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8/15/2019 The Azf Factory Explosion
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THE AZF FACTORYEXPLOSION,
FRANCE
8/15/2019 The Azf Factory Explosion
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ABSTRACT
During the morning of Se tem!er "#, "$$#,%roun& #$'#( %m, %rt of % )%rehou*e +ont%ining
%!out $$ metri+ ton* of re-e+t* of %mmoniumnitr%te gr%nu.%te* e/ .o&e& in the AZF .%nt in
Tou.ou*e 0Fr%n+e1, % *u!*i&i%r2 of TOTAL 3RO4P5
Thi* in+i&ent +%u*e& # &e%th*, hun&re&* of+%*u%.tie*, %n& enormou* &%m%ge*, e*tim%te& %to6er " !i..ion Euro*, to the .%nt, it* neigh!or*%n& the )ho.e +it25
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ABO4T AZF PLANTOrigin France
Lo+%tion South of Tou.ou*e
Are% A ro/5 7" he+t%re*
Pro&u+t* Nitrogenou* Ferti.i8er* 9interme&i%r2 +hemi+%.
ro&u+t*
C% %+it2 of the P.%nt0:%-or Pro&u+t*1
#5 "$,$$$ t;2e%r of ure%"5 "<$,$$$ t;2e%r of %mmoni%
nitr%te
C% %+it2 of H%nger* "$$= $$ tonne*
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ORI3IN 9 LOCATION
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PROCESS• Re%+ting Ammoni% %n& Nitri+ A+i&
– NH > HNO NH? NO
• Li@ui& Ammonium Nitr%te – Con+entr%te& – Forme& into So.i&*
• Pri..ing• 3r%nu.%ting
• So.i& S+reening – Re+2+.e
• Lo+%tion of E/ .o*ion – Fin%. Pro&u+t
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PROCESS
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STATED NOR:S
Regu.%tion* *t%te& th%t the ri..ing to)er *hou.¬ h%6e .o*t more th%n g;hour of AN5
The %rti+.e* th%t e*+% e& into the %tmo* here+% ture )%ter %n& turn into % !rine of AN th%t,
e6entu%..2, ferti.i8e* the en6ironment for nou*efu. ur o*e %n& +o6er* the roof* of !ui.&ing*in the North of the .%nt )ith % )hite .%2er th%t i*)%*he& %)%2 !2 the r%in5
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BEHA IO4R OF AN
H2gro*+o i+it2'
= Humi& Atmo* here Thin .%2er of *%tur%te& )%ter *o.ution5
= Dr2 Atmo* here
C% e Form%tion
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THE ACCIDENT
Figure on the .eft *ho)* %eri%. 6ie)* of the .%nt t% en in u.2 0to 1 %n& e%r.2 0!ottom1 O+to!er "$$#5 Thehoto on the .eft *ho)* the +r%ter from the e/ .o&e& h%ng%r ""# %n& the +on6e2or +%rr2ing the ro&u+t %fterni*hing to the m%in *tor%ge %re%5 The !e%m* +%rr2ing the +on6e2or )ere %inte& green5 The2 %re not *een
on the to gure !e+%u*e the2 %re hi&&en !2 the to of the +on6e2or5 The )hite * ot* on the roof of the m%in*tor%ge of the AN %re &e o*it* of AN +oming from the ri..ing to)er5 Figure on the right *ho)* the ri..ing
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TI:ELINESe tem!er "$ th , "$$#
# to "$ metri+ ton* of Ammonium Nitr%te )%* mo6e& into !ui.&ing""#="""
Se tem!er "# *t , "$$#, morningAmmonium Nitr%te %+ ing ro&u+t* )ere mo6e& into the !ui.&ing
Se tem!er "# *t , "$$#, #$'#" A:A 3r%n& P%roi**e em .o2ee .eft %n %&-%+ent, *%+ = ..ing !ui.&ing5 Here orte& th%t nothing )%* out of the or&in%r2
Se tem!er "# *t , "$$#, #$'#( A:An e/ .o*ion o++urre& in !ui.&ing ""# )hen ?$ to <$ metri+ ton* ofAmmonium Nitr%te e/ .o&e& i..ing $ %n& in-uring ""$$5 Thee/ .o*ion .eft % +r%ter th%t )%* %!out 7$ meter* in &i%meter %n& (
meter* &ee 5 A num!er of ne%r!2 t%n * +ont%ining AmmoniumNitr%te )ere %.*o &%m%ge& !2 the e/ .o*ion, !ut &i& not &eton%te5
