The Barbaric tremissis in Spain and Southern France : Anastasius to Leovigild / by Wallace J....

8/9/2019 The Barbaric tremissis in Spain and Southern France : Anastasius to Leovigild / by Wallace J. Tomasini

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A C L R E A nd re as A lf l di A C o nf li ct o f d ea s in t he a te R o m an

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R S 1 3 2 A nd re as A lf l di H e l me t of C on st an ti ne w it h th e

i n o ur na l of R o m an S tu di es X X I I 1 3 2 , p p . - 2 .

o l it i ca l r o pa g an d a An d re a s Al f l d i T h e Ma i n As p ec t s of

intheCoinageof theRomanRepublic ” in ssaysin

edtoHaroldMattingly eds. R . A . G. Carsonand

x f or d 1 5 6 p p . 6 – 9 5 .

e s m ar u e s mo n t a ir e s — G a br i el A m ar d el L e s m ar u e s mo n -

arbonneauV I esi c le ” inB ulletindelaCommission

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r n es t B a b e lo n M on n ai e s de l a R é p u bl i u e R o m a in e a r is 1 8 86 .

. A mo r s a n d A. M at a B e r r ue o C a t l o go d e l as m o ne d as

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A R T A nd r B a u dr il la rt e s D i vi ni t s d e la V i c to ir e en G r c e e t en

4 . Th i s is a l so t o b e fo u nd i n t he B i b l i . de s c o le s f ra n .

m e f a sc .6 8 a ri s 1 8 4 .

o se f B e is se r D i e M n p r g un g de r O s tg ot en ” i n Mi tt ei lu ng en

n V , 1 1 1 2 1 4 6 , p p. 1 8 1 4o .

A u gu s te d e B e l f or t D e s cr i pt i on g n r a le d e s Mo n na i es m r o -

a ri s 1 8 2 9 5 .

vi a e sp a o l a - i o B e l t r n V i l l a gr a sa L a s m on e da s v is i go d as

es p a o l a i n B o l e t n d e l a Co m is i n r o vi n ci a l de

y a rt i st i co s d e O r e ns e V , N o s. o - 1 06 M a rc h -D e c .

1 1 6 , p p .8 1- 8 , 7 -1 04 1 1 – 1 2 0 12 - 1 5 1 45 1 52

r i t a — i o B e l t r n V i l l a g ra s a M o ne d as d e e o vi g il d e n el

C an es a o 1 4 5 , ” i n Nu ma ri o H i sp n ic o I ,

- 52.

mu e l B e r ge r H i s t o ir e d e la V u l g a te p e nd a nt l e s pr e mi e rs s i c l es

1 8 3 .

a n db uc h — M a B e r nh ar t H a n db uc h u r mi n k un de d er r m i-

l le 1 2 6.

M i n k u nd e — Ma B e r nh a rt M n k u nd e d er r m i sc he n k ai s er g ei t

R R . B e r nh e im er A n An c ie n t O r i en t al S o ur c e of C hr i st i an

A meric an ournalofA rc haeology 1 3 9 , pp. 647 668.

— . . B e r n o ul l i D i e B i l d n is s e de r r m i sc he n k ai s er u n d ih r er

a rt 1 8 82 1 8 4 .

l B i n d i ng G e sc h ic h te d e s B u r gu n di s ch - R o m an i sc h en ö n i g-

1 8 68 .

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drienB lanchet estr sorsdemonnaiesromainesetlesinvasions

a r is Q o o .

. H ead CatalogueofGreekCoinsintheB ritishMuseum:

8 8 .

roth Catalogueof the mperialB y antineCoinsinthe

n do n 1 0 8 .

dMattingly Coinsof theRoman mpireintheB ritish

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Grueber Coinsof theRomanR epublic intheB ritishMuse-

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f the mpiresofThessalonic a Nic aeaandTrebi ondin

o n do n 1 1 1 .

B o a k I m p er i al C o ro n at i on C e re mo n ie s o f th e i f th a n d

n H a r va r d St u di e s in C l as s ic a l h i lo l og y X X X 1 1 ) ,

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3 0 .

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u h l L e s i n f lu e nc e s he l le n is t i u e s da n s le t r io m ph e r om a in e ”

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o s e f B r u ns m id D i e m i i n e n d es G e pi d en k n i gs u n im u nd ”

sc hr i ft W i e n B d . 5 7 1 2 4 , p p . 1 5 .

s on — o hn B . B u r y T h e n va si on o f u ro pe o nd on 1 2 8.

o hn B . B u r y H i s to ry o ft he a te r R o ma n m pi re 2 v ol s.

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. B d. , p p. 5 3 – 3 4 .

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e d. R . Me n n d e i da l I I , M a dr id 1 4 0 p p. 4 5 6 07 .

Q u i n t an i ll a . C am p s Ca o r la E l v i si g ot i sm o d e Q u in -

i n B o l e t n d e l Se m in a ri o d e Ar t e y Ar u e ol o gi a n o s.

1 3 9 – 4 0 , p p. 12 5 1 4 .

S a n e d ro d e N av e — . C a m ps C a o r la E l v i si g ot i sm o de

i n B o l e t n d e l Se m in a ri o d e s t ud i os d e A rt e y Ar u e o-

a ll ad ol id 1 4 0— 4 1 , p p. 7 – 8 0 .

C a t l o go d e l a co l ec ci n n u mi s ma t ic a m i li o C ar l es - To l rd

a B a r c e lo n a 1 3 6 .

R . A . G. C ar s on A R o m a n m p er i al M i nt a t N ar b on n e ”

X 1 5 0 , p p . 14 4 1 4 8.

R . A . G .C a rs o n S y st e m an d r o du ct i n t he R o m a n Mi n t ”

oinagepresentedtoHaroldMattingly eds. R . A . G.

th e rl a nd O x f o rd 1 5 6 p p . 2 2 7— 2 9 .

CassiodorusSenatoris V ariae inMonumentaGermaniae

, e d . T . M om m se n B e r l i n 1 8 4 .

Chronic a CassiodorusSenatoris Chronica inMonumenta

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olvin A dventusA ugusti: aD raw ingattributedto

e sc i a i n a p er s o f th e B r i t is h S ch o ol a t R o m e V I ,

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na t B r e v i ar u m Al a ri c ia n um R ö m i sc h es R e c h t i m r n -

i g 1 ο 3 .

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s 1 4 8.

hr is ti an C ou rt oi s e s V a nd al es e t l A f ri u e a ri s 1 5 5.

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u es e t R o ma in es a ri s 1 8 77 1 1 .

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m l er B e r l in 1 2 .

, a is er or na t R i ch ar d D e lb ru ec k D e r S p t an ti ke a is er -

ke V I I I 1 3 2 , pp. – 2 .

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7 -42 .

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c ie t y ” i n M us e um N ot e s V 1 5 o , p p . 1 9 6 .

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niversity inW ashington D . C .

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v iations v ii

O . i nk A .S . H o ey a nd W . . S ny de r T he e ri al e D u ra -

ss ic S tu di es V I I 1 4 0 , p p .1 2 22 .

e n ri u e l o re , M e d a ll a s de l a s Co l on i as M u ni c ip i os y u e bl o s

h a st a h oy n o p ub l ic ad a s c o n la s d e lo s R e y e s Go d as I I ,

N D E R , O s tg ot he n — u li us r ie dl ae nd er D i e M n e n de r O s tg ot he n

N D E R , V a n da le n — u l i us r ie dl ae nd er D i e M n e n de r V a nd al en

M A . . r ot hi ng ha m r . A R e v is ed i st o fR o m an M em o-

” inA meric an ournalofA rc haeology V I I I

4 .

