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The Biological Bases of The Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Biological Bases of Behavior Biological Bases of Behavior Students will explore the structure and function of the nervous system in human and non-human animals Students will explore the structure and function of the nervous system in human and non-human animals and describe the interaction between biological factors and experience. Students will also describe and and describe the interaction between biological factors and experience. Students will also describe and
discuss methods and issues related to biological advances. discuss methods and issues related to biological advances.
Nervous Tissue: The Basic Nervous Tissue: The Basic HardwareHardware
NEURONSNEURONS receivereceive information information
@ dendrites@ dendrites transmittransmit
informationinformationalong axonalong axon
integrateintegrate informationinformationthrough synapsethrough synapse
GLIAGLIA support neuronssupport neurons
nourishnourish remove waste remove waste
productsproducts provide insulationprovide insulation
account for 50% of account for 50% of brain’s volumebrain’s volume
P.11 Identify the parts of the P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic neuron and describe the basic process of neural transmission process of neural transmission
Neuron DiagramNeuron Diagram
P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic process of neural transmission basic process of neural transmission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk
Neuron PartsNeuron Parts SomaSoma
Cell bodyCell body Contains nucleusContains nucleus
Myelin SheathMyelin Sheath Provides insulationProvides insulation Speeds up Speeds up
transmission of transmission of informationinformation
Terminal ButtonsTerminal Buttons Found at the ends of axonsFound at the ends of axons Secrete neurotransmittersSecrete neurotransmitters
P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic process of neural transmission process of neural transmission
Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmitters and BehaviorBehavior
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine muscle movementmuscle movement contributes to attention, contributes to attention,
arousal and memoryarousal and memory
MonoaminesMonoamines Dopamine, norepinephrine, Dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotoninserotonin control voluntary movementscontrol voluntary movements abnormal levels contribute to abnormal levels contribute to
psychological disorderspsychological disorders
GABAGABA responsible for inhibition in responsible for inhibition in
central nervous systemcentral nervous system regulates anxiety and regulates anxiety and
modulates sleepmodulates sleep
EndorphinsEndorphins contributes to modulation contributes to modulation
of painof pain
P.16 Describe how hormones affect behavior and mental processes. P.16 Describe how hormones affect behavior and mental processes.
The Nervous SystemsThe Nervous Systems
PERIPHERAL
Autonomic Somatic
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Brain
CENTRAL
Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous The Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem
Somatic Nervous Somatic Nervous SystemSystem
responsible for responsible for voluntary movementvoluntary movement
carry information in carry information in skin, muscles, joints to skin, muscles, joints to CNS and from CNS to CNS and from CNS to musclesmuscles
Autonomic Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System
controls automatic, controls automatic, involuntary functionsinvoluntary functions
mediates physiological mediates physiological arousal (emotions)arousal (emotions)
Fight-or- flight Fight-or- flight responseresponse
P.10 Identify the major divisions P.10 Identify the major divisions and subdivisions of the human and subdivisions of the human
nervous system nervous system
Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
SympatheticSympathetic
Fight-or-Flight Fight-or-Flight responseresponse mobilizes body’s mobilizes body’s
resources for resources for emergenciesemergencies
Slows digestion, drains Slows digestion, drains blood from peripheryblood from periphery
releases hormones releases hormones (adrenaline)(adrenaline)
ParasympatheticParasympathetic
Rest and RenewRest and Renew restores bodily restores bodily
resourcesresources slow HR, reduce BPslow HR, reduce BP
allows the body to save allows the body to save and store energyand store energy
P.10 Identify the major divisions P.10 Identify the major divisions and subdivisions of the human and subdivisions of the human
nervous system nervous system
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Brain and spinal cordBrain and spinal cord lies within the skull and spinal columnlies within the skull and spinal column
Protected by cerebrospinal fluidProtected by cerebrospinal fluid
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system. P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord
connects brain to connects brain to bodybody
carries brain’s carries brain’s commands to PNScommands to PNS
relays sensations relays sensations transmits signals transmits signals
from brain to motor from brain to motor neurons (ACh) to neurons (ACh) to move body’s musclesmove body’s muscles
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system. parts of the central nervous system.
PERIPHERAL
The BrainThe Brain
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system. P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
The HindbrainThe Hindbrain
MedullaMedulla attached to spinal attached to spinal
cordcord controls controls vitalvital
unconscious unconscious functionsfunctions circulating blood, circulating blood,
breathingbreathing
PonsPons clusters of cell clusters of cell
bodies controlling bodies controlling sleep and arousalsleep and arousal
bridge of fibers bridge of fibers connecting connecting brainstem to brainstem to cerebellumcerebellum coordination of coordination of
movement and movement and sense of equilibriumsense of equilibrium
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous functions of the various parts of the central nervous
system. system.
The MidbrainThe Midbrain
lies between the lies between the hindbrain and hindbrain and forebrainforebrain
integrates sensory integrates sensory processesprocesses hearing + visionhearing + vision
reticular formationreticular formation contributes to muscle contributes to muscle reflexes, pain reflexes, pain perception, and perception, and sleep/arousalsleep/arousal
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system. P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
The ForebrainThe Forebrain
ThalamusThalamus composed of somascomposed of somas relays all sensory relays all sensory
information except information except smellsmell
HypothalamusHypothalamus controls autonomic controls autonomic
nervous systemnervous system regulates basic biological regulates basic biological
drivesdrives
Limbic systemLimbic system regulates emotion, regulates emotion,
memory and motivationmemory and motivation hippocampushippocampus = memory = memory amygdalaamygdala = aggression = aggression
CerebrumCerebrum responsible for complex responsible for complex
mental activitiesmental activities learning, thinking, learning, thinking,
rememberingrememberingP.12 Differentiate between the structures and P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous functions of the various parts of the central nervous
system. system.
