A u t h o r s : E A n n e O x l e y a , b , c M A R K E S M I T H a , b
A . A l y s s u m V e n t u r e s L t d , U n i t e d K i n g d o m
B . B r a z i l i a n N i c k e l L t d , u n i t e d k i n g d o m
C . S c i e n t i f i c A s s o c i a t e o f t h e N a t u r a l H i s t o r y M u s e u m , L o n d o n , U K
The Best Nickel Laterite Heap Leach
in the World(?)
Alyssum VenturesAlyssum Ventures LTD
Alyssum Ventures
Global Laterite Production State of the Art
Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy
▫ HPAL▫ AL▫ HL
The Perfect HL
Target resource Flow sheets
Conclusions Q&A
CONTENTS
AVL
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
WORLD RESOURCES OF NICKEL
World Resources on Land Primary Nickel Production
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
Current View On Processing Options For Nickel Laterites
GLOBAL LATERITE PRODUCTIONIntro - Global Laterite
ProductionState of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
(after Elias 2001)
Limonite
Transition
Saprolite
Heap Leach
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
CURRENT & PLANNED LATERITE PROCESSES
Laterite Operations 2010 Probable Laterite Operations 2020(source CRU & AVL)
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
STATE OF THE ART
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Pyrometallurgy Reducing availability of acceptable smelting-grade laterites High Capital costs especially for lower Ni grade (<1.5%) deposits
High infrastructure and build costs in many regions with higher grade laterites (eg Koniambo)
Koniambo –New Caledonia (2 x 80 MW DC furnaces)
Alyssum Ventures
STATE OF THE ART
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
HPAL High Capital ExpenditureAmbatovy – last HPAL planned for a while ?
GORO
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
STATE OF THE ART
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Atmospheric Leach ALForecast Lower capital than HPAL – 2/3 HPAL costs acc Wederburn 2009 Nickel Alta
Weda Bay – Investment decision 2013 – capital cost > USD 5 Billion2-3 projects in study stage
AFE’s Dutwa (Company now in liquidation); ENK’s Acoje (now suspended)
Weda Bay 3D model (source www.wedabaynickel.com )
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
STATE OF THE ART
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Heap Leach HLLowest capital costs <1/3 HPAL costs acc Wederburn 2009 Nickel Alta>2,000,000t commercially HL’d at Murrin Murrin> 100,000t demonstrated by various groups incl ENK, CMSA, Vale.At least 5 projects in various stages of study >100ktpa
CMSA Demo Plant
Murrin-Murrin Heaps
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
COMPARISON OF NICKEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Process Technology Typical Capacitytpa of Ni
CapExUS $/pound-Ni
capacity
OpExUS $/pound-Ni
Smelting18,000 to 60,000
23 to 38 2.20 to 4.00
HPAL / AL10,000 to 100,000
25 to 60 2.70 to 11.00*
Heap Leach10,000 to 80,000
10 to 15 2.20 to 3.00
* High Opex from HPALs like Ambatovy & Goro currently operating at much < nameplate capacity
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusionsWHY HEAP LEACH NICKEL LATERITES
Nickel demand has been escalating faster than other metals
Abundant, principally undeveloped but lower-grade nickel laterite sources
Declining availability of high-grade sulfides
Allows processing of entire laterite profile (increased resource util ization)
Heap leaching has been successful on every other mineral attempted
Low Capital Cost, Low Operating Cost, Low Risk
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusionsAlmost All Ni Lats Amenable to HL
Country # Deposits Studied
# Amenable to Heap Leaching
Albania 4 3Brazil 3 3
Colombia 1 1Dominican
republic1 1
Guatemala 2 2Indonesia 6 6
Kazakhstan 1 1Philippines 3 3
Poland 1 1Russia 5 5Turkey 5 5
USA 2 2
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
0 2 4 6 8
PE
RM
EA
BIL
ITY
(cm
/sec
)
HEAP HEIGHT (m)
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
0 2 4 6 8 10
PE
RM
EA
BIL
ITY
(cm
/sec
)
HEAP HEIGHT (m)
A Comparison of Laterite Permeability
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusionsTHE PERFECT HEAP LEACH
>1.0% Nickel >30 million tonnes High Silica content for
good stability good permeability Faster kinetics Lower acid consumption
Target Resource
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
THE PERFECT HEAP LEACH
Climatic conditions Low rainfall No typhoons Warm
Topography Flat terrain Ample Operational Space
E&S non-sensitive environment Positive social impact Stakeholder support
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
THE PERFECT HEAP LEACH
Infrastructure Available choices of water Transport route choices Port choices
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
CONCLUSIONS
Highest Resource Utilisation
Lowest Cost Option
Increased Access to Raw Materials
Lowest Risk Option
Environmental Improvements
Intro - Global Laterite Production
State of the ArtPerfect HLConclusions
Alyssum Ventures
AVL
THANK YOU