0 — e a n G ag , L a V i c to r ia A u gu s ti e t l es A u sp i ce s d e Ti b r e ”

u e X X X I I J ul y O c t. 1 3 0 , pp .1 3 5 .

e an G ag , L a T h o lo gi e de l a V i ct oi re m p r ia le ” i n

C X X I J an .- ul y 1 3 3 ) , p p. 1 4 .

A D A Z . G a rc a y V i l la da H i s t or ia e cl es i s ti ca d e s pa a

3 2 .

T y pe s — . G n ec ch i C o in T y pe s o f m pe r ia l R o m e o n do n

1 0 4 . G n ec ch i T a rr a co o T i ci n iu m e M ed i ol a nu m ” i n

mi sm t ic a 1 0 4 p p. 5 4 0.

t er G o ff a rt B y a n ti n e o l ic y in t h e W e st u n de r T ib e ri u s I

ndersHermenegildandGundovald inTraditio

, pp. 7 – I I 8.

n e C o in a ge H u g h G o od a cr e T h e B r o n e C o in a ge o f t he

o nd on 1 2 2.

y a n ti n e — H u g h Go o da c re A H a n d bo o k of t h e Co i na g e of t h e

o nd on 1 2 8 3 3 .

a nt in is ch e B e si t u ng en — r an G r re s D i e b y a n t in is ch en

ü stendesspanisc h-westgotisc henR eic hes 554—624 , ”

it sc hr if t X V I 1 0 7 , p p .5 15 5 8 .

r me n eg i ld — r a n G r r es K r i ti s ch e U n t e rs u ch u ng e n b e r de n

mdeswestgothischen ö nigsohnesH ermene-

f r d i e hi s to r is ch e T he o lo g ie 1 8 7 , p p . – 1 0 .

Gr a ef T r iu m ph — un d h r en b og e n ” D e n km l e r de r l a ss i -

I , e d . A . B a u me i st e r M u n ic h 1 8 8 6 1 8 8 .

ssues— MichaelGrant RomanA nniversary ssues

— Mic haelGrant rom mperiumtoA uctoritas Cam-

M ic ha e l Gr a nt R o m a n m p er i al M o ne y o n do n 1 5 4 .

Mic haelGrant A spec tsof the rinc ipateofTiberius New

T o U R s O . M . D a l t o n H i s t o r yo f t he r a nk s b y Gr e go r y of

27.

Commerce— hilipGrierson CommerceintheDarkA ges:A

nc e ” inTransactionsof theR oyalHistoricalSoc iety

p p. 12 – 1 4o.

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Abbreviations

edievalNumismatics— hilipGrierson ReportonMedieval

a p p or t s C o ng r s n t er n at i on a l de N u mi s ma t i u e a r is

5 , , pp. 55 I o .

1 5 — h i li p G ri e rs o n V i s i g ot h ic M et r ol o gy ” i n N um i s-

I I , 1 5 ) p p .7 4 8 7 .

N H 1 5 5 — h i li p Gr ie rs on U n a C ec a B y a nt in a en s pa a ”

V , n o. 8 1 5 5 , p p . 0 5- 1 4.

chnology— hilipGrierson NoteonStampingofCoinsand

n A H i s t o ry o f T ec h no l og y I , e d s . C. S i ng e r . . H o l m y ar d

W i l l ia ms o nd on 1 5 6 p p .4 85 4 2 .

o ui s H a lp he n e s B a rb ar es a ri s 1 2 6.

e i ss D e s c r ip t io n g n r a le d e s mo n na i es d e r oi s W i s i go t hs

s 1 8 72 .

o l f ga n g H e l bi g G u id e t o th e u b li c C ol l ec t io n s of C l as s ic a l

e ip i g 1 8 6 .

. N . H i l l ga r th L a C o nv er s i n d e l os V i s i g od o s No t as

a sa c ra T a rr a co n en s ia X X X I V 1 6 1 , p p . 2 1 4 6 .

ss i od o ru s — T h o ma s H o d g ki n T h e e t te r s of C as s io d or u s o n -

al y — T ho ma s H o dg ki n t al y an d H e r n va de rs 4 76 5 5 , 8 v ol s.

eo d or i c — T h om as H o d g k in T h eo d or i c th e G ot h N e w o r k

eH ispanic Soc ietyofA merica formedbyMr. A rc her

ndepositinthe MuseumoftheAmericanNumismatic

e H e s s V e r st . a t al o g u n i 1 2 2 a s li s te d i n W . R e i n ha r t

eCollectionofHansH . V ö lkers ragueaslistedinW.

4 0.

M R r ie dr ic h m ho of -B l u me r o rt r t k p fe a uf r m is ch en

u nd d e r ka i se r e i t e i p i g 18 2 .

S V I L L E — s id or e of S ev il l e H i st or ia G ot ho ru m i n Mo nu me nt a

A u ct o re s A nt i u i ss i mi X I , C h ro n ic a Mi n or a I . e d .

hn D ieGeschic htederB urdundionenundB urgundiensbis

s ti e H a l l e 1 8 74 .

ollec tionofThe ohnsHopk insUniversity B altimore

A R — o ha nn is a bb at is B i c la re ns is C hr on ic a aD L X V I I - D X C

eHistoric a A uc toresA nti uissimi X I , Chronic a

T .M om ms en B e r li n 1 8 4 p p. 1 6 – 2 07 .

r o n es N o te s o n R o ma n H i s t or i ca l S cu l pt u re s ” i n

S ch oo l at R o m e I I , 2 1 0 5 , p p. 2 15 2 71 .

o r da n es T h e Go t hi c H i s t or y t r an s . C. C . Mi e rr o w r i nc e to n

ar d o u s u , M o n e da s d e or o d e la p o ca v i si g t i ca h a ll a da s e n

” i n B o l e t n d e l a R . A ca d . de l a H i s t or i a V I I

-4 87 .

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19/375

v iations i

A 1 3 6 — H e i n ä h l e r D e k or at iv e Ar be it en a us d er W e r k-

gens ” in ahrbuc hdesDeutsc henA rc h ologisc hen

1 3 6 , p p. 18 0 2 O I .

e rg am on — H e i n ä h l e r D e r Gr of fe r i es v on e rg am on B e r li n

e r so n if i ca t io n em — U n p u b l. d i ss . K o n ig s bu r g 1 1 0 b y H . ä h l er

bstrek terB egrif feaufr mischenM n en.

e ar y T he C oi na ge o fW e s te rn u ro pe : r om t he a ll o f

iltheA c cessionofCharlemagne inNumismatic

I 1 87 8 , p p. 4 8 7 2 .

e nt G ol d Co in ag e in t he a te R o m an m pi re ” i n s sa ys

entedtoHaroldMattingly eds. R . A . G. Carsonand

x f or d 1 5 6 p p. 1 0 -2 04 .

formerc ollec tionof the aiser riedric h-Museum B erlin

rt D J N 1 4 0 .

A rc h da l e A. i n g i t ur g ie s o f th e r i ma t ia l S ee s M i l-

n an d . r a us D i e M n e n O d o va c ar s u nd d e s O s t go t en r ei c he s

9 2 8 .

r c ke D e r N i mb u s un d v er w an d te a t tr i bu t e in d e r r h c hr i st -

u rg 1 0 5 .

