The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA

                                       

Josip Broz Tito

“Brotherhood and

Unity”

A popular refrain:

“Yugoslavia has7 neighbors6 republics5 nationalities4 official languages3 major religions2 alphabets1 dinar (national currency)

Major Religious Groups

Catholics

Orthodox

Islam

Protestants

Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%

Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%

Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%

Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)

66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim

Patterns of Ethnic Settlement

Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up

Bosnia: 40% ofurban couplesethnically mixed

Which is a more appropriate goal?

To protect state sovereignty? Borders?To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?

Bosnia Bosnia Geographically it’s in the middle

• Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons

It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority

• Muslims (43.7%)• Croats (17.3%) • Serbs (31.4 %)

The population consisted of large ethnic groups

• Linked to Serbia and Croatia• Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their

lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

According to Donnelly why was the genocide not stopped?

IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING

Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units

• ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked

– allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map

• world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

ETHNIC MIX BEFORE THE

WAR

After Dayton Accords

Before the War

BOSNIA

Declares independence, tooBosnian Serbs • declare an independent Serb state and

lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital

• Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia

• 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo• 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

Women and Elderly Fleeing Srebrenica with UN watching

Mass Graves Uncovered Where the Men From Srebrenica Ended Up

Back to original dilemma…

What are the conflicting values?

International Role in Yugoslavia

Neo-isolationist or Internationalist?Cooperative or Military Interventionist?

International Role in YugoslaviaSept 1991

UN arms embargo on Yugoslavia

Oct 1991Sec’y General sends special envoy (Vance) negotiate a short cease-fire

Feb 1992Deploy UNPROFOR (14,000 soldiers)

• to ensure that areas vacated by Serbian army are protected

• assist humanitarian agencies• assist displaced persons in getting home

November 1992

–send UN troops to Macedonia (1st preventive action ever)

February 1993

–establish International Criminal tribunal

June 1993

–increase UNPROFOR size

–authorize use of force (including air strikes)

Feb. 1994

–NATO authorizes air strikes to deter attacks on civilians in Sarajevo

April 1994

–Contact Group forms to draw up peaceful settlement

US, UK, Germany, France, Russia

What guidelines should determine when the U.S. gets involved in the affairs of other countries?

With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR

Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policyFear precedent of break-up

US and West was focused on Persian GulfWEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

http://www.kforonline.com/

Slovenia (West)Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%

Croatia (West)Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%

Macedonia (East)66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim

Serbia and Montenegro (incorporated Vojvodina and Kosovo) (East)

Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%

Bosnia and Hercegovina (Central)

Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)

Ethnic and Religious Make-up