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Nasermoaddeli, Mohammad Hassan; Lemmen, Carsten; Hofmeister,Richard; Kösters, Frank; Klingbeil, KnutThe Benthic Geoecology Model within the Modular Systemfor Shelves and Coasts (MOSSCO)

Verfügbar unter/Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11970/104579

Vorgeschlagene Zitierweise/Suggested citation:Nasermoaddeli, Mohammad Hassan; Lemmen, Carsten; Hofmeister, Richard; Kösters,Frank; Klingbeil, Knut (2014): The Benthic Geoecology Model within the Modular System forShelves and Coasts (MOSSCO). In: 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics (HIC2014), August 17 - 21, 2014, New York City, USA. (Special Issue - Journal ofHydroInformatics). Red Hook, NY: Curran.

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AutorenfassungNasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO

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Erstveröffentlichung in: 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics (HIC 2014),Informaticsand theEnvironment:DataandModel Integration inaHeterogeneousHydroWorld,17–21August2014,Vol.1of4.NewYork:CurranAssociates2015,S.2823‐2830. FüreinekorrekteZitierbarkeitistdieSeitennummerierung derOriginalveröffentlichungfürjedeSeitekenntlichgemacht. S.

TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithin theModularSystem forShelvesandCosts(MOSSCO)Nasermoaddeli,M.H.a;Lemmen,C.b;Hofmeister,R.c;Koesters,F.aandKlingbeil,K.caDepartmentofHydraulicEngineeringinCoastalAreas,FederalWaterwaysEngineeringandResearchInstitute,Hamburg, ,GermanybHelmholtzCentrumGeesthacht,CentreforMaterialsandCoastalResearch,InstituteforCoastalResearch,Geesthacht, ,GermnaycLeibnizInstituteforBalticSeaResearchWarnemuende,Dept.forPhysicalOceanographyandInstrumentation,Rostock‐Warnemuende, ,GermanyTheModularSystemforShelvesandCoasts MOSSCO integratesphysical,biological,chemicalandgeologicalmodelsofshelvesandcoasts for theNorthSeaandBalticSea inanexchangeableway.TheMOSSCOsoftwareformsacouplingframeworkforexchangingdataandmodels,whichdistin‐guishes betweenphysical domains Earth System compartments such as the benthic andpelagiczone andprocesses suchasbenthicgeochemistry,physicalerosionandbiologicalstabilization .Information exchange across physical domainswith different grids and time steps aremanagedusingtheESMF EarthSystemModellingFramework ,whereascouplingofprocesseswithinindi‐vidualmodulesisachievedusingFABM FrameworkforAquaticBiogeochemicalModels .Thispa‐per reportscouplingofanewlydevelopedbenthicgeoecologymodel to theMOSSCO framework.Thisnewmodelincorporatesthebiologicaleffectsofmacrofauna thebivalveTellinafabulaistak‐enasanexample andmicrophytobenthosonerodibilityandcriticalbedshearstress.Themodelisimplementedinanobject‐orientedgenericmodularwaysothatitcanbeextendedtoanynumberofbiologicaleffectsonthesedimenttransportforanarbitrarynumberofspecies.Finally,theappli‐cationofthecoupledmodelisdemonstratedinsimulationofa Dsetup.IntroductionChallengingquestionswithinandattheboundariesofdifferentEarthSystemcompartmentssuchasthefluxofcarbonbetweenthepelagicandbenthiczone e.g.deHaasetal. [ ] maketheintegrationofdifferentphysicaldomains compartments andprocessesinEarthsystemmodellinginevitable.Besidesthetraditionallycoupleddomainmodels,suchasatmosphereandocean,modelsofcoastalsystemsmustintegratemorechemicalandbiologicalprocessmodels,whicharetypicallynot coupledwithin the largerEarth SystemModel ESM context. If representedat all, biologicaland biogeochemical processes are incorporated in ocean models. Such monolithic approaches,