I — e o M ar i a a n ck o ro n sk i D a s R ö m i sc h e B i l dn i s in M e is t er -

nt A ms t er d am 1 4 4 .

f theB ritishMuseum ondon.

. e B l a nc T ra it h is to ri u e de s Mo nn oi es d e r an ce a ri s 1 6 0 .

i e rr e e B r u n x p l ic a ti o n li t te r al e h is t or i u e e t do g ma t i u e d es

suivantlesanciensauteurs...dela Messe 4vols.

D M 1 3 5 — h il ip e de re r T ic in um P a vi a al so M n s t t t e

in D e u ts ch e M n b l t te r h g. 5 5 1 3 5 , pp . 5 7- 6 1.

M M , R N 1 4 — i er re e G en ti lh om me L e m o nn ay ag e et l a

anslesroyaumesbarbaresenO c c ident V e— V I I I e

evu eN umi smat i u e V I I 1 4 ) , p p. 46 I I 2 V I I I 1 4 4 , p p.

M M , R N 1 3 6 — i er re e G en ti lh om me T ro uv ai ll e de

rov ingiensetdesWisigothsfaiteaB ordeau en180 , ”

u e 1 3 6 p p. 8 7- 1 3 .

A s co nc L L O s i sb on — o se e it e de V a s co nc el lo s G a bi ne te

tec aNac ionalde isboa Notasedoc umentos. r.

agermanic a Coimbra 1 02.

C h ar l es e n or m an t L e t tr e s M . d e Sa u lc y su r l es p l us

ismati uesdelas riem rov ingienne ” inRevue

1 8 54 .

egesB urgundionuminMonumentaGermanic aHistoriae

d. . R . d e Sa li s T om . I , a rs , H a n no ve r 1 8 2 .

egesV isigothorum inMonumentaGermanic aHistoriae

d. a ro lu s Z e um er T om . , H a n no ve r 1 0 2.

A M D ó N — C at l o go i l us t ra d o de l a C ol e cc i n d e M on e da s . . .

M ad ri d 1 3 6 .

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dA bbrev iations

A po th eo si s H a n s e te r ' O r a ng e A po th eo si s in A nc ie nt o r-

4 7.

C os mi c i ng sh ip H . . ' O r a ng e S tu di es o nt he c on og ra ph y

he A n ci e nt W o r l d O s l o 1 5 .

o ns ta nt in sb og en s H . . ' O r a ng e D e r S p t an ti ke B i l ds ch mu ck

B e r li n 1 3 9 .

i ll R . A. G. Ca rs on a n d . . C. e nt a te R o ma nB r o n e

4 4 8 , o nd on 1 6 o.

ahudel Dissertationhistori uesurlesmonnoyesanti ues

s 1 7 25 .

Alise Charles-HippolyteMaillarddeChambure R apportssur

seen18 9 , ” inMemoiresdelaCommissiondesAnti-

O r , p p. o1 127 1 5 2 I .

eMuseoA r ueol gic o B arc elona aslistedinW.

4 o.

M u se o Ar u e ol g i co C r d ob a .

MuseoA r ueol gic oNac ional Madrid.

eHistoryof theMohammedanDynastiesinSpain. . . byA hmed

r trans. asc ualdiGayangos ondon 184o

. M a rt n e S a n ta - O l a ll a N o ta s p ar a u n en s ay o d e si s te m at i -

ol o g a v i si g od a e n s p a a ” i n A rc h iv i o s p a o l d e Ar t e y

-A ug . 1 3 4 p p . 1 9 – 1 76 .

I S e l ip e Ma t eu y l o pi s Ca t l o go d e l as m on e da s p re v is i go d as

umism tic odelMuseoA r ueol gic oNac ional

I s B a r ce lo na . M at eu y l op is H a l l a g o s Mo ne ta ri os

m pu ri as V I I – V I I I B a rc el on a 1 4 6 , p p. 2 3 – 2 76 .C on ta in sa n

f theRealA c ademiadelaHistoria B arc elona.

I s B i a nt in a . M at eu y l op is L a M o ne da b i a n t in a en

n ic a de l I C on gr es so A r u e o l g i co d el s ue de st e s pa o l

p. O - 2 o.

I s ó r mu la s . M a te u y l op is L a f r mu la s y lo s s m b ol os

etalesvisigodos ” inAnalectaSacraTarraconensia

pp. 75 9 6 .

o m an C o in s H a r ol d M at t in g ly R o m an C o in s o n do n 1 2 8 .

u l es M a ur i ce Nu m is m at i u e C on s ta n ti n ie n ne a r is 1 ο 8 1 1 2 .

ye r H i s to r ia d e l as n s ti t uc i on e s so ci a le s y p ol t i ca s d e s p a a

sg lo s V a X I V , M a dr i d 1 2 6 .

ec tionof theMus eCalvet A v ignon aslistedinW.

4 o.

c ollec tionof theMuseu tnol gic o isbon aslistedin

N 1 4 o.

D A R a m n M en n de i dal ed. H i sto ri ad e s pa a I I ,

M ad ri d 1 4 o.

C . Miles TheCoinageof theV isigothsofSpain: eov igildto

o rk 1 5 2.

ollec tionof theMuseuMunicipal isbon aslistedin

N 1 4 o.

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v iations x i

eRomaine T. Mommsen H istoiredelamonnaieromaine

I L L A R D U g o M on ne re t de V i l la rd L a M o ne ta i on e ne ll -

n R i v is ta t al ia na d iN um is m t ic a X X X I I 1 1 ) , p p .

2 125 1 8 X X X I I I 1 2 0 , pp. 16 - 2 2 X X X I V 1 2 1 ,

N C H I , T a rr a co — o m pe o M on t i an d o d ov i co a f fr a nc hi

i n B o ll et ti no d i Nu mi sm t ic a n os . – 4 1 0 ) , p p.

1 0 4 , p p. 2 8 no . O 1 04 , p p. 11 - 115 .

A NC H I , T ic in um . M on ti a nd . a ff ra nc hi L e s i gl e

dTic inum dal274al 25 ” inB ollettinodiNumis-

0 ) , p p. 7 – 81 nos. – I o 1 0 ) , pp. 8 – 9 5 no. 1 04 ,

eNationalmuseum Copenhagen aslistedinW.

4 0.

by N o ck T h e m p er o r s D i v i n e Co me s ” i n o u rn a l of

X V I I 1 4 7 , p p .1 02 -1 16 .

a u lu s O r o s iu s S e v e n B o o ks o f H i s t or y a ga i ns t t he a g an s t r a n s.

ew o rk 1 3 0 .

a is a st i Tr iu mp ha le s o pu li R o m an i R o m e 1 2 0.

A E L L A s — e dr o a lo l de S al el la s E s s en ci a de l ar te h is p n ic o

inSettimanediStudiodelCentro talianodiStudisull -

1 5 5 , pp . 6 5- 1 26 .

f theCabinetdesM dailles B iblioth q ueNationale

1 3 2 — . W . . e ar ce I s su es o f th e U r bs R o m as il i u a at

aeofGratianstruckatTreveri ” inNumismatic

3 2 , p p. 2 45 2 66 .

3 7 — . W . . e ar ce E u g en iu s an d hi s a st er n Co ll ea gu es ”

X V I I 1 3 7 , p p . 1 2 7.

1 4 0 — . W . . e ar ce I s su es o f th e so li di V I C TO R I A A V G G

mi s ma t ic C hr o ni c le X X 1 4 0 , p p . 1 8 1 6 1.

4 — . W . . e ar ce A H a l f- si li u a of t he T re ve ra n Mi nt ”

I I 1 4 ) , pp . 7 - 9 .

