Imperialism: Conquest and rule of a foreign land to benefit home country

The World in The World in 16001600

The World in The World in 16001600Why would Britain emerge as the great Imperial power, more than

the Spanish, French, Holland, Portugal, Germans?

This company could claim there was no Independent India, just doing business. But Indian nationalism will not go away.

Pope’s decrees to keep India under Catholic Spain and Portugal ignored after 1588.

British East British East India Company India Company

AgentsAgents

1-E

Elizabeth I granted license to new company in 1600. Monopoly, no other Brit competition.

Coins of the Coins of the British East India British East India

Co.Co.

1719 coin 1804 coin1719 coin 1804 coin 1719 coin 1804 coin1719 coin 1804 coinAt first BEIC tried to get concessions from Great Moghul Jahangir but he sees no reason, his every wish is law.. So Britain has quiet trade. Involuntary transformation 1757-1818, no plan.

Coffee House in British Coffee House in British India India Moghuls decadent, elaborate luxury, absolute power but could not

keep peace over large area land. Intrigue, disputes, open warfare.

Sepoy Sepoy soldierssoldiers

1-F

Marathas were best hope for India wide government but filled with bandits, plunderers, not popular. Extremes of wealth and power.

Why would joining the Sepoys be an attractive profession for an Indian?

Sir Robert CliveSir Robert Clive

1-G

•Highlights of this key player in the history of the Raj:

•Competition with French and Joseph Dupleix over the Carnatic coast (near Madras)•French and English were at war in Europe, one must leave India!•Seige of Arcot 1751 •Marathas join in•Calcutta another bigger crisis! New Nawab tries to expel growing BEIC.

Black Hole of Calcutta 1756Airless dungeon 146 English men and women imprisoned one nightOnly 20 came out alive The rest died of suffocation, thirst and shock.England enraged at Siraj who was portrayed as the torturer

Battle of Plassey: Battle of Plassey: 17571757

Battle of Plassey: Battle of Plassey: 17571757

1-H

Robert Clive had cleverly signed alliances with rivals of Siraj

At Plassey, a small village near Calcutta 3000 British faced 55,000 of Siraj’s army

Siraj advised to flee and did, bulk of army followed His rival Mir Jaffir kills Suraj.

Jaffir crowned as Nawab of Bengal, got much $

Clive and other BEIC employees got very rich

Why wasWhy wasBritainBritainso so successfusuccessfullin Indiain Indiaby the by the endendof the of the 18c??18c?? 1-I

1. English goods allowed to travel duty-free throughout Bengal while Indian merchants were taxed and restricted.

2. Brits collect enormous bribes by dispensing political favors

3. Viewed as plunder in England, national disgrace

4. Clive takes over Bengal, does many good things. Read Jensen!

Sir Warren Sir Warren HastingsHastings

r. 1772 - 1785r. 1772 - 1785

•Knew India well•Personal integrity•But asked to do two contradictory tasks: a)Provide “good government to Bengal” b) Yet also enrich company and Brit Government!

What were the two crisis’ that Hasting faced?1)American Revolution2)Bombay and Madras uprisings

3)Acquitted but public trial showed rule of law

India in mid-18cIndia in mid-18c

Lord CornwallisLord Cornwallis

r. 1786 - 1793r. 1786 - 1793

•Aristocrat•Surrendered to Washington•Integrity and competence•Civil service was to fight corruption ”steel frame”

Three branches of gov’t:Revenue collectingCommercialJudicial

Supreme court could rule over governor himself!

Independent role!

Soft on Tipu Sultan ruler of Mysore

Richard Wellesley 1798 – 1805

• Defeated and killed Tipu Sultan of Mysore

• Age of expansion begins

• Subsidiary alliances

• “Sacred Trust” of British rule

Lord BentinckLord Bentinck

r. 1828 - 1835r. 1828 - 18351-K

He was Governor General of

British Soldiers in British Soldiers in India, India,

1830s1830s

Outlawing Outlawing SutteeSuttee ((satisati) )

Fighting the Fighting the ThuggeesThuggees

British Opium British Opium Warehouse in Warehouse in

Patna, Patna, India India

Selling Patna Selling Patna Opium in Opium in

ChinaChina

Selling Patna Selling Patna Opium in Opium in

ChinaChina

Lord Dalhousie Lord Dalhousie 1847-18561847-1856

r. 1848 - 1856r. 1848 - 18561-L

GOOD GUY

* far-sighted! Consolidated East India Co.,

* laid the foundations of its later administration

* sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion.