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however,aredominatedbythephysicaloceanmodelingcommunities.Progress inunderstandingofbiologicalandchemicalprocessescanonlypartiallyandslowlybeintegratedinmonolithicoceanmodelsduetothemodelcomplexity.Theabilitytoexchangeprocessdescriptionsinsuchmonolith‐icmodelsislimited,orevenimpossible,whichmakesmodelintercomparisons,andextensionsbydifferentinternationalscientificcommunitiesdifficult. Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .Converselytothisstrongly‐coupledmonolithicapproach,aflexiblemodularapproach,whichaimsatmakingmodels asmodular and exchangeable as possible, offers the opportunity to exchange,maintain and develop each sub‐model independently by different communities. Furthermore, itpromotescommunicationandcollaborationamongscientistsfromdifferentdisciplines.Oneofthemost successful strategies for modular domain coupling is employed in Earth System Models,whereindividualphysicaldomainsoftheEarthSystem compartments ,e.g.ocean,ice,atmosphere,orbiosphereareconcurrentlysimulatedandtheexchangeofinformationismediatedbyadomaincoupler. If the individual stand‐alone domain representations exhibit a coupler specific interfacetheycanbecoupledtooneanotherwithcoarsegranularity.Theroleofthiscouplertypicallyistonegotiatedifferentphysicalgridrepresentations,orcoordinatesystemsbetweenthedomainmod‐els, toensurethecorrect transportof fluxesacross thedomains,andtodistribute thecomputingloads of the different domainmodels in a high performance computing HPC parallel executionenvironment.Amongthecurrentcouplingtechnologiesare,theModelCouplingToolkit MCT ,theEarthSystemModelingFramework ESMF ,theFlexibleModelingSystem FMS ,theCommunityClimateSystemModel CCSM , theOASIS coupler or the Bespoke FrameworkGenerator BFG . These and othertechniqueshaverecentlybeenreviewedandcomparedquantitativelybyJagers [ ] orquali‐tativelybyValckeetal. [ ]. Thecouplingtechnologiesdifferinseveralaspects,suchascodeinvasiveness, code‐level generator versus executable‐level coupling, performance, flexibility, re‐searchcommunityheritage, implementationlanguagesandaddressee.Jagers [ ] concludesthatmostcouplingtechnologiesareconvergingtowardscommonconceptsandrecommendsreus‐abilityofcomponentsandco‐operationofdevelopers.Valckeetal. [ ] concludethat intheendscienceneedsbothflexibleandhighperformancecouplingcapabilities .Adifferent approach is takenby theHighlyStructuredModularEarthSubmodelSystem MESSy,Jöckeletal. [ ] todescribe thecouplingofprocesseswithinadomainatveryhighprocessmodularity; this allows for a fine‐grained coupling and efficient data flowbetween processes. InMESSy,which is currently operational in the atmosphericdomain, diverseprocesses such as the


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quasi‐biannualoscillation,waterphysics, radiocarbongenerationoraerosol scavengingare inde‐pendentlydescribedinsubmodels.Allthesesubmodels,however,hadtobewrittenorrewritten,tomeetthespecificinfrastructureenforcedbyMESSy.Similar to MESSy, but emerging from the pelagic ecosystem community is the Framework forAquaticBiogeochemistry FABM,Trolleetal. [ ] .Thisisacommunitybasedmodelframe‐workthatfacilitatestheintegrationoflocalprocessmodelswithinalargerspatialcontextandcou‐pling to other local processmodels by providing interfaces for information sharing. AlsowithinFABM,existingmodelshavetobepartiallyrewrittentomeettheseinterfacestandards.Currently,theFABMlibraryofprocessmodelsincludesadiversityofexchangeabledescriptionsoffoodweb,nutrient,andsuspendedsedimentinteractions.Challengesincoastalandshelfareas,forexample,humanpressureonresourcesandecosystem,callfortheintegrationofphysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocessesbothbetweenandwithindomains,and thus fora coupling strategy thatgoesbeyondpuredomainandprocesscoupling.This is thegoaloftheMOSSCOinfrastructure,whichtakesahybridapproachofdomainandprocesscouplingrelyingonESMFandFABMasmajor butnotexclusive couplingtechnologies.TheModularSystemforShelfandCoasts MOSSCO isasoftwarearchitectureenablingexchangea‐bility of process descriptions in variousmodel levels through standard interfaces. This softwarearchitectureutilizestheEarthSystemModelingFramework ESMF tocouple Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .processesbetweenEarthcompartments,suchasbenthicandpelagiccompartments.Additionally,itapplies the Framework for Aquatic Biogeochemical Models FABM to set up communicationamongdifferentprocesseswithineachcompartment,suchasbiogeochemicalprocesseswithinthepelagicdomain.ThusMOSSCOcouplesdifferentphysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocessesacrossandwithinphysicaldomains.ThepresentworkdemonstratescouplingofanewlydevelopedgenericmodulargeoecologymodelwithMOSSCO.Inthecurrent Dsetup,theGeneralOceanTurbulenceModel GOTM hasbeenap‐pliedtomodel D‐verticalhydrodynamics pelagicdomain representingconditionsattheshallowNorth Sea shelf.Wemakeuse of the FABM framework to describe the local pelagic dynamics ofsuspendedparticulatematter SPM asusedinBurchardetal. .FABMprovidesalibrarythatholdsmodels, each containing state variableswith its local zero‐dimensional rate of change.TheSPMprocessmodelusedheredefinesmassconcentrationofSPMasstatevariableandconsiderslight attenuationdue to shading and sinking of particles only.Non‐local processes of pelagic dy‐