4 4 — . W . . e ar ce L u g du nu m Si li u a co in ag e of

u g en i us ” i n Nu m is m at i c Ch r on i cl e V 1 4 4 , p p .

1 4 6 — . W . . e ar ce T he o rt ra it s of t he m pe ro r Gr at ia n

e o u rt h C en t ur y R o m an C o in s , i n N um i sm a ti c R e v i ew

6 2.

m a i n Co i na g e — . W . . e a rc e T h e R o m an C o in a ge f r om A .D .

on 1 3 3 . Thisappearedasaseriesofartic lesintheNumis-

1 1 3 3 .

o d u ar d o é r e u o l H i s t o ri a d e la s i ns t it u ci o ne s s oc i al e s de

a le nc ia 1 8 6 .

hilipGrierson Gonv illeandCaiusCollege Cambridge

co l le c ti o n of a i va e s so a C a st e lo B r a n c o a s l is t ed i n

N 1 4 0.

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dA bbrev iations

r oc op iu s Ca es ar ie ns is O p er a O m ni a e ip i g 1 0 5.

r o u e s m on n ai e s m r o vi n gi e nn e s C at a lo g ue d e s mo n na i es

ot h q u e N a c io n al e , a r is 1 8 2 .

8 6 M a u ri c e r o u M o nn a ie s m r o vi n gi e nn e s ac u i se s p ar l a

na le d e1 8 3 1 8 6 ” i nR e v ue N um is ma ti u e V 1 8 6 ,

owa R ealenc yclop diederC lassischenA ltertumwissensc haf t

y a n ti n es e t d a u tr e s pa y s co n te mp o ra i ne s l É p o u e

usricheetlaplusvastec ollec tionpriv e RodolfoR atto

1 3 0 .

A A 1 4 5 — W i l h el m R e i n ha r t N u ev a s ap o rt a ci o ne s a l a

” A r ch iv io s pa o l de A r u e o lo gi a X V I I I 1 4 5 ,

A r te W . R e i nh a rt E l a r te m o ne t ar i o vi s ig o do . a s m on e da s

nB olet ndelSeminariode studiosdeA rteyA r ueo-

e V a l la d ol i d a cu l ta d d e H i s to r ia , X 1 4 – 4 4 , pp .

J N 1 4 0 W . R e i nh ar t D i e M n e n de s we st go ti sc he n R e ic he s

u ts ch e s a h rb u ch f r N u mi s ma t ik 1 4 0 4 1 p p . 6 6 1 0 1.

G e rm an i a 1 4 1 W . R e i nh a rt D i e s w e bi s ch e n un d w es t go t is c he n

o ri s ch e D e n k m l e r ” i n Ge r ma n ia 2 5 1 4 1 , p p .

G e rm an i sc he H e l m e W . R e i nh a rt G e rm an i sc h eH e l m e i n

ildern ” in ahrbuc hf rNumismatikundGeldge-

5 0/ 51 , pp . 4 – 4 6.

M a dr i d W . R e i n h ar t L a s m o n ed a s V i s ig o da s d el M u se o Ar -

inMitteilungenderB ayer. Numismatisc henGesell-

7 , p p. 1 1 1 7 .

M er ow in ge r W . R e i nh ar t D i e r h es te M n p r g un g im

” i n D e u t sc he s a h rb u ch f r N u mi s ma t ik 1 3 9 , p p .

u e va s W . R e i nh a rt E l R e i n o H i s p n i co d e l os S u ev o s ys u s

o s pa o l de A r u e o lo gi a n o. 4 1 4 2 , p p. 0 8- 2 8.

S w eb e nr e ic h es — W . R e i n ha r t D i e M n e n d es S w eb e nr e ic h es ”

r. Numismatisc henGesellsc haf t 1 3 7 pp. 151 1 1.

T o lo s an i sc he n W . R e i n h ar t D i e M n e n d es t o lo s an i sc he n

n ” i n D e u t sc h es a h rb u ch f r N u mi s ma t ik h g . ,

5.

i s i g od o s — W . R e i n h ar t S o br e e la s en t am i en t o de l o s V i s ig o do s

i nA rc hi vi o s pa o ld eA r u e ol og ia X V I I I , n o. 5 1 4 5 ,

t ti n gl y . A . Sy d en h am a n d ot h er s R o m a n m p er i al

1 2 – 5 1.

. . e ar ce V a le nt in ia n T he od os iu s , V o l . X i nT he

nage eds. H . Mattingly C . Sutherland R . A . G. Carson

a n gu e do c — . C h ar l es R o b e r t N u mi s ma t i u e d e la r o vi n ce d e

é r i o de W i si go th e et r an u e T o u lo us e 1 8 7 .

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v iations x iii

ur i ce T i be r e C h ar l es R o b e r t S u r la p r t e nd u e re s ta u ra t io n d u

edansla rov inc e ” M moiredel I nstitutNational

es l I n s cr i pt i on e t B e l l e- e t tr e X X X , 2 e p a r ti e 1 8 8 ) ,

f hrliches e ikonderGriec hisc henundRö mischenMythologie

e ip i g 18 7 1 ο 2 .

l au d e R o s si g no l L e T r s o r de G o ur d on l e t tr e M . d e

i n st r uc t io n p ub l i u e 2 8 D e c . 18 4 5 i n M m oi r es d e

o ir e e t d A r ch o l og i e de C ha l on - s. - S. 1 8 46 , pp . 2 87 3 o 7 .

lec tionof thelateR . Shore isbon aslistedinW. R ein-

C h ar l es m i le R u e l l e B i b l io g ra p hi e g n r a l de s G au l es a r is 1 8 86 .

. S . R u g gi e ri A l le o n ti d e ll a c ul t ur a i sp a no v is i g t i ca ” i n

1 4 – 1 5 o , p p. 1 4 8.

u s ti n S ab a ti e r D e s cr i pt i on g n r a le d e s mo n na i es b y a n ti n es

reursd O rientdepuisArc adius us u à laprisede

met I , aris 1862.

c onographie . Sabatier c onographied unec ollec tionc hoisie

sromaines by antinesetc eltib riennes St. etersburg

r o du ct i on . S a ba t ie r r o du c ti o n de l o r d e l a r ge n t et d u

etHô telsMon tairesdes mpiresromainetby antin

S o ci t A r ch o l og i u e N a rb o nn e a s l is t ed i n W .

4 o.

l m u t Sc h lu n k R e l a ci o ne s e nt r e la e n n s ul a b r i ca y

p o ca v i si g od a ” i n A rc hi v o s p a o l d e Ar u e ol o g a

6o 1 45 , pp. 77 2o4.

s e r va c io n es H e l m u t Sc hl u nk O b s e r va c io n es e n t or n o al

v isigoda ” inA rc hivo spa oldeA rte no. 71

s ig o do H e l m u t Sc h lu n k A r te V i s i g od o ” i n A r s H i s pa n ia e

Ar t e H i s p n i co I , M a dr i d 1 4 7 .

y rnestSchramm H errschaf t eic henundStaatssymbolik

nt a G er m an i ae H i s t o ri c a B d . X I I I S t ut t ga r t 1 5 5 .

ennethSc ott The mperialCultunderthe lav ians

l l i am W o o d S ey m ou r T h e Cr o ss i n T ra d it i on H i s t o ry a n d

8 .

he ettersofSidonius trans. anded. O . M. D alton

ec tionof theStaatl. M n samml. Munich aslisted

N 1 4 o.

s Courtney . Stevens SidoniusA pollinarisandhisA ge

e o wi g il d . S t ro h ek e r L e o wi g il d : Au s e in e r W e nd e e i t

” D i e W e l t a l s G es c hi c ht e V 1 3 9 ) , p p . 44 6 4 8 5.

yR ossTaylor TheD ivinityoftheR oman mperor Middletown

.

