The Blood
A generalized collection ofhandouts and illustrations
to accompany lecture
By Noel Ways
HOMEOSTASIS
HYPOXIA
( - )
Contents:
Page 1 - TitalPage 2 - ContentsPage 3 - Erythrocyte MetabolismPage 4 - HematopoiesisPage 5 - EythropoiesisPage 6 - Erythropoiesis RegulationPage 7 - CO2 TransportPage 8 - Heme MetabolismPage 9 - Iron TransportPage 10 - Lymphocyte IntroductionPage 11 - Hemostasis
Page 2
22
P P
PP
PP
P
P
P PGlu
cose G
luco
se-6
-Pho
spha
te
Fruc
tose
-6-P
hosp
hate
Fruc
tose
-1,6
-Pho
spha
te
3-Ph
osph
ogly
cera
ldeh
yde
Dih
ydro
xyac
eton
ePh
osph
ate
1,3
Dip
hosp
hogl
ycer
ate
3-Ph
osph
ogly
cera
te
2-Ph
osph
ogly
cera
te
Phos
phoe
nol p
yruv
ate
2 2 2 2
ATPAD
P
ATPAD
P
NAD
+
NA
DH
Pyru
vate
2
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATPAD
P
ATPAD
P
NAD
+
NA
DH
Lact
ate
PP
Eryt
hroc
yte
Met
abol
ism
: Gly
coly
sis
Dur
ing
the
ejec
tion
stag
e of
ery
thro
poie
sis,
the
mito
-ch
ondr
ia a
re e
limin
ated
, and
with
them
, the
abi
lity
to d
o ce
llula
r res
pira
tion
(tra
nsiti
on s
tage
, kre
b’s
cycl
e, a
nd
elec
tron
tran
spor
t cha
in).
Ther
efor
e, th
e on
ly m
etab
olic
pat
hway
rem
aini
ng fo
r ATP
pr
oduc
tion
is th
at w
hich
occ
urs
in th
e cy
topl
asm
: gly
co-
lysi
s. A
lthou
gh A
TP p
rodu
ctio
n th
roug
h gl
ycol
ysis
is
mod
est,
the
net g
ain
of tw
o AT
P pe
r one
glu
cose
is
adeq
uate
for t
he re
quire
d m
etab
olic
act
ivity
of t
he
eryt
hroc
yte.
Due
to th
e ab
senc
e of
mito
chon
dria
, oxy
gen
is n
ot
requ
ired
nor c
an it
be
used
. Thi
s is
ben
e�ci
al a
s th
e er
ythr
ocyt
e do
es n
ot u
se it
s ca
rgo:
oxy
gen
and
can
deliv
er th
e go
ods
to th
e ce
lls th
at d
o re
quire
oxy
gen.
In th
is c
ase,
in o
rder
for g
lyco
lysi
s to
pro
ceed
ana
erob
i-ca
lly, N
AD
+ m
ust c
ontin
ue to
be
avai
labl
e to
pic
k up
el
ectr
ons
and
depo
sit t
hem
som
ewhe
re in
ord
er to
kee
p th
is a
naer
obic
pat
hway
goi
ng. T
here
fore
, NA
DH
will
be
oxid
ized
to N
AD
+ by
redu
cing
pyr
uvat
e to
lact
ate.
Eryt
hroc
yte
met
abol
ism
is a
naer
obic
. The
y do
not
use
th
e ox
ygen
that
they
car
ry.
Page
3
HemopoieticStem Cells
MyloidStem Cells
LymphoidStem Cells
Erythrocytes Thrombocytes Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes
Macrophages
B Lymphocytes(Humeral Immunity)
T Lymphocytes(Cellular Immunity)
Gas Transport & Hemostasis Nonspecific Host Immunity
Conferance ofImmunocompotence
in Bone Marrow
Conferance ofImmunocompotence
in Thymus Gland
SpecifcHost
Immunity
Plasma B CellsAntibodies
Memory B Cells
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Regulator T Cells
Memory T Cells
HematopoiesisFlow Chart
Page 4
HemopoieticStem Cells
MyloidStem Cells
Committed Cell - Cell is committed bedi�erentiating into an erythrocyte
LymphoidStem Cells
LymphoidCell Lines
(B and T cells)MyloidCell Lines
(Basophils, eosinophils, etc.)
Hemopoietic (or Hematopoietic)Stem cells are Multipotent
Multipotent Stem Cells give rise toMany cell lines
Oligopotent Stem Cells give rise to aFew Cell lines
Unipotent Stem Cells give rise to onlyOne Cell line.
Multipotent
Oligopotent
Erythrocyte Development
Stage #1 - Ribosome Production (for protein synthesis, ie hemoglobin, enzyme systems, etc.)
Stage #2 - Hemoglobin Synthesis (as well as other proteins) Hemoglobin accumulates in the cell.
Stage #3 - Ejection Stage (Nucleus, mitochondria are ejected)
Mature Erythrocyte - Ejection stage results to collapse of cell, taking on a Biconcave shape. This increases the surface area for gas di�usion.