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namicsonanumericalgrid,suchasmixing,advectionandboundaryfluxesofFABM’sstatevaria‐bles, arehandledby thegridded dpelagic ecosystemcomponent.EachFABMmodel can run inmultipleinstances.TheSPMstatevariablesinFABMcomprisebasicpropertiessuchasdensityandequivalentsphericaldiameter.Thesepropertiesarecommunicatedtogetherwiththedata,astand‐ardnameandunitdescriptionasESMFfields.ThesedimentfluxbetweenpelagicandbenthicdomainiscomputedusinganabridgedversionoftheDelft Dbedmodel.Thebedmodel,inthefollowingcallederosed,wasatthepresentstagesim‐plifiednot taking into account sedimentmixing in thebed.The exchange layerbetween the twomentioneddomainsisassumedtobeanearthcomponent,whichiscoupledtotheMOSSCOframe‐workbymeansofESMF.Sincebenthiclifeisnotsimulateddynamicallyyet,thedemandforcouplingofbiogeochemicalpro‐cessesislimited.Thedescriptionofbiologicaleffectsontheentrainmentofbedsediments benthicgeoecologymodel wasintroducedasanewgenericmodularcomponent,called benthoseffect ,totheMOSSCOsystemviaESMF.TheMOSSCOsystemprovidesanintegratedinfrastructuretocom‐municatedataarraysandmetadataacrossdomainsandprocesses refertoFigure .

Figure .Thecoupledsystemconsistingofwaterphysics GOTM ,pelagicecosystem FABMgotm ,bedsedimentflux erosed andbenthicgeoecology benthoseffects .Inthefollowing,technicalissuesregardingthecouplingofanexistingmodel here:erosed andanewmodel here:benthos‐effect toMOSSCOaredemonstrated.Finally,theapplication Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .


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ofthenewlydevelopedbenthicgeoecologymodelwithinMOSSCOformodellingtheeffectofben‐thicfaunaonsedimenttransportina D‐setupispresented.MethodsThepurposeofthissectionisfirsttodescribehowanexistingmodelcanbepreparedtobecoupledwithMOSSCOandsecondtoexplainthestructureofthebenthicgeoecologymodel.InordertostudySPMdynamicsarepresentationoferosionanddepositionisneeded.Forthisrea‐sontheopensourcecodeofDelft Dwastaken,whichwasmadeavailableinanabridgedformbyDeltares.Thissimplifiedversioncomputessedimentfluxesofnon‐cohesivesoilandmudatthebedsurface for different sediment fractions, thus different classes of sediments with different grainsizes.Thebedstratificationmethodsarecurrentlyleftoutandhavebeendisintegratedtobelatercoupled as a separate earth compartment using ESMF. The coupling strategy was to leave theDelft D routinesunchangedby integrating them throughwrappers.For thispurpose thealreadyexiting main routine erosed was modified to a wrapper interface invoking Delft D routines,whichareencapsulatedinFortran objectclassesasshowninFigure .