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andAbbreviations

A.Thompson TheConversionoftheV isigothstoCatho-

m M ed i ev a l St u di e s V 1 6 0 , p p . 1 3 5 .

.Tolstoi MonnaiesB y antines St. etersburg 1 1 .

ianic— ocelynM.C.Toynbee TheH adrianicSchool

S1 47— .M.C.Toynbee R omaandConstantinopolisin

m 1 2 t o 6 5 ” i n T h e o u rn a l of R o m a n St u di e s

47 , pp. 1 5 144.

cture-language— .M.C.Toynbee P icture-languageinR oman

ssaysinRomanCoinagepresentedtoHaroldMatting-

on a n d C. H . V . S u th e rl a nd O x f o rd 1 5 6 p p . 20 5 2 2 6.

rcelTroussel L esmonnaiesvandalesd Afri ued couvertes

amma ” inR ec ueildesNotic esetM moiresdela

u e du d p ar tm en t de C on st an ti ne X V I I 1 5 0 5 1 , p p.

S A — O s c ar U l r ic h- B a ns a M on et a Me di ol an en si s 3 5 2 4 8 ,

A R GA — u is V á z q u e d e a rg a J o ya sB a o rr om an as y de la

” inAd uisicionesen1 40 1 45 pp.128 1 0.

o f th e n s ti t ut o d e V a l en ci a d e D o n u a n M a dr i d a s

D J N 1 4 0 a nd . M at eu y l op is L a s m on ed as

d e V a l en c ia d e D o n u a n M a dr i d , i n A mp u ri a s

, p p. 12 – 1 4.

— u is o se ph V e l z q u e , C on ge tu ra s so br e la s me da ll as d el os

s p a a M l a ga 1 7 5 .

A n ci e nt D i e s C . C. V e r m e ul e S o me N o te s o n An c ie n t D i e s an d

ondon 1 54. Thisisareprintof thematerialwhic h

atic C ircularin1 5 and1 54.

N um . Ci rc . 1 5 2 C . C. V e r me ul e C op yi ng i n m pe ri al R o m an

N um i sm a ti c C ir c ul a r u l y 1 5 2 p p . 5 6 - 5 7 .

N um . Ci r c. 1 5 6 C . C. V e r m e ul e R o m a n N um i sm a ti c A rt —

N u m is m at i c Ci r cu l ar N o v. - D e c. 1 5 6 p p . 47 – 4 8 o

5 7 p p. 1 5 .

V i c to r ia C . C . V e r m eu l e A s pe ct s o f V i c to r ia o n R o m a n Co i ns

ntalArt ” inNumismatic C irc ular Sept. 1 57 pp.

1 57 p p. 5 7 -5 9 ; e b. 1 5 8 pp . 3 – 3 4 A pr il 1 5 8 pp .

1 58 p p. 1 8 14 .

e V i s ig o th i c Co d e t r an s . S. . S co t t B o s t o n 1 1 0 .

t o V o e t t er Z u r S t r ei t fr a ge o b T ar r ac o o de r T ic i nu m ” i n

r if t W i e n , 5 1 2 6 , p p. 1 4 5 1 5 5 .

odelaColec ci ndemonedasymedallasdeManuelV idal

e B a r c el o na , B a r c e lo n a 1 8 2 .

g ra v ed G e ms a n d Ca m eo s H . B . W a l t er s C a ta l og u e of t h e

meos Greek truscanandRomanintheB ritishMuse-

2 6.

ec t B r on e s — H . B . W a l t er s S el ec t B r on e s G re ek R o m an a nd

h M us e um o n do n 1 1 5 .

2 1 e r cy H . W e b b T h ir d C en t ur y R o m a n Mi n ts a n d

tc C hr o ni c le X V 1 2 1 , p p . 22 6 -2 3 .

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v iationsX X V

2 . H . W e b b T he r e -R e f o r m Co i na g e of D i o c l et i an a n d

u mi s ma t ic C h ro n ic l e X 1 2 ) , p p. 1 1 2 1 7.

n u nd u l tu s — G e or g W i s s ow a R e l i g io n u nd u l tu s d er

1 2.

ischenReligions— GeorgWissowa GesammelteA bhandlungen

igionsundStadtgeschic hte Munic h 1 04.

f theWü rttembergisc hes andesmuseum Stuttgart as

D J N 1 4 0.

ollec tionof thelateWilhelmReinhartaslistedinW.

40. TheReinhartcollectionhasbeendisposedofand

sentownershavebeenidentified.

e— H ansZ eiss D ieGrabfundeausdemSpanisc henWest-

1 3 4 .

A . . Z i e g l er C h ur c h an d S ta t e in V i s i g ot h ic S p ai n W a s hi n gt o n

uanCabr yA guilo lTesorieloV isigododeTrientes

elplanNac ionalde1 44 1 45enZ oritadelosCanes

M ad ri d 1 4 6.

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s

rvationiscorrect weareconfrontedwith

otheV P W attributionproblem.These

tof onestateorofdifferentstates. fthe

t theymusthavebeenoriginatedbyone

ers.

sseshavebeenattributedforthemost part

onstantinopleandtheO strogothicmintsat

A numberofothers ofadec idedlycruder

edtothemintsof theMerovingiansandthe

theanonymouswesternmintsareresponsible

W andtheV GCtypes themintsof the

theV GCe c lusively. tisc orrec ttherefore

nandbarbarianissuesofthe V GCtre-

mitations.Arethediversepoliciesofeastern

ant O nlyaninvestigationoftheante-

esandof theinc idenceof theV P typein

tmayamplifyandc larify theV P W attribution

kngofadistinc tiveV P intheWestaswell

oboratetheobservationthatonewestern

orstrikingtheV P W’

emissis intheearlyfifthcenturyin

halvesofthe mpireisthepredominant

) . A f terthef irst uarterof thec entury how-

edbyawreath ortheless commonchrismon

bec omestheprevalenttypeintheWest. n

ontinuestodominatetheissuese c eptforthose

sses onwhichthecross-in-wreathisused

isnotrec orded tomyknow ledge asever

missisfromConstantinopleinthefifth

e ually truefortheWestw ithonee c eption

p . 47 4 8 5 6 . Th e l ar g e nu mb e r of V G C c o in s s tr u ck b y t he

f ustinianmaybeparticularlynotedinthe catal-

rovingianandB urgundiancoinageseeB elfort rou

r R obert anguedoc Tolstoi.

rts – V havebeenc ompiledf romthefollow ingsourc es:

, B M CV O L , C oh en R B C R I C - X , S ab at ie r T ol st oi

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hCenturyTremissis

r ohn 42 – 425 . ThisisrecordedbyCohen

whichhec onsidersanerroronthe

omheistak ingthisspec imen. B utf rom

otheendof thereignofRomulusA ugustus the

uishedfromthoseofthe astbytheuse

e.Thissituationcontinuesuntilthereign

estbeginstostriketwotypes aV GC in

lissue andaV P W whichc ontinuesthesepa-

rofthefifth centurycross-in-wreathissue.

