The Birthplace of the Jewish People is the Land of Israel There has been a continuous and unbroken...

The Birthplace of the Jewish People The Birthplace of the Jewish People is the Land of Israelis the Land of Israel

There has been a There has been a continuous continuous andand unbrokenunbroken Jewish Jewish presence in the presence in the Land of Israel Land of Israel since the 17since the 17thth century BCE, century BCE, some 3,700 some 3,700 years.years.


A significant part of the A significant part of the nation's long history nation's long history was enacted in the was enacted in the Land of Israel, of Land of Israel, of which the first which the first thousand years are thousand years are recorded in the recorded in the BibleBible..


There, its cultural, religious and There, its cultural, religious and national identity was formed.national identity was formed.

Proclaim liberty in the land to all its Proclaim liberty in the land to all its inhabitants. Leviticus Ch. 25inhabitants. Leviticus Ch. 25


and there, its physical presence has been and there, its physical presence has been maintained unbroken through the maintained unbroken through the centuries, even after the majority was centuries, even after the majority was forced into exile. forced into exile.

““Comfort ye, comfort Comfort ye, comfort ye, my people.”ye, my people.”


During the many years During the many years of dispersion, the of dispersion, the Jewish people never Jewish people never severed nor forgot its severed nor forgot its bond with the Land of bond with the Land of Israel. Israel.


With the establishment With the establishment of the State of Israel of the State of Israel in 1948, Jewish in 1948, Jewish independence, lost independence, lost two thousand years two thousand years earlier, was renewed.earlier, was renewed.

The Birthplace of the Jewish People is the Land of IsraelThe Birthplace of the Jewish People is the Land of Israel

HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTSHISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS

17th-6th centuries17th-6th centuries BCE ~ BCE ~ BIBLICAL TIMES BIBLICAL TIMES

c. 17th century The Patriarchs: Tradition ascribes that Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sara, Rebecca, Rachel and Leah – the patriarchs & matriarchs of the Jewish people and bearers of a belief in one God - settle in the Land of Israel.

c. 13th to 12th centuries: The “B’nei Yisrael” or Israelites settle the Land of Israel.

The Tribes of Israel




c. 1020 BCE: Jewish Monarchy established; Saul, first king .

c. 1000 BCE: Jerusalem made capital of David's kingdom.

Jerusalem as it appeared in King David’s time.




c. 960 BCE: First Temple, the national and spiritual center of the Jewish people, built in Jerusalem by King Solomon.

First Temple reconstruction




c. 930 BCE: Divided kingdom: Judah and Israel. Divided

Kingdom of Israel




c. 586 BCE: Nebuchadnezzer, King of Babylon conquers Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple - the Jews are exiled to Babylon

“By the waters of Babylon, there we sat and wept as we

remembered Zion… If I forget,

thee, O Jerusalem…”

Psalm 137




c. 530s BCE: Jews return to Israel from Babylon and start to build the Second Temple

c. 517 BCE: Second Temple is completed

c. 440s BCE: Ezra & Nehemia arrive in Jerusalem to strengthen the community.

“All the people raised a great

shout extolling the Lord because the foundation of the

House of the Lord had been laid.”

Ezra, 3:11



44thth – 1st centuries – 1st centuries BCEBCE

c. 332 BCE: Alexander the Great of Macedonia takes over the Persian empire including Judea and Samaria.




c. 200 BCE: Antiochus the Third of Syria takes control of Judea

c. 175 BCE: Antiochus the Fourth strongly encourages Hellenisation among his subjects




c. 170-165 BCE: Period of forced Hellenisation leads to Maccabee Rebellion

“Then his son Judah, called Maccabee, rose up in his stead. And all his brethren helped him, and so did all they that held with his father, and they fought with cheerfulness the battle of Israel.”

Maccabees I, 3:1

Hanukah




c. 67-63 BCE: Civil war between two Maccabee brothers. They turn for help to Rome. Rome enters Judea.




c. 40 BCE: Herod appointed king of Judea by the Romans

4 CE: Death of Herod

“Now, when Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the days of Herod the king…”

Matthew, 2:1Jerusalem as it was in Herod’s reign.