Figure .Embeddingerosedinaninterfacetotheobjects a andencapsulationofDelft Droutineswithintheobjectstructure b Encapsulationofsubroutinesandtheirargumentsinobjectsallowstomaketheminaccessibleout‐side the interface private to the interface , for example, fromESMF routines. The arguments ofeachsubroutinewereembeddedinadatastructureusingpointersthatareinitializedandfinalizedinseparatemethods.Passingargumentsthroughpointerassignment,runningthesubroutineandpointerassignmentoftheoutputargumentsaredoneseparately,aswell Figure .ThisapproachenablesindependentdevelopmentoforiginalroutinesbyotherscientificcommunitieswithouttheneedtochangetheinterfacestotheMOSSCOsystem.Evenlatermodificationoftheargumentlist


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canbeeasilyimplementedusingthisapproach.Additionally,itisstraightforwardtogeneratesuchinterfaces foralmostanyexistingwellstructuredprocess‐orientedroutines.Tomaintaincompati‐bilitywith ESMF, any interface should be implemented in away to be invoked in three generalsteps:initialize,runandfinalize seeFigure . Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .

Figure .ESMF‐componentanditsroutines a ,andcouplingproceduretoESMF b These three routines are only accessible through an ESMF‐SetService routine within the ESMFcomponent,whichisthelaststageofcouplinganexistingroutinetoESMF.Therestoftheneces‐sarycouplingstepswithESMFaregenericroutines ESMFMainandESMFToplevelcomponentsinFigure whicharegeneratedautomaticallywithinMOSSCO.CouplerstaketheroleofintegrationofsuchESMF‐componentsintoMOSSCO.Theroleofsuchcouplersisthemanagementofthedataflowamongcomponents.Assecondaspectofthissection,thenewlydevelopedbenthoseffectcomponentisexplainedbrieflyinthefollowingandtechnicalissuesarediscussed.Specieslivingonorwithintheseafloorrangefromplantstoanimalsandarecollectivelyreferredtoasbenthos LalliundParsons [ ] .Ben‐thicanimals larger than mmarecalledmacrofauna suchas thebivalveTellina fabula .Marineplantsattachedtotheseabedandmicroalgae benthicmicrophytes areotherexamplesofbenthicorganisms.


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Flow and sediment transport can be affected by the presence of benthic organisms in differentways.Protrusionofbenthicanimalsandmacrophytesintheboundarylayerchangethebedrough‐nessandthusthebedshearstressandconsequentlythesedimenttransport.Theerodibilityofsed‐iment can bemodified by themucus produced by benthic organisms, for example, extracellularpolymeric substances secreted bymicrophytobenthos Paterson [ ] . The erodibility of theupperbedsedimentcanbealteredbybioturbationgeneratedbymacrofauna Deckereetal., [ ] .Inthepresentwork,thebiologicaleffectsofmicrophytobenthosandofbenthicmacrofaunaonsedimenterodibilityandcriticalbedshearstressaretakenintoaccount.Benthicmacrofaunacon‐sistsofabroadrangeofdifferentspecies,e.g.worms,starfishes,bivalvesandsnails.Inthefollow‐ingthebivalveTellinafabulaistakenasanexample,whichhasbeenstudiedbefore e.g.Borsjeetal., [ ] .Itwasseenasarequirementtoimplementthebiologiceffectsinagenericwaysothatthenumberofbiologicaleffectsandspeciescanbearbitrarilyextended.Hence thebenthoseffectwas imple‐mented object‐orientedmanner. An abstract generic object super class has been defined fromwhich other species can be generatedwith all features of the super class, having polymorphismcapability.Thisallowsthemodificationandadditionofbiologicaleffectsofeachnewspecieswhilekeepingthesamegenericmethodsandclassesusedbythesuperclassforinvokingnecessarysub‐routines.Thetwomainclassesgeneratedfromthebenthos‐effectclassaremicrophytobenthosandmacrofauna; latermacrophyteswillbeadded too.Specialmeasureswererequired for the imple‐mentationofmacrofauna,sinceseveralspecieshavingdifferenteffectsonsedimenttransportbe‐longtothisgroupofbenthicorganisms.Infacttheeffectofacommunityofdifferentmarinespeciesonthesedimenttransportisnon‐linear.Asyetthereexistsnotheoreticalapproachtoparameterizetheeffectofmacrofaunacommunities Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .onsedimenttransport;theirstabilizinganddestabilizingeffectsaresimplytreatedasamultiplica‐tionofindividualeffectsoneachabioticparametersuchasroughnessorerodibility.Thisiscarriedoutasapublicinterfaceoverwhichallmacrofaunaclasses includingmethods areinitialized,set,runandfinalized refertoFigure .ThisapproachfacilitatedcouplingthebenthicgeoecologyintotheMOSSCOframeworkwithESMF‐componentsaspreviouslyshown.


