The Benefits of Better Ventilation

and Filtration Practices in

Schools Gerald (Jerry) Lamping

ASHRAE Member

Director for IAQ (Retired)

Green Classroom Professional

USGBC

December 17 2013

What is a Green School Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

What is a Green School Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world

ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic

plans to achieve them and having the commitment to

follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE Shaping the Next

Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking is from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

2013 ASHRAE President

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

USGBC LEED Future Criterion

ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways

that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health

through better air qualityhelliprdquo

ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors

USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the

Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions

will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of

commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders

building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and

healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple

sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo

Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE Shaping the Next

Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking is from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

2013 ASHRAE President

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

USGBC LEED Future Criterion

ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways

that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health

through better air qualityhelliprdquo

ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors

USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the

Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions

will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of

commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders

building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and

healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple

sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo

Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

ASHRAE Shaping the Next

Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking is from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

2013 ASHRAE President

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

USGBC LEED Future Criterion

ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways

that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health

through better air qualityhelliprdquo

ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors

USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the

Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions

will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of

commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders

building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and

healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple

sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo

Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

USGBC LEED Future Criterion

ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways

that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health

through better air qualityhelliprdquo

ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors

USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the

Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions

will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of

commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders

building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and

healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple

sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo

Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

USGBC LEED Future Criterion

ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways

that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health

through better air qualityhelliprdquo

ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors

USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the

Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions

will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of

commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders

building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and

healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple

sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo

Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the

Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions

will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of

commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders

building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and

healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple

sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo

Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic

Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers

Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical Devices

Semiconductors

Meat Processing

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

European Union Filtration Law

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Benefits of IAQ Procedure

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Pressure Drop vs Dust Load

Polarized Media

Air

Filtration

Devices

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

ASHRAE 522 Test Results

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for

removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other

adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology

ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements

(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation

studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable

dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP

luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple

interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to

measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology

ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements

(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation

studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable

dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP

luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple

interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to

measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed

organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to

inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Reduced Risk of Flu Infection

Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental

Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

ldquoArchitectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Reduced Risk of Flu Infection

Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental

Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

ldquoArchitectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Reduced Risk of Flu Infection

Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental

Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

ldquoArchitectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

Reduced Risk of Flu Infection

Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental

Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

ldquoArchitectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

ldquoArchitectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

ldquoArchitectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
• What is a Green School
• Costs for Student Absences
• Indoor Air Quality Standards
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
• USGBC LEED Future Criterion
• USGBCN California Chapter
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
• The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• EPA PM Standard
• USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
• Particles in the classroom
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
• School Location Near Major Highway
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
• Outside Air Contaminants
• Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
• Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
• Benefits of IAQ Procedure
• Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
• ASHRAE 522 Test Results
• Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
• Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
• Beneficial Microbes
• Infectious Microbes
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
• Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
• Microbiome of Humans
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters