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THE BIOSPHERETHE BIOSPHERECh. Ch. 3 3 p.62-83p.62-83
What is What is EcologyEcology?? Study of interactions betweenStudy of interactions between
organismsorganisms and and between between organisms organisms and their environmentand their environment..
Ernst Haeckel – coined term Ecology in 1866
Greek word “oikos” means house
Natures “houses”come in many sizes
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization Ecologist study Ecologist study
organisms ranging organisms ranging from the various levels from the various levels of organization:of organization: SpeciesSpecies PopulationPopulation CommunityCommunity EcosystemEcosystem BiomeBiome BiosphereBiosphere
SpeciesSpecies Group of similar organisms that can breed Group of similar organisms that can breed
and produce fertile offspringand produce fertile offspring
group of organisms, all of the same species, group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area.which interbreed and live in the same area.
PopulationPopulation
CommunityCommunity an assemblage of different populations that an assemblage of different populations that
live togetherlive together
EcosystemEcosystem Collection of organisms that live in a place with Collection of organisms that live in a place with
the nonliving environmentthe nonliving environment
BiomeBiome Group of ecosystems with the same climate Group of ecosystems with the same climate
and dominant commutiesand dominant commuties
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna Temperate woodlandand shrubland
Desert
Temperate grassland
Boreal forest(Taiga)
Northwesternconiferous forest
Temperate forest
Mountains andice caps
Tundra
EcosystemEcosystem
BiosphereBiosphere The part of the earth where life exists including The part of the earth where life exists including
land, water, air, and atmosphereland, water, air, and atmosphere
Three Ecological Methods of Three Ecological Methods of StudyStudy
1.1. ObservingObserving• What species live here?What species live here?
• How many individuals of species are there?How many individuals of species are there? 2.2. Experimenting Experimenting
• Used to test a hypothesis Used to test a hypothesis • Ex - making artificial environments in the labEx - making artificial environments in the lab
3.3. Modeling Modeling • Making models to gain insight into complex Making models to gain insight into complex
phenomena phenomena • Ex. - Global warmingEx. - Global warming
Autotrophs vs. HeterotrophsAutotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
AutotrophsAutotrophs – – make their own make their own foodfood so they are so they are called called PRODUCERSPRODUCERS
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs – – get their food from get their food from another source so another source so they are called they are called CONSUMERSCONSUMERS
Two Main forms of Two Main forms of Energy for AutotrophsEnergy for Autotrophs SunlightSunlight
The main source of The main source of energy for life on energy for life on earthearth
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Chemical Chemical Some organisms Some organisms
such as bacteria, rely such as bacteria, rely on the energy stored on the energy stored in inorganic in inorganic compoundscompounds
ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis
Types of ConsumersTypes of ConsumersHerbivores- only eat plants Carnivores - only eat meat
Omnivores
Eat plants and meat
Detritivores and Decomposers
Feeds on plant and animal remains
How does How does EnergyEnergy flow flow through an Ecosystem?through an Ecosystem?
Energy flows Energy flows through an through an ecosystem in ONE ecosystem in ONE direction,direction, sunsun or or chemicalschemicals
AutotrophsAutotrophs
heterotrophsheterotrophs
Energy Flow in Ecosystems:Energy Flow in Ecosystems:
Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships Food ChainFood Chain – steps of – steps of
organisms transferring organisms transferring energy by eating & energy by eating & being eatenbeing eaten
Food WebFood Web – network – network of all the food chains of all the food chains in an ecosystemin an ecosystem
Food WebFood Web
Ecological Pyramids Ecological Pyramids
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
Trophic LevelTrophic Level – – each stepeach step in a food chain or food in a food chain or food webweb
Pyramid of Numbers -Pyramid of Numbers -relative relative number of individualsnumber of individuals at each trophic level at each trophic level
Pyramid of Biomass - Pyramid of Biomass - amount of amount of potential food availablepotential food available for each trophic level for each trophic level
Pyramid of Energy - Pyramid of Energy - amount of amount of energy available at each trophic levelenergy available at each trophic level
Most of the Most of the energy is energy is used by the used by the organisms organisms for life for life processesprocesses
Some of the Some of the energy is lost energy is lost as heatas heat
Only Only 10% of the energy from10% of the energy from each trophic level each trophic level is passed on to is passed on to the next levelthe next level
How doesHow does MatterMatter move move through an ecosystem?through an ecosystem? Unlike the one way flow of Unlike the one way flow of
energy, matter is energy, matter is recycledrecycled within & between ecosystemswithin & between ecosystems
Nutrients are passed between Nutrients are passed between organisms & the environment organisms & the environment through biogeochemical cyclesthrough biogeochemical cycles
Biogeochemical CyclesBiogeochemical Cycles:: Bio –lifeBio –life Geo – EarthGeo – Earth Chemo – chemicalChemo – chemical
1.1. WATERWATER CYCLE CYCLE
2.2. NUTRIENTNUTRIENT CYCLES: CYCLES:
a)a) CARBONCARBON CYCLECYCLE
b)b) NITROGENNITROGEN CYCLECYCLE
c)c) PHOSPHORUSPHOSPHORUS CYCLECYCLE
Why are nutrients Why are nutrients important ?important ?
95% of your body is made of…95% of your body is made of…1)1) OXYGENOXYGEN
2)2) CARBONCARBON
3)3) HYDROGENHYDROGEN
4)4) NITROGENNITROGEN
Every living organism Every living organism needs nutrients to needs nutrients to build tissues and build tissues and carry out essential carry out essential life functionslife functions. .
Availibility of nutrientsAvailibility of nutrients
If a nutrient is in short If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an supply, it will limit an organisms growth. It is organisms growth. It is called a limiting nutrientcalled a limiting nutrient
When a limiting nutrient When a limiting nutrient is dumped into a lake or is dumped into a lake or pond, an algal bloom pond, an algal bloom occurs and can disrupt occurs and can disrupt the ecosystemthe ecosystem
THE WATER CYCLE THE WATER CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE CARBON CYCLE (see fig.3-13)(see fig.3-13)
4 PROCESSES MOVE CARBON THROUGH ITS CYCLE:
1) Biological
2) Geochemical
3) Mixed biochemical
4) Human Activity
CO2
CO2
NITROGEN CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE (see fig.3-14)(see fig.3-14)
Nitrogen-containing nutrients in the biosphere include:
1) Ammonia (NH3)
2) Nitrate (NO3-)
3) Nitrite (NO2-)
ORGANISMS NEED NITROGEN TO MAKE
AMINO ACIDS FOR BUILDING PROTEINS!!!
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
N03- &
N02-
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE (see fig.3-15)(see fig.3-15)
PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT LIFE-SUSTAINING MOLECULES (ex. DNA & RNA)