The background field observation program in 2006
International Coordination and Implementation Group,With specific contributions from:
B. Bourles, L. Descroix, S. Galle, M. Gosset, C. Lloyd, F. Métayer, E. Mougin, C. Peugeot, J.-L. Rajot, D. Ramier
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
Oceanic Campaigns (TT6)
The Dust Sahelian transect (TT2b)
The flux network (TT2a)
Hydrology and Vegetation on the meso-sites (TT3 – 4 – 5)
SOP ground instruments: AMF, Radars (MIT, Ronsard, UHF), SOP Aerosol setup (Bani, Djougou)
10 years of observation and research
Monsoon Phases 0 1 0
September
<----------------------------------> <------------------------------------------------->
AMMA SOPs
SOP0
_a1
SOP0
_a2
SOP2
_a2
SOP1
_a
3
October November DecemberJune July August
AMMA SOP Year: 2006
2
January March April MayFebruary
SOP1
<---- SOP Ground instruments remaining on site for the whole annual cycle (AMF, Aerosol Measurements, Lidars, …) ----->
<----------------->
SOP3
_a1
SOP3<------->
SOP2
_a3
SOP2
_a1
SOP0 SOP2
103
EEnhanced Period (EOP)
Long term Observations (LOP)
2002
WA + Ocean
Meso
Regional
Local
2005 2006 2007 2008
103
101
102
104
0 DR
Y0 W
ET
S O P
SOP0
_a3
?
LOP and EOP Instruments
LOP --->5 to 15 years of hydrological and vegetation data10 to 15 years of optical and emission/deposition data
28 LOP and 41 EOP instruments, representing several hundreds of sensors over the whole of West Africa
EOP2 EGGE cruises each yearAerosol Sahelian transectFlux stations and soil moistureXPORT radar and VHF radar.3 GPS stations and Ozone sounding in CotonouUpgrade of the PTU sounding network
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
22/7/05 23/7/05 24/7/05 25/7/05 26/7/05LE
, H
(W
/m²)
LE: Latent Heat Flux H: Sensible Heat Flux
AMMA …
:IDAF
GaoGao
: Radio Sounding
GOURMAGOURMA
OUEMEOUEME
NIAMEYNIAMEY
BamakoBamako
ParakouParakou
MM’’BourBour
: Photon Stations
BanizoumbouBanizoumbouSalSal CinzanaCinzana
IllorinIllorin
MaMaïïnnéé SoroaSoroa
: piezometer network
: recording raingauge network
: streamflow measurements
10
km0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5 2 2.5
9
9.5
10
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
DjougouDonga
Bira
Béléfoungou
km0 5 10 15 20
Nangatchori
Kopargo
Nalohou
Rain recorderRain bucketlimnigraphAutomatic piezometerDaily piezometerMeteorological stationWatershed bordersTransect
Network
Photometer
IDAF
21.59.6
9.9
576 km²
14600 km²9
9.5
LOP
AMMA …MM’’BourBour CinzanaCinzana NIAMEYNIAMEY
GOURMAGOURMA
BamakoBamako
OUEMEOUEME
ParakouParakou
: UHF, VHF: GPS EOP
GaoGao
: Aerosol& Lidars
EOP
AMMA …MM’’BourBour CinzanaCinzanaSalSal NIAMEYNIAMEY
GOURMAGOURMA
BamakoBamako
OUEMEOUEME
ParakouParakouRon Brown
Rvs Atalante, Meteor
TamanrassetTamanrassetTamanrasset
OuagaOuaga
SoundingsGPSMet. Radars
UHF, LidarsNephelometers
Research Aircraft
1. The Oceanic cruises
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
Contrasting temperatures in the Guinea Gulf in June
June 10, 2005 June 10, 2006
EOP perspective
Why, how, & consequences on regional climate
Oceanic Cruises in AMMA
EOP Oceanic program: 2 EGEE campaigns each year
2. 1 SOP campaign (2 cruises in June/July 2006), combined with SOP cruises by RVs Meteor and Ron Brown
3. 1 addtional 2006 cruise in November (RV Atalante)