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Figure .StructureofthegenericmodularbenthicgeoecologymodelinMOSSCOframeworkResultsandDiscussionsThecoupledsystemisappliedtosimulatebenthoseffectsonSPMdynamicsatastationontheshal‐lowshelfintheNorthSeafarenoughoffshoreinordertoassumelateralcoastalSPMtransportasasecondaryeffectonly.TheSPMdynamicsareexpectedtobecontrolledmainlybyverticalexchangeprocesses,suchasturbulentmixing,erosion,settlementofSPMandsedimentation.Themeanwa‐terdepthwassetataneffectivedepthof m.TidalcurrentsinthisregionaredominatedbytheM andS tide,suchthataspring‐neapcycleisacharacteristicfeature.Currentvelocitiesgenerallydonotexceed cm/s.Thewatercolumnisresolvedby verticallayers,whichpositionvariesinheightwiththetidalsurfaceelevation.Windstress,radiationandheatfluxesattheseasurfacearecalculatedbasedonmeteorologicaldataforthestationHelgoland.GOTM UmlaufandBurchard, [ ] isappliedforthe DVhydrodynamicmodellinghavingak‐epsilonturbulencemodel.Temperaturestratificationandcurrentprofilesaretakenintoaccountinternallybytheturbulencemodel.Thewaterdensityvarieswithtemperatureduetometeorologi‐calforcing.Currentvelocitiesareforcedbyanalyticaltidalpressuregradients.Salinityistakenasconstantinthepresentsetup.ThepelagicecosystemcomponentusestwoinstancesoftheSPMmodelinFABMtorepresenttwofractionsof different sizeof SPM,whichare consistentwith those in theerosed component.Theparameterconfigurationisgivenintable .Theverticalmovementofsedimentsinthewatercol‐umn is calculated based on a constant settling velocity and turbulentmixing obtained from theGOTMroutines.


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Table .ParameterconfigurationofSPMmodelclasses.

Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .Asinglebedlayerofnon‐cohesivesoilwithoutamudfractionwasassumedforthepresentsimula‐tion.AChezyfactorof andareferenceheightof cmabovethebedwerechosen.Criticalbedshear stress is calculatedwithin erosed and the biological effects on erodibility and critical bedshearstressarecomputedwithinthebenthicgeoecologymodelbasedontheassumedintensityofTellinafabulaandbiomassofChlorophyllaatthebedsurface.Inthefollowingthesimulationresultsofthefirstsedimentfractionarepresented.AsitcanbeseenfromFigure theSPMconcentrationinthewatercolumnfollowsthetidalwaterlevelfluctuationsandthusmainlythetidalcurrent,notshownhere .Asexpected,raisingtheintensityofT.fabula, and ind.m‐ resultsinanincreaseofSPMinthewatercolumncomparedtothecasewithout biological effects Abundance = , Chlorophyll = μgg‐ in Figure . In contrast, an in‐creaseofthebiomassofmicrophytobenthos,Chlorophylla, , μgg‐ yieldsinadecreaseofSPMinthewatercolumn.


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Figure .Simulationresultsof D‐set‐upshowingthebiologicaleffectsonthesedimentconcentra‐tioninthewatercolumn.T.fabulaabundancehasbeenmadedimensionless.Thecoexistenceofbothbenthosorganismscounteractstheireffectsonthesedimenttransport,sothatforexampleataT.Fabulaabundanceof ind.m‐ andChlorophyllabiomassof μgg‐ thenetbiologicaleffectdiminishesaccording toPaarlberget al. [ ].This casecouldberepro‐ducedinthecurrentcouplingeffort notshownhere .ConclusionsWehavepresentedanewlydevelopedgenericmodularbenthicgeoecologymodelanditscouplingtotheMOSSCOframeworktoinvestigatethebiologicaleffectsonsedimenttransport.MOSSCOuti‐lizes theESMF, but not exclusively, tomanage information flowbetweenEarth system compart‐ments and FABM to handle the data exchange within compartment level. Its modular approachenablesexchangeablecouplingofdifferentphysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocessesdescriptionswithinandbetweenearthcompartments.Itwasshownhowagenericmodularstructureofanewlydevelopedbenthosgeoecologymodelallowsforastraightforwardcouplingprocedure.AdditionallyitwasshownhowanalreadyexistingmodelcanbecoupledtotheMOSSCOframework.Finally,thesimulationofa Dcoupledsetuphasshownplausible