stypeofthefifthcenturyin the ast

ttraditionintothesi thc entury . nthe

haV P W andaV GChavebeensubstitutedfor

ycrossorchrismon-in-wreathtype.B oth

rysignificant sinceneitherhasappeared

ethe earlypartofthefifth century. fthe

mssisof ohnisdiscounted theappearanc eofa

isislastseenonthesmallissuesofA rc adius. The

oftheV GCwaswiththetremissesof

b u t as a t y pe i t w as r a re l y us e d in t h e W e st . t s u se

mallissuesofH onoriusandArcadius.

eV P W hadbeenthefavoredtypeintheWest

Conse uently theV P W andtheV GCare

asiustremissesintheW est.TheV GC

alpolic ywhic hacc edestotheB y antine

sovereigntyofbothhalvesofthe mpire

mesthepositionheldformerlybythecross-in-

endentandseparatenatureoftheW est.

eendroppedforasymbolofan older

estigationoftype significancehasany

surprisingthatinthe fifthcenturyboth

peswererarelyusedintheWest orthatthe

neverplac edonac oinissuedinthenameof

appropriatenon-militaristiccross-in-wreath

, p . 2 08 7 . T he m i nt m a rk m os t p ro b ab l y sh o ul d r ea d R V .

rdedV P W itemonwhic hthenameofaRomanem-

4fromRome butitisc ombinedw iththenameofthe

I I a nd l a ci d ia . T h is i s r ec or d ed i n R C B .

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s

edfor thetremissesineitherof these

f igure eitherChristian V GC orpagan

r tr a di t io n al l e ge n d of V I C TO R I A A U G U S T O R U M

priateandtoounrealisticforpropaganda

however shouldnotleadusto think

wtypeforthetremissis. ventheuni ue

ohnwoulddiscreditthis. fwetracebac k

sue 3 8 – 3 87 , wef indthatTheodosius

heV GCandtheV P types. A sindicated

emissiswasmintede c lusivelywiththeV P W at

5 , yon 3 8 – 3 9 2 andA uileia 3 8 – 3 88 . Themint

5 s t ru c kb o th t y pe s a n d th e mi n t at C o ns t an t in o pl e

ss ue d on ly t he V G C .

suesofthetremissesis notcomplete

ossibledependenceuponthelastissuesof

ec e 1. 70gms. , theirimmediateprede-

) . Thisc oinwasstruc kw ithavarietyof reverse

ConstantinetheGreat butaf ter 3 7 its

svaried. B y 64 twotypesdominatethe

torywritingthevotiveinscriptiononashield

m in ts o f Tr ie r 3 6 7 3 7 8 , Mi l an 3 7 8 - 8 ) ,

) a n d R o me 3 6 4 - 6 7 t h e V P W i s u se d e c l u si ve ly .

ic a i n 6 4 a n d at C o ns t an t in o pl e 3 6 4 - 6 7 ,

veshieldV ictorytypeatConstantinople

a t Th es sa lo ni ca 3 6 4 - 7 5 . At A nt io ch 3 6 4 - 7 5 t he

ysbeenusedwithoute ception.

emissisdesc endentsof the #sc ripulumare

orasaV ic toryw ithvotiveshield both

rthemoredesirableChristianV GC orthe

orc hrismon-in-wreath. ntheWest there-

straditionismaintained. AtTriertheV P W

– 3 9 5 r e pl a ce s t he V P W # s cr i pu l um i s su e s

hesameistrueforA uileiawheretheV P W

ac es a V P W } s c ri p ul u m of 7 8 - 8 . M i la n

28 ff . 5 1f f.

2 2 ff .

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hCenturyTremissis5

traditioninitstremissesbutalsostrikesthe

notissuea1% sc ripulumanddoesnotissuea

5 andthenonlyof theV GCandc rossor

verseforthe ' sc ripulumandtheearly tre-

tiontowardsthe endofthefourthcentury

tspec imensindicatethatitisdroppedaroundthe

ouldseemthatwiththedefeatof ugenius

n o ri u s in t h e W e st 3 9 5 t h e V P W i s r ep l ac ed

eeV P W tremissesarerec ordedaf ter 9 2 one

amintwhichwouldseemstatisticallyloyal

anotherfor ugeniusf romTrier andthelater

v en n a ? ) , W e c a n a ss u me t h en t h at t h e

seitherdroppedorissuedrarely sinc ethe

herveryrareoruni ue. B utitwouldseem

atallitwouldbeintheWest. TheV P W was

from aneasternmint norforthatmatter

forothereasternissuesin gold silveror

a nd I ) .

tremissisconse uentlyisacoinissue for

ehasbeen revivedafteranabsenceof

enumberofAnastasiusV P W tremisses

te onthebasisofourstudy simplyalarger

roductor tradition.Thesignificanceof

arlynon-easternoriginand characterisa

ichtheminterof thesecoinsmaybe

heV P W typethroughoutthe mpire

ytothe si thwillsubstantiateatheory

fferencetothetype.Suchan analysis

emptstofind amorecoevalprototypefor

hanthelatefourthcenturytremissis.

w i ll u i ck l y sh o wt h at t h e V P W i s n ot t o b e

thef ifthc entury astorWest. This

of ohnuni ue. tsrareuseonasemisin

when f romV alentinian I on theV ic tory

3 , no. o .

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s

omesthema orsemistypeforthene t

tandtheWest.

dhalf -sili uathatthetypeisnotedfre-

centuryandonafewspecimensofthe

r I I ) . t i s t o be n o te d t ha t i n th e l at e f ou r th

usedonthehalf-sili uapieceswhich

rethathedoubtedtheir formingpartofthe

ybeofsignif ic anc ethattheV P typeisused

n whichmayhavebeenstruc konlyasa

ributionamongcertainclassesofthe

sions. Theonlyissueinthe West inthe

ngularcoinof ohn ” whileinthe ast

w i fe o f T he o do s iu s I t h re e e a mp l es a r e

mightbee pec tedac ross- in-wreathandthe

-wreath. Tolstoialsocataloguedoneof

nthenameof ulc heria w ifeofMarc ian.

V P W e n o ys a l o ng u s ag e p a rt i cu l ar l y at

tisnon-e istentinthe astwiththee ception

ArcadiuslistedbySabatier. Threeofthe

estinthef if thc enturyaref romRome.

batier oneofZ enoandtwoofAnasta-

wouldbeuni ue c onsideringtheeastern

type.Thesewouldseemthereforetobethe

sorofRomeinparticular. TheV P W type

uingtraditionand itsuseis evencontem-

typeontheAnastasiustremissis.Thisis

hesili uaisc losestinsi etothetremissis

sitionin thesilvercurrencytothatof the

I intheWest thec rossorc hrismon-in-wreathbec omes

alsoseenonsomeimperialissuesf romthe ast. See

p p. 22 O ff .

4 , p p. 7 9 9 .

, p . 20 8 n o. .

1 20 n os . 4 5 p . 12 2 n o . I . A ls o se e To ls to i , p . 8 6 n o . o o.

0 7 n o . 4 7.

1 0 4 n o . 26 . T hi s i te m i s no t l is t ed b y e a rc e i n R I C X .

. 14 0 n o. 1 5 p . 1 5 , n o. ; p . 15 4 n o. 1 2. A ls o se e B M CV O L ,

esa traditioninthetimeof O dovacarwhichimitates

alcoinsalreadystruckin talyinthenameof Z eno.