Model, Holy Land Hotel, Jerusalem



1st century1st century CECE

6 CE: Judea becomes Roman province. Romans start period of direct rule. Beginning of Zealot revolts




c. 30 CE: Death of Jesus of Nazereth

c. 40 CE: Paul (Saul) of Tarsus begins his mission to the Gentiles




66 CE: Outbreak of Jewish revolt against the Romans

70 CE: FALL OF JERUSALEM

Second Temple as it appeared in the first century CE

Model, Holy Land Hotel, Jerusalem




73 CE: Siege of Massada

The last episode of the revolt, Massada, the

desert fortress built up by Herod, becomes the

scene of the famous mass suicide of the

Zealots as reported by the Jewish historian

Josephus.




130-132 CE: Emperor Hadrian takes steps that will cause Jewish rebellion.

Hadrian, initially quite favored by the Jews, made a number of decisions that caused a spirit of rebellion to surface among the Jews of Judea. Circumcision was outlawed and a decision was taken to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city, despite rumors of promises that he had previously made to allow the rebuilding of the

Temple by the Jews. This treachery, as it was seen, caused intense anger among the Jews.




132-135 CE: Bar Kochba Rebellion

This large bronze coin was minted by the Jews during the rebellion.

The reverse legend says,

"For the Freedom of

Israel."

In the year 132, the revolt breaks out under the Jewish commander Bar Kochba, but is eventually crushed.

Roman estimates put the numbers of Jews killed in the rebellion in the hundreds of thousands .




135 CE: Judea renamed by the Romans

Yehuda YehudimJudea Judeans Jews (English)

Renamed by Romans:

Philistines Palestina

The word Palestine does not appear in the Old or New Testaments. As late as the 4th century C.E. we still find a Christian author,

Epiphanius, referring to “Palestine, that is, Judea.”

With the intention of obliterating the country’s historic Jewish identity, Rome renamed Judea

Palestina, a name derived from the Jews’ ancient rivals, the Philistines.




132-135 CE: Bar Kochba Rebellion

The Romans also leveled Jerusalem and turned it into a pagan city. The Temple Mount was made into a shrine for Jupiter.

Jerusalem is renamed Aelia Capitolina

Hadrian/Sabina Bronze

from Aelia Capitolina

This coin was minted some time after Bar Kochba, in the new Roman city named Aelia Capitolina that Hadrian built on top

of the ruins of Jerusalem. It

features his portrait on the obverse, and his wife Sabina on

the reverse.



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 140 CE: Lower Galilee replaces Yavneh after the disaster of the Bar Kochba revolt as the center of talmudic learning and the Rabbinical court (Sanhedrin) under the leadership of Rabbi Judah Hanasi.

c. 170 CE:

Beth Shearim becomes the new center of learning under Judah HaNasi.



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 140 to 315 CE: Jewish communities continue to exist in the Land of Israel. The Mishna is codified, and the Jerusalem Talmud is produced.

Meanwhile, center of of Torah authority moves to Babylon.

c. 313 CE:Constantine begins to institute anti-Jewish legislation.

c. 324 - 335 CE:

Byzantine rule - the Roman Empire including Jerusalem becomes Christian under Emperor Constantine

The Church of The Holy Sepulchre: First built by order of the Emperor Constantine the Great, immediately following the

Council of Nicaea (325 A.D.).



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 351 CE: ANOTHER JEWISH REVOLT AGAINST THE ROMANS IN ERETZ ISRAEL

This revolt which was started in the large Jewish community of Sepphoris (Tzippori) is known as the war against Gallus, it being directed against Gallus, the Roman emperor of the east, whose harsh policies and corrupt rule brought about the rebellion.