The CerebrumThe Cerebrum
Occipital lobeOccipital lobe back of the headback of the head primary visual cortexprimary visual cortex
receives and processes receives and processes visual informationvisual information
Parietal LobeParietal Lobe forward of occipital lobeforward of occipital lobe primary somatosensory primary somatosensory
cortexcortex registers sense registers sense of touchof touch
Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe below parietal lobebelow parietal lobe primary auditory primary auditory
cortexcortex devoted to devoted to auditory processingauditory processing
Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe largest lobe at frontlargest lobe at front primary motor cortexprimary motor cortex
controls muscle controls muscle movementmovement
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system. P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
Right Brain/Left Brain:Right Brain/Left Brain:Cerebral LateralityCerebral Laterality
Chapter 3Chapter 3
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functionsP.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions
P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in neuroscienceneuroscience. .
Right HemisphereRight Hemisphere
Nonverbal Nonverbal processingprocessing spatial, musical, spatial, musical,
visual recognition visual recognition taskstasks
IntuitiveIntuitive follow “gut feeling”follow “gut feeling”
ThoughtfulThoughtful sense others feelingssense others feelings
ImaginativeImaginative creating imagescreating images
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions
Left HemisphereLeft Hemisphere
Verbal processingVerbal processing language, speech, language, speech,
reading, writingreading, writing LogicalLogical
decisions based on decisions based on factsfacts
AnalyticalAnalytical follow fine detailsfollow fine details
MemoryMemory processing symbolsprocessing symbols
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions
Split Brain ResearchSplit Brain Research
P.21 Identify tools used to study P.21 Identify tools used to study the nervous systemthe nervous system
• Study of patients with severed corpus Study of patients with severed corpus callosum.callosum.
• Transcranial magnetic stimulationTranscranial magnetic stimulation• Involves sending messages to only one side Involves sending messages to only one side
of the brain.of the brain.• Demonstrates right and left brain Demonstrates right and left brain
specializationspecialization
Split Brain ResearchSplit Brain Research
P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in neuroscienceneuroscience
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc
Bisecting the BrainBisecting the Brain
Each hemisphere’s primary Each hemisphere’s primary connections are to the connections are to the opposite side of the bodyopposite side of the body L hemisphere = R handL hemisphere = R hand R hemisphere = L handR hemisphere = L hand
Both eyes and ears deliver Both eyes and ears deliver information to both information to both hemisphereshemispheres Auditory input stronger/ Auditory input stronger/
more immediate for more immediate for opposite hemisphereopposite hemisphere
P.13 Describe lateralization of P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions brain functions
Split Brain SimulationSplit Brain SimulationPartnerships
Jesus Savanna
Jackson Angela
Christian Delaney
Hunter Sarah Williams
Deshun Jasmine
Jibri Alexandria
Ben Searra
Brett Nate Hooper
Sam Autumn
Anthony Sara Stephens
Weston Sarah Holcomb
1.1. Sit next to your Sit next to your partnerpartner
2.2. Outside arms should Outside arms should go behind your back.go behind your back.
3.3. Arms closest to your Arms closest to your partner should cross partner should cross each other.each other.
4.4. Work together to Work together to complete the tasks I complete the tasks I call out.call out.
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.
Can you determine whether the left or Can you determine whether the left or right hemisphere of the brain is right hemisphere of the brain is
dominant?dominant?ProcedureProcedure
1.1. Think about two of your friends or family members.Think about two of your friends or family members.
2.2. Compare them in terms of the areas they seem to be most Compare them in terms of the areas they seem to be most adept atadept at
Ex: mathematics, logical thinking, musical ability, art, speech, etc.Ex: mathematics, logical thinking, musical ability, art, speech, etc.
3.3. Record your observations in a two column chartRecord your observations in a two column chart include 8-10 for each personinclude 8-10 for each person
AnalysisAnalysis
1.1. Based on your observations, which hemisphere seems to Based on your observations, which hemisphere seems to be dominant in each individual? Why?be dominant in each individual? Why?
Ticket out the DoorTicket out the Door
1.1. Name a specialty for the left Name a specialty for the left hemisphere of the brain.hemisphere of the brain.
2.2. What is split brain research?What is split brain research?
3.3. Which hemisphere controls the right Which hemisphere controls the right side of the body?side of the body?
HandednessHandedness
the hand that performs faster or more the hand that performs faster or more precisely on manual tasksprecisely on manual tasks the hand that one prefers to use, the hand that one prefers to use,
regardless of performance regardless of performance handedness is typically opposite from handedness is typically opposite from
the specialized hemisphere the specialized hemisphere majority of left-handers also seem to have majority of left-handers also seem to have
a left-hemispheric brain specializationa left-hemispheric brain specialization
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions. P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.
Problem Solving TasksProblem Solving Tasks
MalesMales rely heavily on left rely heavily on left
brainbrain solve problems solve problems
step by stepstep by step
FemalesFemales greater access to greater access to
right brainright brain focus on more than focus on more than
one problem at a one problem at a timetime
The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
Unit 2Unit 2
Chapter 3Chapter 3
P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system. P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system.
Endocrine System: Another Endocrine System: Another Way to CommunicateWay to Communicate
consists of glands that secrete consists of glands that secrete hormoneshormones into the bloodstream that into the bloodstream that help control bodily functionshelp control bodily functions digestiondigestion blood pressure regulationblood pressure regulation
pulsatilepulsatile- released several times/day - released several times/day in brief bursts or pulses that last only in brief bursts or pulses that last only minutesminutes
P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system. P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system.