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hCenturyTremissis7

silversili uaisnottheprototypeforour

didhelptokeepalivethetypetradition. The

C T O R I A A V G G G m i gh t a ls o s ug g es t f ur t he r l in k s

ses sinc eitwillbefoundonbarbariantre-

tury .

npresentsitselfat firstwhenthe

d althoughthepatternimmediatelyreverts

adynotedinthegold andsilverissues See

outtheMediterraneantheV P W typeisnotused

2series butitisoneof thetypesusedonthe

sofV alens V alentinian andGratianatevery

simmediatelychangesaftertheaccession

timethe astunanimouslydropstheV P W,

eagain. ntheWestitpassesnaturally into

uc hisfoundonac oinofR omulusA ugustus.

he astdousethistype however itis

S C U R I T AS R E P U B L I C A , a nd t h is c o ns i st e nc y

neralimperialmonetaryedict SeeChart

h o we v er i n a ll m i nt s e c ep t A rl e s i t a pp e ar s a ls o

ch a sG O R I A R O M A NO R U M V I C TO R I A

I A D D NN AV G a n d E L I C T AS R O M AN O R U M .

wever arerare. Trierseemstofavorthetype

hissuesit incombinationwiththelegend

AN O R U M a t t h e s am e t im e a s it s t ri k es t h e st a nd a rd

AN O R U M i s s u e be i ng m i nt e d in t h e re s t of t h e m p ir e .

s V I C TO R I A A V G G G le g en d u se d o n th e A 3

thislegendinc ombinationw iththeV P W

ssuesoftheA 4struckatallmints down

hereforeevenwhenthe astissuesthe

e s a n al y si s o f th e S C U R I T A S R O M A N O R U M i s su e

nd i n m y st y le g r ou p s A N I , A N 1 1a A N I b

8 4 O I - 4 02 4 06 .

althoughofanunusualf rontalkind isnotedona

V I C TO R I A A V G G G h ow e ve r w i th t h e mi n t ma r k of

ueandwhatmaybearoughrenditionof thelettersSC

en listedbutnotcommentedonbySabatierand

, p.141 no.17 pl.V I I I , 7 Tolstoi , p.15 , no.6 .

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s

minatinginthisregard. verystrongemperor

cedentsetbyO ctavianAugustusmain-

esc oinage issuingitbyv irtueofhistribu-

theagenc yof theSenate. V alentinian s

ebron ecoinageanddesireduniformityin

unityof thetwopartsof the mpireandthe

cereversetypesandlegendswererigidly

eryaslongasit wasabletoenforcethem

theA issuesthroughoutthe mpire.

ternpassiveresistancetheirreducedminting

sac c ession 3 67 untilthatofTheodosius

ypethenbec amesymbolic ofRomeoratleast

erorintheWestmaybeseeninthedisc on-

e A i s su e s in t h e a s t in 7 , u n de r

oingmayhavesubtly assertedeastern

inc idenceinthelightof laterhistoryof thetype

agandi ingoccursconcomitantlywiththe

othsw ithinthe mpire.

heV P W type A ) inthe astwith

uencyfurthersupportsthehypothesis

orconsideredinappropriateinthe ast.

shypothesiscanbefoundby recordingthe

typefromthe rinc ipateofAugustusto

e Ch a rt V I ) . t i s o nl y d ur i ng t h e re i gn o f V a l e n-

i s i ss u ed f r e u e nt l y in t h e a s t a n d as s u ch

ni ue.

ilver thebron eissuesw ithevengreater

elifeofoneof theoldestpagansymbolsof the

eonlyvehic les however whichbridgethe

ereare threeotheritemswhichbringour

astasius: the nv ictaRomabron esof

lionofAnastasiusanda goldmedallionof

omaseriesattributedtoTheodoric ca.

wellpresentthec luetotheoriginatorandfirstminter

p. v- vi.

p. viii x x i v.

. x x i .

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hCenturyTremissis

stasiustremissis. Theseso-called uasi-autonomous

allnon-Christianorientedintheselectionof

ousconservatismoftheR omanSenatorial

otbear thenameofanyemperor only

gendandthebustofRomaontheobverse. When

eearlierbron esbearingthenameand

verseandaV ic toryonthereversew iththe

thereisadifferenc einV ic torytypes. TheZ eno

nadvancingwreathandtrophy-bearing

eTheodoric issuehasbeenreplac edbyaV P W

a lightedaltar.

mousbron esassignedtothereignsofTheo-

4-5 4 , distinctlyRomanandpaganemblems

aneagle twoeaglesbeneathandbeside

klingthetwins.TheR omanSenatelogically

nastasius nameontheirbron es since

ningofhis reign isnotrecogni edbythe

oftypesonbothobverseand reverse

of thosetypes inthetimeofA nastasiusand

efurthercluesinthesolutionof theproblem

onsibleforthe AnastasiusV P W tre-

ethetwogoldmedallions. TheV P W type

emedallionsfromwesternmintsduring

SeeChart V ) , butitsappearanceontwo

medallionspossiblymaybesignificant.This

regardedas appropriatetothisdenomina-

fA nastasius besidesitsV P W onthe

rin theleftfieldanda chrismonintheright

i thc enturytremissese tantw ithastar

rearenoneknowntome withachrismon.

onaresimilar tothosefoundonthe

V S P A V G V I C TO R I A AV G V S T O R V M . Th e

owever fortheV P W typeontheA nastasius

ditionf romthatof thetremissisV P W.

. 9 , p l. X I I , 2 0 2 ; p l. X I I I , . To ls to ia gr ee sw it ht he W r ot h

, p p . 15 8 1 5 , n o . 68 .

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emissis

ee- uarterposeandprof ileheadmarchestothe

seenonthesilversili uaofArcadius.

cthree-solidigoldmedallionthatun-

memorativeissueorpresentationpieceby

sc onsiderablebearinguponourproblem. tis

ni uepiecew ithaf rontalbustofTheodoric

ereverseaV ictoryingirdledchitonstanding

gawreathinher handandapalmbranch

P designissimilartothatfoundon

misses.Theglobusnicephorusheldby

ancewithtradition aV P W. TheR oman

othisreasonablepermittingtheselection

andany ofhisadvisors suchasCassio-

opriateforTheodoricasitis forR omeand

culationconcerningthedateofandreasons

edallionsmustbeleftforlater discussion.

lionsmayhavesomemeaningfulasso-

se oftype theyarenaturallynotof

oric sV P isinkeepingw iththemost

typeasfoundin theW estfromthefourth

hc entury . TheformofA nastasiusV P W

riationinac cordanc ew ithe tante amples.

heV P of theTheodoric Medallionandthe

si thc enturytremisses suggestdif ferent

tmaybepossibleto suggestfurtherthat

peonacoinstruckin Constantinople

ec tedonamedallion indicatesthatitwas

eofaneventor ofpersonsinvolvedinthe

astandWest. ConsideringTheodoric s

mightthereforebethe ustificationaswell

llion.

ceandantecedentsandpossibleproto-

P W tremissishasrevealedseveralsigni-

typeismorelikely tobeissuedintheWest

P W typeisneverfoundinthe astand

nthefifth century.Thenearestissuein

1 . B M CV O L , p .5 4. Al so se e r au s p .8 2 n o. 1.