1. 2 successfull campaigns in June and September 2005
ARGO/CORIOLIS profilers deployment during PIRATA FR13, EGEE 1 & EGEE 2
18 PROVOR(13 in May-July, 5 in September)+ 6 SOLO (4 in June-July, 2 in Sept.)
T/S profiles from 2000m to the surfaceevery 10 days transmitted in real time=> Information on the MLD
<-- profiler trajectories from May 25-Aug 28, 2005
EOP-1 (2005)
Oceanic CruisesSOP 1 & 2_a1
French ATALANTE / EGEE (2 cruises) East of the basin May 24 – July 6
3
21
German METEORWest & central basin
May 23– July 16
US RON BROWNNorth &
central basin June 6–July 9
Oceanic cruises during SOP 1: Highlights
3
2 1
During these three quasi-simultaneous cruises: a) Radiosoundings (real time GTS => ECMWF, MF…)b) Temp XBT profiles (0-800m) +
Temp/salinity CTD profiles (0-500 or 1000m) (transmitted quasi-real time, at least daily)(e.g CORIOLIS/ARGO & MERCATOR/GODAE)
(radiosoudings at least twice a day from each vessel
=> about 250 profiles)
(XBT profiles every ½° to 1°from Atalante and Ron Brown
=> about 250 profiles)
(CTD profiles every ½°along meridional sections at
35°W, 23°W, 10°W, 3°E and 6°E=> about 300 profiles)
Real time data:
2. The Sahelian Dust Transect
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
Cinzana (Mali, 13°N, 6°W)
M’Bour (Sénégal; 14°N, 16°W)
Banizoumbou (Niger, 13°N, 2°E)
Mainé Soroa(Niger, 14°N, 11°E)
Zonal Dust-Aerosol Transect : Measurement sites
Banizoumbou Cinzana
M’Bour
MétéoTEOMTotal DepositsDry/Wet DepositsPhotometerLidar
M’Bour
Station Operation
Normal Operation
No measurement in dry season
Problem
2005 2006 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S
Météo TEOM (concentration) Dépôt Total Dépôt Sec/Humide Photomètre
M'Bour Sénégal
LIDAR Météo TEOM (concentration) Dépôt Total Dépôt Sec/Humide Photomètre
Cinzana Mali
LIDAR Météo TEOM (concentration) Dépôt Total Dépôt Sec/Humide Photomètre
Banizoumbou Niger
LIDAR
Mainé Soroa - Niger Photomètre
Concentration (5mn) à 6m - Déc. 2005 / Sept. 2006 - EOP Aérosol
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
29/1
1
09/1
2
19/1
2
29/1
2
08/0
1
18/0
1
28/0
1
07/0
2
17/0
2
27/0
2
09/0
3
19/0
3
29/0
3
08/0
4
18/0
4
28/0
4
08/0
5
18/0
5
28/0
5
07/0
6
17/0
6
27/0
6
07/0
7
17/0
7
27/0
7
06/0
8
16/0
8
26/0
8
05/0
9
15/0
9
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3)
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Concentration (5mn) à 6m - Déc. 2005 / Sept. 2006 - EOP Aérosol
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
29/1
1
09/1
2
19/1
2
29/1
2
08/0
1
18/0
1
28/0
1
07/0
2
17/0
2
27/0
2
09/0
3
19/0
3
29/0
3
08/0
4
18/0
4
28/0
4
08/0
5
18/0
5
28/0
5
07/0
6
17/0
6
27/0
6
07/0
7
17/0
7
27/0
7
06/0
8
16/0
8
26/0
8
05/0
9
15/0
9
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3)
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Wind
Direction (°)
M’B
our
Concentration (5mn) à 6m - Déc. 2005 / Sept. 2006 - EOP Aérosol
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
29/1
1
09/1
2
19/1
2
29/1
2
08/0
1
18/0
1
28/0
1
07/0
2
17/0
2
27/0
2
09/0
3
19/0
3
29/0
3
08/0
4
18/0
4
28/0
4
08/0
5
18/0
5
28/0
5
07/0
6
17/0
6
27/0
6
07/0
7
17/0
7
27/0
7
06/0
8
16/0
8
26/0
8
05/0
9
15/0
9
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3)
0
45
90
135180
225
270
315
360
Cin
zana
Ban
izou
mbo
u
3. The Flux Network (TT2a)
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
The AMMA Flux Network
Operation assessmentWeek 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Mali Agoufou Fire Damaged until March --->-->BambaHedgeritKelema
Benin BelefoungouBira Logger InstalledNahalou Logger InstalledPobe Installed
NigerWankama Fallow Logger InstalledWankama Millet Logger InstalledWankama Bottom Logger InstalledKomakoukou
WankamaFallow
Dry, Wet
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
30/06/2006 02/07/2006 04/07/2006 06/07/2006 08/07/2006 10/07/2006 12/07/2006 14/07/2006 16/07/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
H fallow LE fallow Rain