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Nasermoaddeli,Lemmen,Hofmeister,Koesters,Klingbeil:TheBenthicGeoecologyModelWithintheModularSystemforShelvesandCosts MOSSCO .S. In: thInternationalConferenceonHydroinformatics HIC ,InformaticsandtheEnviron‐ment:DataandModelIntegrationinaHeterogeneousHydroWorld, – August ,Vol. of .NewYork:CurranAssociates ,S. ‐ .resultsofthecoupledbenthicgeoecologymodel. Itshouldbenotedherethatthebiological inputdatawaschosenwithintherangeofobservationsbutisnotbasedonobservationsonaspecificsite.TheintensityofbiologicaleffectsontheSPMconcentrationiscloselyrelatedtosedimentproper‐tiessuchasthemeangraindiameter,whichwillbefurtherinvestigatedinfutureprocessstudies.AcknowledgementsTheMOSSCOprojectwasfundedbytheGermanBMBFaspartoftheCoastalResearchAgendafortheNorthSeaandBalticSea.ThisworkresultsfromjointeffortsoftheMOSSCOpartners grantsF A, F A, F B ;contributionsofDeltaresarethankfullyacknowledged.References[ ] Borsje, BastiaanWijnand; Hulscher, Suzanne Jacqueline Marie Hélène; Herman, Peter MariaJozef; Vries, Mindert Bareld, On the parameterization of biological influences on offshore sandwavedynamics ,OceanDynamics,Vol. ,No. ,pp – [ ]Deckere,E.M.G.Tde;Tolhurst,T.J;Brouwer,J.F.Cde, DestabilizationofCohesiveIntertidalSed‐imentsbyInfauna ,Estuarine,CoastalandShelfScience,Vol. ,No. ,pp – .[ ] De Haas, H., T.C.E.van Weering and H.C.de Stigter, Organic Carbon in shelf seas; sinks orsources,processesandproducts .ContinentalShelfResearch,Vol. ,pp ‐ .[ ]Jagers,H.R.A.,"LinkingData,ModelsandTools:AnOverview",InternationalCongressonEnvi‐ronmentalModellingandSoftwareModellingforEnvironment'sSake,Ottawa,Canada, .[ ] Jöckel,P.,Sander,R.,Kerkweg,A.,Tost,H.,&Lelieveld, J., TechnicalNote:TheModularEarthSubmodelSystem MESSy ‐anewapproachtowardsEarthSystemModeling ,AtmosphericChem‐istryandPhysics,Vol. ,pp – .[ ]Lalli,C.,Parsons,T.R., TimothyRichardBiologicaloceanography.Anintroduction , ndEdition,Oxford .[ ]Lemmen,C.,Hofmeister,R.,Wirtz,K.W.,Nasermoaddeli,M.H.,Klingbeil,K., ModularCouplinginCoastalandShelfScience ,TobesubmittedtoGeoscientificModelDevelopment,


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[ ]Paterson,D.M.andBlack,K.S., Waterflow,sedimentdynamicsandbenthicbiology ,AdvancesinEcologicalResearch,Vol. ,pp. – .[ ]Paarlberg,A.J.,Knaapen,M.A.F.,Vries,M.B.de,Hulscher,S.J.M.H.,Wang,Z.B., Biologicalinfluencesonmorphologyandbedcompositionofanintertidalflat ,Estuarine,CoastalandShelfScience,Vol. ,No. , ,pp – .[ ]Trolle,D.,Hamilton,D.P.,Hipsey,M.R.,Bolding,K.,Bruggeman,J., Acommunitybasedframe‐workforaquaticecosystemmodels ,Hydrobiologia,Vol. ,pp ‐ .[ ]Umlauf,L.,andBurchard,H., Second‐orderturbulenceclosuremodelsforgeophysicalbound‐arylayers.areviewofrecentwork ,Cont.Shelf.Res.,Vol. ,pp ‐ .[ ]Valcke,S.,Balaji,V.,Craig,A.,Deluca,C.,Dunlap,R.,Ford,R.,Jacob,R.,Larson,J.,O'Kuinghttons,R.,Riley,G.,Vertenstein,M., CouplingtechnologiesforEarthSystemModelling ,GeoscMD.,Vol. ,pp ‐ .

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