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CONSE 4ENCES
O6er re**ure +%.+u.%tion The !.%*t )%* +om %r%!.e to ?$ ton* of TNTG <$ ton*of %mmonium nitr%te &eton%te&
:ore th%n $$ home* !e+%me uninh%!it%!.e, %n& <e&u+%tion%. !ui.&ing* )ere &%m%ge&5
The !.%*t %t the AZF .%nt re*u.te& in the .o** of $.i6e*,9""?" eo .e )ere in-ure&5
3.%** !re% %ge u to i.ometer* from the e/ .o*ion5
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CONSE 4ENCES
Bui.&ing De*tru+tionNon=met%. !ui.&ing* m%&e uninh%!it%!.e u to $$meter* from the e/ .o*ion5Com .ete &e*tru+tion of !ui.&ing* u to $$ meter*from the e/ .o*ion5
Co*t*'Co*t to in*urer* =#5 !i..ion Euro 0 "5$#7 !i..ion1Co*t to the go6ernment = ""< mi..ion Euro 0 $7mi..ion1Co*t to Tot%. = " !i..ion Euro 0 "57< !i..ion1
In A ri. "$$", the AZF .%nt )%* +.o*e& !2 Tot%.5
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CA4SE = DCCN% The oJ+i%. e/ ert* of the %++u*%tion %n& thein*tru+tion )ere e/+.u*i6e.2 +on+erne& )ith thee/ .o*ion of h%ng%r ""#5 To e/ .%in it, the2 fo+u*e&on % +hemi+%. re%+tion th%t the2 im%gine& +ou.& h%6e
h% ene& %.though thi* *eem* high.2 un.i e.2 if nottot%..2 im o**i!.e5
The AZF .%nt m%nuf%+ture* %.*o DCCN%0&i+h.oro+2%nur%te &e *o&ium1, % +om oun& th%t i*)i&e.2 u*e& to ee +.e%n the )%ter in *)imming
oo.*5
It* h2&ro.2*i* ro&u+e* h2 o+h.ori+ %+i& )hi+h +%nre%+t )ith %mmonium ion* to gi6e +h.or%mine* %n&,e6entu%..2, nitrogen tri+h.ori&e5
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CA4SE = DCCN%
Nitrogen tri+h.ori&e i* un*t%!.e %n&, if %++umu.%te&, it r% i&.2&e+om o*e* e/otherm%..2 %n& m%2 e/ .o&e * ont%neou*.2)hen it* +on+entr%tion i* *uJ+ient.2 high5
Ho)e6er, the .%nt )%* %)%re of the otenti%. ro!.em5
The ro&u+tion*, tr%n* ort*, %n& *tor%ge* of DCCN% %n& AN)ere e t )e.. *e %r%te&5 No DCCN% )%* e6er foun& on thegroun&* of the %re%* )here *tor%ge* of AN re-e+t* )eretem or%ri.2 e t5
No re%+tion +%n t% e .%+e !et)een the &r2 *o.i&*5
But, it )%* foun& th%t, th%t &%2 &ue to the Aut%n )in&, there
%rou*e& the 6er2 e/%+t +on&ition* of humi&it2 %n& mi/ing.e%&ing to % %rti%. e/ .o*ion5
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4N4S4AL E ENTS
Therm%. in6er*ion
The e/tent of .o+%. o..ution
The e.e+tri+ ertur!%tion*
The ertur!%tion* of .o+%. +ommuni+%tion*
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THER:AL IN ERSION
A *trong therm%. in6er*ion )%* note& !2 theFren+h )e%ther *er6i+e for Se tem!er "$ %n&
unti. .%te morning the "# *t 5 Con*[email protected], the%tmo* here )%* *t%gn%nt %.. %roun& the .%nt*5
Thi* ro6i&e* % *ort of in*t%!i.it2 in )hi+h %o..ute& %tmo* here m%2 %++umu.%te &uring
therm%. in6er*ion*, in )hi+h it m%2 *immer %n&)here +hemi+%. re%+tion* m%2 t% e .%+e5
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THE EXTENT OF LOCAL POLL4TION
Numerou* )itne**e* re orte& *trong, un .e%*%nt+hemi+%. o&or* %roun& the .%nt*, %rti+u.%r.2 on theNorth %rt of the in&u*tri%. %re%5
Sme..* of %mmoni% %n& urine )ere *tronger %n& more%ggre**i6e th%n u*u%. or th%n e6er !efore5 During themorning, the in&u*tri%. *ite !e+%me in+re%*ing.2 o..ute&5
:%n2 )itne**e* %++.%ime& to h%6e *een % &en*e h%82+.ou& %!o6e the ri..ing to)er of the .%nt %n& SNPE
.%nt %* )e..