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
30/06/2006 02/07/2006 04/07/2006 06/07/2006 08/07/2006 10/07/2006 12/07/2006 14/07/2006 16/07/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
H millet LE millet Rain
Flux Stations of theNiger Site:
1 16 July late startof therainyseason
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
16/08/2006 18/08/2006 20/08/2006 22/08/2006 24/08/2006 26/08/2006 28/08/2006 30/08/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
H fallow LE fallow Rain
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
16/08/2006 18/08/2006 20/08/2006 22/08/2006 24/08/2006 26/08/2006 28/08/2006 30/08/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
H millet LE millet Rain
Flux Stations ofthe Niger Site:
16 31 Aug, Peak of therainyseason
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
25/09/2006 30/09/2006 05/10/2006 10/10/2006 15/10/2006 20/10/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
H fallow LE fallow Rain
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
25/09/2006 30/09/2006 05/10/2006 10/10/2006 15/10/2006 20/10/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
H millet LE millet Rain
Flux Stations ofthe Niger Site:
October, Dry Down
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
30/06/2006 02/07/2006 04/07/2006 06/07/2006 08/07/2006 10/07/2006 12/07/2006 14/07/2006 16/07/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
LE millet LE fallow Rain
-100
0
100
200
300
400
16/08/2006 18/08/2006 20/08/2006 22/08/2006 24/08/2006 26/08/2006 28/08/2006 30/08/2006Date
Flux
(W.m
-2)
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rai
n in
tens
ity (m
m/3
0min
)
500 0
LE millet LE fallow Rain
Comparisonof Latent Heat on themillet andfallowstations
Hydrology and Vegetation on the meso-sites (TT3 – 4 - 5)
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
01-mai 31-mai 30-juin 30-juil 29-août 28-sept 28-oct
Cum
ul (1
0em
e m
m)
Cumul moyen 51-70 *Cumul moyen 71-90 **Cumul Hombori 2006Cumul Agoufou 2006Cumul Tera 2006
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
avr mai mai juin juil août sept oct
Date des pluies
Cum
ul (1
0em
e m
m)
Cumul moyen 51-70 *
Cumul moyen 71-90 **
Beri Koira
Niamey Aeroport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
01/0
1/20
06
31/0
1/20
06
02/0
3/20
06
01/0
4/20
06
01/0
5/20
06
31/0
5/20
06
30/0
6/20
06
30/0
7/20
06
29/0
8/20
06
28/0
9/20
06
28/1
0/20
06
27/1
1/20
06
27/1
2/20
06
DJOUGOUNANGATCHORIMoy Djougou 50-70Moy Djougou 70-90Moy Parakou 50-70Moy Parakou 70-90PARAKOU-Asecna-Impetus
Déficit au 28/08/06 (par rap. à référence sèche) :
Djougou : 20% (178 mm)Parakou : 32% (208 mm)
Déficit au 15/09/06 (par rap. à référence sèche) :
Djougou : 18% (186 mm)Nangatchori : 13% (142 mm)
Deficit (27/10/06) (versus dry period) :Djougou : 17% (207 mm)Nangatchori : 6% (74 mm)
1. Late starting everywhere
2. Close to average over the Sahel
3. Deficit in the South
4. Strong local gradients, as usually observed in preceding years
Niger 2005-2006
Gourma 2006
North Benin 2006
Rainy Season 2006 on the 3 mesosites
The Niger meso-site :focus on rainfall studies
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
Guilahel
Niamey IRD
TanaberiTorodi
Wankama
450 470 490 510 530 550 570 590Cumul (mm)
Average annual rainfall 1990-2006 from the 30 AMMA- CATCH recording raingauges
The Niger meso-site: focus on rainfall studies (1/4)
Courtesy: Frédéric Metayer
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
Alkama
Tillaberi
Torodi
Wankama
Yillade
Beri Koira
Niamey Aéreoport
380 420 460 500 540 580 620Cumul (mm)
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
Courtesy: Frédéric Metayer
The Niger meso-site: focus on rainfall studies (2/4)
Gradient: 300 mm over 30 km
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25Pourcentages
2006 Anomalies with respect to the 1990 - 2006 period
Courtesy: Frédéric Metayer
