain place and time.• Our atmosphere makes life possible on

our planet.• Provides us with oxygen.• Keeps surface warm so water can exist as

a liquid.• Protects the surface from dangerous

radiation from the sun.

Why is the atmosphere divided into four layers?

Temperature variations in the four layers are due to the way solar energy is absorbed as it moves downward through the atmosphere.

The boundaries between each layer are known as the pauses. The tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause mark the increase or decrease in temperature.

Composition of the Atmosphere

• Nitrogen makes up 78% of our atmosphere

• Oxygen makes up 21%

• Argon makes up almost 1%

• All other gases have only trace amounts

Trace elements/compounds

• Carbon dioxide: plants use to produce food. Plants take in CO2 and give off oxygen as a waste product.

• Animals take in oxygen to make energy and give off CO2 as a waste product.

• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) give off CO2 when they are burned. Rising CO2 levels can cause global warming.

Water Vapor

• Water Vapor is water in the form of a gas.

• It is invisible, not the same thing as steam. Steam is water vapor condensing back into a liquid.

• The amount of water vapor in the air varies, from 0% in an arid environment, to 5% in tropical rain forests.

Ozone

• Ozone is a molecule of oxygen with 3 oxygen atoms instead of 2.

• Often formed when lightning interacts with oxygen in the air.

• Forms a layer in the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Without this layer life might not be possible on the surface of the planet.

Atmospheric Pressure

–The atmosphere exerts pressure on the Earth that decreases with increasing altitude• This is due to the fact that with increasing altitude, there is a decrease in the column of gases above the Earth’s surface

• At greater altitudes, the same volume contains fewer molecules of the gases that make up the air. This means that the density of air decreases with increasing altitude.

http://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2014-october-8

Q1. Why do we see the red color of the moon during Lunar Eclipse?

A. All the light from the sun is blocked by the earth. The earth has an atmosphere. The light when escapes from Earth’s atmosphere bends due to refraction, and orange/red light bends the most.

Why the air pressure is greatest at the Earth’s surface?

• Gravity pulls gas molecules toward the earth’s surface.

Layers of Atmosphere

Troposphere

• Troposphere – “ Tropo” means changing or turning

• As altitude increases, temperature decreases.

• -60 degrees Celsius at the boundary of Troposphere.

Troposphere

• The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere that lies next to the Earth’s surface.

Stratosphere

• “Strato” means layer or spread out

• Has ozone ( three atom oxygen ) layer – protects the earth from harmful UV radiation coming from the sun

• As altitude increases the temperature increases

• Layer of the atmosphere where gases do not mix

Stratosphere

• This layer contains the ozone layer.

• Ozone is a gas that absorbs solar radiation and releases it as heat.

• The stratospheric or "good" ozone protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.

Mesosphere

• “Meso” means middle

• Meteor showers happens in this layer

• As altitude increases the temperature decreases to – 90 degrees Celsius

Mesosphere

• As you move up into the mesosphere, the air temperature decreases.

• Temperatures at the top of this layer can drop to -90°C (- 130°F ).

Thermosphere

• “Thermo” means heat

• Outermost layer which blends with outer space

• Very hot temperatures (1800 degrees Celsius )

Thermosphere

• The higher you move in this layer, the higher the temperature.

• Temperatures in the thermosphere can reach 1,800°C (3,300°F)! The Aurora Borealis is found here.

Two sublayers of Thermosphere

• Lower sublayer – Ionosphere

• Auroras happens here

• Upper sublayer – Exosphere

• Satellites are stationed here.

• The structure of the atmosphere is based on temperature differences. Note that the "pauses" are actually not lines, but are broad regions that merge.

video

• http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/earths-atmosphere.htm