Loss of Mitochondria results is loss of ability to do cellular respiration.Respiration is therefore anaerobic. RBC will not use it’s cargo (oxygen)
Erythropoiesis
Reference: http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap17/Slide6.JPG
Page 5
ControlCenter
Efferent Pathway: Blood Stream(Erythropoietin ( ) Secreted)
a glycoprotein hormone
Afferent Pathway
(Blood by wayof its oxygen
carrying capacity)
HomeostasisRestored
(O2 Carrying Capacity of blood increases)
Effector(In Adult: sternum, ribs
vertebrae, pelvisand proximal ends ofhumerus and femur)
(Hematopoietic Stem Cellsin Red Bone Marrow
stimulated)
Erythropoiesisrate increase
Effect:(Erythrocyte Count
increases)
StressHYPOXIA
(Reduced O2in blood)
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Time
Set Point Normal PhysiologicalRange for O2 Levels
Physiological Stress due to a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood may be caused by:
• Reduced O2 is atmosphere • Inadequate hemoglobin • Low red blood cell (erythrocyte) count • ETC . . .
( - )
Page 6
CO
2
CO
2
CO
2
Alv
eoli
of L
ungs
Eryt
hroc
yte
Eryt
hroc
yte
10%
D
isso
love
d in
Pla
sma
60%
30%
Atta
ched
to g
obin
as C
arba
min
ohem
oglo
bin
30%
Atta
ched
to g
lobi
nas
Car
bam
inoh
emog
lobi
n
10%
Dis
solo
ved
in P
lasm
a
CO
2 +
H2O
H2C
O3
H2C
O3
H
2O +
CO
2
H+ +
HC
O3-
HC
O3-
Cl-
Chl
orid
eSh
iftH
CO
3-C
l-C
hlor
ide
Shift
HC
O3- +
H+
Inte
rstit
ial T
issu
esge
nera
te C
O2.
whi
chis
tran
spor
ted
in th
e bl
ood
to lu
ngs.
CO
2 in
crea
selo
wer
s the
pH
(blo
od is
aci
difie
d)
CO
2 de
crea
se ra
ises
the
pH
(blo
od b
ecom
es m
ore
alka
line)
From
the
bloo
d, C
O2
diffu
ses i
nto
air s
pace
s of
the
lung
.
CO
2 Tra
nspo
rt in
Blo
od
Inte
rstit
ium
Page 7
Red Blood Celldamaged
HemoglobinReleased
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
FeFe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
FeProtein Globinsbroken down intoamino acids
Amino Acidsreused for protein synthesisin body
HemeBiliverdinBilirubinBilirubin complexedwith albumin entersblood stream
Iron complexed with Transferrinis transferred through the bloodto other organs
The liver is the primary storageorgan of the bodyfor iron
In red bone marrow,iron will be incorporatedinto hemoglobin during hemopoiesis
Liver retrievesthe bilirubinand it is putinto the bile,and temporarilystored in thegall bladder
During digestionbile (with bilirubin)enters digestive tract.Bacterial activity creates“bilirubin derivatives” which color feces.
Some of these derivatives are absorbed intothe blood but willbe eliminated in theurine, giving in thecharacteristic yellow color
Macrophages inspleen and liver etc.injest hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Breakdown
Page 8
FeFeFe Fe
FeFe
Fe
Fe
FeFeFe
Fe
FeFe
Fe
FeFe
Iron does not normally exist in the body unaccompanied by a protein. Within cells Ferritin (and hemosiderin) are the intracellular storage proteins. As Ferritin is limited within intestinal cells, the intestine limits the amount of iron that can be absorbed. Once ferritin within intestinal cells is saturated, additional iron within intestinal lumen will be excreted.
Transport of iron within the blood is accompanied by a protein called Transferrin. Transferrin will carry the iron to organs such as the liver or spleen or to the red bone marrow for incorporation into hemoglobin. Once the transferrin-iron complex reaches its destination, the iron must then be complexed with ferritin at the new cell site.
IRON TRANSPORT
Iron stored in cells is complexed with Ferritin
Transferral of Iron within the blood occurs with a protein called Transferrin
Red BloodCell CountGoes Up. Iron incorporated into erythrocytes
Erythrocyte longevity is 80 - 120 days
Storage of Iron occurs in liver and spleen, complexed with Ferritin
FeFe
Fe
Fe
Excreted
Page 9
Fe Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
LIVER
Spleen
Spleen processes cells and hemoglobin. Iron complexeswith Ferritin.
B
T
T
T
T
Tc
Tc
TcTc
B B
B
Bp
TcTc
Infection
Infection
Introduction to Lymphocytes
Page 10
Factor X Prothrombinase
Prothrombin Thrombin
FibrinogenFibrinogen
Fibrin
Fibrin
Common Pathway leads to polymerization of Fibrinogen into fibrin fibers. These fibrin fibers will be cross-linked to form a secure adhesive mesh that can effectively stop bleeding.
Hemostasis PlateletErythrocyte
EndotheliaCollagen
Interstitium
Platelet Plug - Exposed collagen due to endothe-lia damage allows for platelet adhesion, enlarge-ment, and aggregation. Platelets soon release serotonin and clotting factors.
Platelet-released clotting factors initiate a complex cascade of reactions culminating in Factor X activation and the, therefore, the “common pathway”.
Damaged tissues release “tissue factor,” which bypasses several reactions of the Intrinsic pathway prompting quick activation of the common pathway.
Synergist opera-tion of both path-ways results in both a quick and prolonged response that will efficiently stop blood flow in almost all cases.
IntrinsicPathway
ExtrinsicPathway
Page 11