The Niger meso-site: focus on rainfall studies (3/4)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
8/6 15/6
22/6
29/6 6/7 13/7
20/7
27/7 3/8 10/8
17/8
24/8
31/8 7/9 14/9
21/9
Date des pluies
Haut
eur d
e pl
uie
(mm
)
AeroportBeri Koira
Studying local gradients:Niamey Airport and Beri Koira chronology of rain events for 2006
Courtesy: Frédéric Metayer
The Niger meso-site: focus on rainfall studies (4/4)
hydrogramme de la station Wankama AMZE, 2004
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
01-mai-04
11-mai-04
21-mai-04
31-mai-04
10-juin-04
20-juin-04
30-juin-04
10-juil-04
20-juil-04
30-juil-04
09-août-04
19-août-04
29-août-04
08-sept-04
18-sept-04
28-sept-04
08-oct-04
18-oct-04
débi
t en
m3/
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120pl
uie
en m
m
débit en m3/spluie en mm
hydrogramme de la station AMZE, 2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
01-mai-05
11-mai-05
21-mai-05
31-mai-05
10-juin-05
20-juin-05
30-juin-05
10-juil-05
20-juil-05
30-juil-05
09-août-05
19-août-05
29-août-05
08-sept-05
18-sept-05
28-sept-05
08-oct-05
18-oct-05
débi
t en
m3/
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
plui
e en
mm
débit en m3/spluie en mm
The Niger meso-site: Runoff
hydrogramme de la station Wankama AMZE, 2006
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 mai 2006
11 mai 2006
21 mai 2006
31 mai 2006
10 juin 2006
20 juin 2006
30 juin 2006
10 juillet 2006
20 juillet 2006
30 juillet 2006
9 août 2006
19 août 2006
29 août 2006
8 septembre 2006
18 septembre 2006
28 septembre 2006
8 octobre 2006
18 octobre 2006
débi
t en
m3/
s0
20
40
60
80
100
120
plui
e en
mm
débit en m3/spluie
Much Higher RunoffCoefficient in 2006
The Ouémé meso-site :focus on the water cycle
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
The Ouémé instrumentation
1 2 3 46
8
10
12
km0 10 20 30 40 50
9
9.5
10
Rain recorder
Daily rain
limnigraph
Automatic piezometer
Daily piezometer
Meteorological station
Radiosounding
Ozone radiosounding
Flux
Parakou
Djougou
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
DjougouDonga
Bira
Béléfoungou
km0 5 10 15 20
Nangatchori
Kopargo
Nalohou
Rain recorder
Rain bucket
limnigraph
Automatic piezometer
Daily piezometer
Meteorological station
Watershed borders
Transect (fig A1.1)
scintillometer
radar
Disdrometer
VAN
Network :
Photometer
GPS
IDAF
X-Port
VHF + UHF
==Accumulated rainfall before runoff startsBénin site – Oueme sub-catchments
Basin area (km2)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 10000 10500
Acc
. Rai
nfal
l bef
ore
runo
ff (%
rain
fall)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
OuemeDongaTerouOther Tributaries
Mean values and std on the 2000-2004 period
BeterouRunoff
Rainfall
The Ouémé meso-site: focus on the water cycle
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
01/01 30/01 28/02 29/03 27/04 26/05 24/06 23/07 21/08 19/09
Wat
er d
epth
(cm
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
cum
. rai
nfal
l (1/
10 m
m)
Djougou: point rainfall
Parakou : point rainfall
water level, Oueme-River(Beterou, 10 080 km2)
Beg. Runoff :22/07 (21/06 +/- 11 d)
Beg. Rainfall :15/02 (21/02 +/- 34 d)
361 mm (395 +/-71 mm)
Oueme River – Beterou2006 vs. stat. 2000-2004
Beterou, 2006
0
100
200
300
400
500
01/07/05 21/07/05 10/08/05 30/08/05 19/09/05 09/10/055
55
105
155
205
EC Sub-surface
EC Rainfall
EC Fractured rock aquifer
Wat
er d
epth
(cm
)
Elec
tric
al C
ondu
ctiv
ity (u
S/cm
)
The Gourmameso-site :
focus on vegetation
studies
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006
HOMBORI (1922 - 2006)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
ANNEES
AN
OM
ALI
E (m
m)
Gourma meso-site: long term rainfall
May 29June 06
July 15July 17
20062005
August 20August 19
Vegetation, Agoufou
Overall Biomassproduction notaffected
Extremly dry conditions untilmid-July
EOP-2007, more data to come, likely in a different climatic
context
SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006