BAD GUYthe destroyer of the East India Company's financial and military position through reckless policies.

He laid the foundations of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Made Raj into a money-losing colonial administration.

India: 18c-early India: 18c-early 19c19c

India: 18c-early India: 18c-early 19c19c

Sir Raghubir Singh, Sir Raghubir Singh, Maharaja of BundiMaharaja of Bundi

Sir Raghubir Singh, Sir Raghubir Singh, Maharaja of BundiMaharaja of Bundi

The Maharaja of The Maharaja of PannahPannah

The Palace of the Nawab of

Moorshedabad, Bengal - 1858

The Palace of the Nawab of

Moorshedabad, Bengal - 1858

The Sepoy The Sepoy Mutiny: 1857Mutiny: 1857

2-A

Areas of the Sepoy Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, Mutiny,

18571857

The Seige of The Seige of LucknowLucknow

Execution of Execution of Sepoys:Sepoys:

“The Devil’s “The Devil’s Wind”Wind”

2-B

1876:1876: Queen Victoria Queen Victoria Becomes Becomes

“Empress of “Empress of India”India”

2-D

Queen Victoria in Queen Victoria in India India

PAX BRITANNICAPAX BRITANNICA

Queen Victoria:Queen Victoria: Receiving the Crown Receiving the Crown

of Indiaof India

Sikhs – Bengal Sikhs – Bengal Cavalry of the Cavalry of the British ArmyBritish Army

2-E

1515thth Ludhiana Ludhiana Sikhs, 1889Sikhs, 1889

Assorted British Assorted British Soldiers, Soldiers, 1890s1890s

Bengal Medical Bengal Medical Service, 1860Service, 1860

A LifeA Lifeofof

Leisure!Leisure!

Br. Viceroy’s Br. Viceroy’s Daughter: Daughter:

Simla, 1863Simla, 1863

Lady Curzon, 1904Lady Curzon, 1904

Living Like a Living Like a MaharajahMaharajah

Darjeeling Railroad, Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s1880s

Simla: Little England Simla: Little England in the in the

mountains of India mountains of India

Karachi, 1896Karachi, 1896

Procession of the Procession of the RajahsRajahs,,

New Delhi, 1902New Delhi, 1902

Victoria Station, Victoria Station, BombayBombay

Chartered Bank of Chartered Bank of Calcutta, Calcutta,

19151915

Theosophical Theosophical Library – Madras, Library – Madras,

19131913

What were the

BENEFITS of British rule in India??

What were the

BENEFITS of British rule in India??

2-F

2-G

What were the major

LIMITATIONS of British rule

in India??

What were the major

LIMITATIONS of British rule

in India??

The Indian National The Indian National CongressCongress

1885 1885 The Indian National The Indian National CongressCongress was founded in Bombay. was founded in Bombay.

swarajswaraj “independence.” “independence.” ** the goal of the movement. the goal of the movement.

Bal Gangadhar TilakBal Gangadhar Tilak

1856 - 19201856 - 1920

Jawaharlal nehruJawaharlal nehru

1889 - 19641889 - 1964

the Muslim Leaguethe Muslim League 1905 1905 partition of Bengal partition of Bengal based onbased on religions and languages. religions and languages.

1906 1906 creation of the Muslim creation of the Muslim League. League.

Mohammed Ali JinnahMohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 19481876 - 1948

Young Mohandas K. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, Gandhi,

18761876

1869 - 19481869 - 1948

Gandhi with the Gandhi with the londonlondon

vegetarian society, vegetarian society, 18901890

Gandhi as a Young Gandhi as a Young Barrister in NatalBarrister in Natal

Gandhi as a Lawyer Gandhi as a Lawyer in in

Johannesburg, So. Johannesburg, So. AfricaAfrica

Gandhi and His Gandhi and His Wife, Kasturba, Wife, Kasturba,

19151915

Amritsar Massacre, Amritsar Massacre, 19191919

379 dead; over 1200 wounded!379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

Salt March, 1930Salt March, 1930

MakingMakingSaltSalt

Gandhi spinning Gandhi spinning clothcloth

Indian weaving was ruined Indian weaving was ruined by the competition of by the competition of British machine-made British machine-made

textiles!textiles!

Gandhi and His Gandhi and His Grandaughters, Grandaughters,

19471947

Last Viceroy of India Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Lord Louis & Lady Edwina MontbattenMontbatten

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Lord Louis & Lady Edwina MontbattenMontbatten

PartitionPartition!!