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ELECTRIC
PERT4RBATIONS The :%r+h%n& ho* it%., on the other *i&e of thero%& from AZF, +om .ete.2 .o*t o)er for # min5
%roun& ' $ %m5
The gener%tor of the SET:I +ogener%tion .%nt
%!out #5 mi.e* e*t=South= e*t of AZF )%**u&&en.2 &i*+onne+te& from the net)or , for %*ti.. un no)n re%*on, !et)een #$ %n& "$*e+on&* !efore the e/ .o*ion of h%ng%r ""# 5
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PARTIAL AND CO:PLETE ELECTROC4TIONS
An em .o2ee he%r& % *trong noi*e, .i e % thun&er!o.t+.o*e !25
hen he he.& the met%. ro& for *u ort, he fe.te.e+tri e&, i* immo!i.i8e&, %n& *ho+ e&5 A fe)*e+on&* .%ter, he he%r& % *e+on& e/ .o*ion, )hi+hfree& him5
Another em .o2ee )%* foun& &e%& in % .%rge he%6i.2
&%m%ge& met%. +ont%iner th%t he )%* ..ing )ith AN!%g* !rought to him !2 % +on6e2or5
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CONCL4SION
AR4N, ADD I:A3EHERE
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INITIATION
Stor%ge of DDCN% %!o6e the ermi**i!.e .imit*5
Site* of *trong therm%. in6er*ion in theneigh!orhoo&5
4nu*u%..2 .%rge *t%gn%tion of o..ut%nt* +.o*e to thegroun&5
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PROPA3ATION
Fog !%n ; )hite .ume of +on&en*e& 6% or &riftinghori8ont%..2 )e*t)%r& to)%r&* the high 6o.t%ge .ine5
The high 6o.t%ge +%!.e* might h%6e !een +o%te& )ith %.%2er of *o.ution5 Air mi/e& )ith the o..ut%nt* mighth%6e re%+te& together in the 6i+init2; imme&i%te
+ont%+t )ith the high 6o.t%ge .ine5
The high 6o.t%ge .ine +ert%in.2 .e% e& energ2 into it*en6ironment, +%u*ing the M%*he*, * %r *, %r+*, %n&.ight* *een !2 m%n2 )itne**e*5
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PROPA3ATION
It might !e th%t % .e% of uD:H h%&in&e en&ent.2 .e%& to the re.e%*e of other
M%mm%!.e mi/ture* or th%t une/ e+te&%++i&ent* too .%+e )hen the SNPE +o=gener%tion unit )%* *t%rte&, %* it *eem* th%t it)%* .%nne& to &o *ome time th%t &%25
A* % +on*e@uen+e, one or % fe) *u++e**i6ee/ .o*ion* too r% i&.2 .%+e in the SNPEun&ergroun&, gener%ting the +o.umn* of *mo e%n& &u*t re orte& %n& +%u*ing %n e%rth@u% e5
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PROPOA3ATION
The *eriou* e%rth@u% e +%u*e& !2 thi* or the*eun&ergroun& e/ .o*ion triggere& the e/ .o*ion of one
or t)o !om!* &ro e& !2 RAF in # ?? on the .%nt, There )%* % +ir+u.%r ho.e in the roof from )here the!om!* entere&, !ut the h%ng%r )%* other)i*e int%+t%n& *ur6i6e& %nother ( 2e%r*5
It i* no)n th%t %!out # of the*e o.& RAF !om!* &i¬ e/ .o&e )hen the2 hit the groun&5 The2 !urie&un&er groun& %n&, if not foun& %n& e.imin%te&,rem%ine& there inert for m%n2 2e%r*5 Ho)e6er, their
e/ .o*ion m%2 !e triggere& %n2 time !2 *ome
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TER:INATION
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LESSONS LEARNT
S%fet2 m%n%gement *2*tem* *hou.& !e re6i*e&in +om %nie* o er%ting in thi* t2 e of %+ti6it2 in
or&er to en*ure the +ontro. of thi* ri* , !oth )ithreg%r& to re6ent%ti6e me%*ure*, %n& )ithreg%r& to tho*e %iming to re&u+e +on*e@uen+e*5
If the e/ .o*ion )%* +%u*e& !2 So&ium DDCN%then m%int%ining .o) moi*ture .e6e.* +ou.& h%6e
re6ente& the e/ .o*ion5
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BIBLIO3RAPHYhtt *';;en5)i i e&i%5org;)i i;AZF 0f%+tor2 1
htt ';;)))5m% fre5+om;++m;+ontent;&o+umento*;m% frere; +hero;en;tre!o.=en=num"="5
&f
htt ';;%8f5&%nie.&i**25net;3uio+hon;AZF=Tou.ou*e=Hou*ton5htm
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