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hCenturyTremissis I

mi s si s i s i n th e n am e o f o h n 4 2 – 4 2 5 . T h e

cedlongerinsilverdownto Z enoand

stprobablywesternissues. nbron ethe

nueandismintedcoevallywiththegold

asternmintsdefinitelysubstituteothertypes

ntheWest. Theonlyc ontemporaryuseof the

emissisisonthe twogoldmedallions.

eissuesof thetypew iththenamesof the

nastasiusareattributableto talianmints.

thattheV P W A nastasiustremissisisan

sueusing adefinitelyrevivedreversetype

ndinanymetal hasbeensporadicandrare

2 thattheinitiativeforthestrik ingof these

c oncededtotheWest 3 ) thatanyof the

ssuedthecoinsif theworkshopsmain-

ignsforreferenc e ” 4 thatthestrik ingofa

rialcoininthenameoftheemperorcould

ciallyorpubliclyacknowledgedhis

herebyindicatingatreatyrelationship

snotc ompromisedasistheminterinthe ast

sof thetraditionalV P whichimme-

g-dyingpaganpreferencesofsuchcities

6 thatdisc ountingthereligiousissuethe

ypemightindicateaparticularicono-

weentheV P andtheWestern mpire

boththeminterandthe usersofthecoin

ayhavesomeconnectionwiththeissuesince

thacontemporaryuseofthe type and

nnumismatic traditionresponsiblefortheV P W

yhavebeenalreadyinoperationwiththe

typeinthenamesof lateemperorssuc hasZ eno

ethesilverandbron eissuesintheirnames

ttributableto talianmints.

s s ue s p . 1 55 . Al s o se e V e r m eu l e A nc i en t D i e s p . 5 6 .

, p p .l i v c i i c x i . I , p p .2 6 3 1 B k . , l e tt er i .

p. 141. Asanindic ationof thecontinuingpresenceof

heod. . 25 1whichhasbeen uotedbySabatier ,

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CANC OF TH E V P W T P E AND TSU S O N

TR E M SS S NTH E WE ST

edprovideabasisforan iconographical

W type.Thealmosttotaldisregardofthe

nditssubstitutionbytheV GCtype thedimi-

heW est theearlierconsciouspreference

gnsofV espasianandV alentinian and

vivedon thetremissisofAnastasius

eof theV P asanintelligiblesymbol.

matictypesinR omancoinsiscommon

vivalofatypediscardedfor acenturyonthe

seofpoliticalpropaganda f itdoes then

eV ic toriainc on unc tionw ithpalmand

mbolicnatureacceptedbyacentral

ibletothemasses. O r attheleast that

icabletothenecessitiesof contemporary

therV ic torytypesinuse: theV GC being

theV ic toryw ithwreathandtrophyasseenon

ron esofZ eno-O dovac ar andtheB resc ian

heV P W symbolhasanintegrityof itsown.

investigationmightbeandhowever

ctureofinterrelatinghypotheses wecan-

ythatthe selectionofthetypemay

tetraditionalusageon R oman mperial

mplybyforceofhabit bymintsandminters

historyof useofthetypeand hadcon-

suesofsilverandbron e Wasitsimply

e distinctivefromthatusedinConstan-

mbolicconnotationandpoliticalpropa-

unusualforthesemintswhic hstruc k the

pastto copyatypeforwhicholddie designs

storyofR omannumismatictypeswill

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Type 3

asnopersonification nominordeitymore

sent moreimperiallyassociatedthanthe

eappearsinmanyguises w ithmanyattributes

tationsthroughoutthelifeoftheR epublic

nnecessarytorefertoherc onstantappearanc e

intaglios sc ulpturalreliefs inpaintingsand

aswellason coins.Sheappearsongemsas

nperiodandisstillfoundaslateasthesi th

c hs. Thisisindic ativeof thema orr leshe

gy ar lesuc cinc tlydescribedbyGraillot:

u ia fo nd l E m p i re c e st p ar el l e u i ls e pe rp t ue .

umismatic useof theV P typew illhelp

stnumismaticassociationofV ictoriawith

oundonasilver didrachmfromSouthern

41-222B . C . onwhichV ic toriaholdsapalm

hesawreathcrown.Thismaybe incon-

onestablishedc a. 2 3 B . C . whenboththe

ektradition wereawardedtothevictors

aisalludedtoasthepalmarisdea. Muc hmore

ntuseof theV P W onthe V ic toriatus.

ntheR epublic an uinariusmayof tenbear

ocrownthe trophyerectedinfrontof

almbranchagainsta shoulderifsheis to

and. H erfirstrecordedsoloappearance

bleofA llergoric al ersonif ic ationsinGnec c hi Coin

6 .AlsoseeV ermeule V ictoria.

scouldillustratethis:Walters ngravedGemsand

17 0 1 7 05 1 70 , 1 7 17 1 71 8 2 2 28 0 58 0 5 , 7 8 a n d

C o in T y pe s p l . V , D e l b r ue ck C on s ul a rd i pt y ch e n i e f ,

n o. 48 B M CR E , , p p .1 1 , 1 22 1 28 1 46 1 54 2 02 a nd

5 60 5 64 6 41 6 57 7 70 a nd 8 55 .

V , p . 8 9 . T h is i s H . G r a il l ot s a r ti c le o n V i c t o ri a .

ntdiscussioninGag , R A1 3 0 pp.1 3 .

n os . 21 a nd 2 1 a.

V , p . 8 52 . Al s o se e i v y X , 4 7 ; A p ul e iu s M ad a ur e ns i s

, 4. Statuesof theV P W weretobefounddecoratingthe

musatRomeandatvarious rov inc ialC irc uses see

, f i gs . 1 51 8 1 5 20 1 5 21 a n d 15 2 4 1 5 2 6 .

s 8 – 8 4 a n d pp . 11 1 2 n o s .1 11 -1 21 a ls o B M CR R , , p .

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issis

uinariusof theMarianist . Calpurnius

ncyofV ictoriaisaccountedforbythe

herpersonificationthroughtheterritorial

heTempleof ov isV ic toria thef irstrec orded

alatinein2 4B . C . whileac entury laterthe

g o 1 3 B . C . w a s al s o fo u nd e d th e re . T h e

isomightverywellcommemoratethesetwo

eMariancauseherepresents sinc e uinarii

ttributabletospecialcommemorativecele-

isinthelastcenturyof theRepublic that

aonthecoinsbecomesthemostpopular.

assumessomanyattributesandherdepic-

ult stillamorphousinritualandstill

cationstatus isadoptedbyMarius Sulla

Marc AntonyandO c tav ian. Wearetoldthat

etweentwogoldV P W' sontheCapitoline

dby SullawasreplacedbyCaesarin65

retheTempleofV ic tory istobeseenonthe

n C . MarcusCensorinus. Marius ifnot

ciation c ertainlyrev itali edoremphasi ed

esswiththearmy.H ercommemoration

ysnotedon thecoinsofmoneyersofthe

Cato buttheMariusassoc iationisof

rfuture.Caesar sallegiancetoMarius

esar isthegerminatingf lu nec essary for

I o , n os . 67 2 a- 67 2 h l is te d as c om mo n , n os . 67 a 6 7 b

4 s c ar c e .

2 , 14 X , 3 , ; X X I X , 1 4 14 X X X V , , 6 a nd O vid asti

p .2 06 .

6 1 V e ll ei us a te rc ul us I , 4 , 4 V a le ri us Ma i mu s V I ,

C ae sa r I ; W , S e ri es 2 V I I I , A p t. 2 p . 25 1 .

12. Thee istenc eofaTempleofV ic toryonthe alatineas

edbya referencein ivyconcerningthetransference

ne o f t he M at e r Ma g na t o i t. i v y X X I X , 1 4 . . ..

uaeestin alatio.

1 75 ff .

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Type 5

a intoherprimer leatthec oreof mperial

loV P W in

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The Barbaric tremissis in Spain and Southern France : Anastasius to Leovigild / by Wallace J....

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