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 360-363 CE: PROMISE TO JEWS TO REBUILD THE TEMPLE

In the year 360 Emperor Julian, the last of the non-Christian emperors, came to power in the Roman empire. He showed great favor to the Jews and promised them permission to rebuild their

Temple. Preparatory work was actually done. Jews started to come in large numbers to Eretz Israel and settled in Jerusalem, collecting

money for the great work at hand. When Julian died in in 363, the project stopped and Christian dominance resumed.

4th century synagogue in Katzrin, Israel.



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 614-630 CE: Persians gain temporary control of Palestine. Jews temporarily return to Jerusalem

For some years, the Persians had been mounting a campaign from the east to take land from the Eastern Roman Empire (the Byzantine Empire).

In 614 they took control of Palestine with the active help of the Jewish population who are rewarded with the chance of returning to Jerusalem and governing it themselves which they proceed to do. But the Persians then turn against the Jews demanding that they give up the rights that

they had enjoyed in Jerusalem.



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 622-28 CE: Mohammed drives the Jewish tribes from Arabia

Mohammed, founder of the new faith of Islam in Arabia, initially hoped that the Jews would recognize him as their prophet and

would accept his new religious ideas. However, as he saw that the Jews, despite some support for him, had not left their own faith, he started to become more aggressive towards them. After he moved the center of his new movement from Mecca to Medina, he took a more active line against the Jews and pushed some of the Jewish

tribes out of the Arabian peninsula.



1st – 7th centuries1st – 7th centuries CECEc. 638 CE: Moslem conquest of Jerusalem. Jews allowed to return.

c. 660-691 CE: Al Aqsa mosque and Dome of the Rock built in Jerusalem

The Moslem conquest of the Holy Land was an event of great significance. Under Moslem rule in Eretz Israel, Jews were allowed

to return to Jerusalem.



7th through 11th centuries7th through 11th centuries CECEc. 638 - 1099 CE: After the Arab/Muslim conquest, Eretz Israel comes under Muslim rule. A number of Jews & Christians convert to Islam. The dominant language changes from Greek & Aramaic to Arabic.

The Dome of the Rock today.



11 th through 13th centuries11 th through 13th centuries CECEc. 1099 – 1291 CE: The Crusader Period

For the next 200 years, the country was dominated by the Crusaders, who, following an appeal by Pope Urban II, came from Europe to recover the Holy Land from the infidels. In July 1099, after a five-week siege, the knights of the First Crusade and their rabble army captured Jerusalem, massacring most of the city's non-Christian inhabitants. Barricaded in their synagogues, the Jews defended their quarter, only to be burnt to death or sold into slavery.



13th through 16th centuries13th through 16th centuries CECEc. 1291 – 1516 CE: Mamluk Rule

The Land under the Mamluks became a backwater province ruled from Cairo. Akko, Jaffa (Yafo) and other ports were destroyed for fear of new crusades, and maritime as well as overland commerce was interrupted. By the end of the Middle Ages, the country's urban centers were virtually in ruins, most of Jerusalem was abandoned and the small Jewish community was poverty-stricken. The period of Mamluk decline was darkened by political and economic upheavals, plagues, locust invasions and devastating earthquakes.



16th through 20th centuries16th through 20th centuries CECE1517-1917 CE: Ottoman Rule

Following the Ottoman conquest in 1517, the Land was divided into four districts and attached administratively to the province of Damascus and ruled from Istanbul. With a gradual decline in the quality of Ottoman rule, the country was brought to a state of widespread neglect. By the end of the 18th century, much of the land was owned by absentee landlords and leased to impoverished tenant farmers, and taxation was as crippling as it was capricious. An estimated 1,000 Jewish families lived in the country, mainly in Jerusalem, Nablus (Shechem), Hebron, Gaza, Safad (Tzfat) and the villages of Galilee.



19th through 20th centuries19th through 20th centuries CECEZionism

The national liberation movement of the Jewish people, derives its name from the word 'Zion', the traditional synonym for Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. The idea of Zionism -- the redemption of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland -- is rooted in the continuous longing for and deep attachment to the Land of Israel, which have been an inherent part of Jewish existence in the Diaspora through the centuries. Theodore Herzl

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