Date post: | 13-Nov-2014 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | sekolah-menengah-rimba |
View: | 136 times |
Download: | 11 times |
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY STATESSTATES the policy of non-interventionthe policy of non-intervention reasons for the change to a policy of reasons for the change to a policy of interventionintervention case study : British intervention in Perak case study : British intervention in Perak 18741874 the Pangkor Engagementthe Pangkor Engagement
Policy of Non-InterventionPolicy of Non-Intervention EIC was a trading company; only wanted to
make great profits through peaceful trading Did not want to interfere in local politics which might
embroil them in war and unnecessary expenditure EIC busy developing its possessions in India Abolition of trade monopoly in 1834 brought
other European traders into the area; reduced the company’s profits
Policy of InterventionPolicy of Intervention
Increase in demand for tin & other raw materials Need for markets to buy British goods Need for new fields of investment Anarchy in the Malay states Change in British policy of non-intervention Opening of the Suez Canal & increased European
interest in the East Fear of European rivals
Increase in demand for tin & other Increase in demand for tin & other raw materialsraw materials
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Development of the tin-canning industryDevelopment of the tin-canning industry Malay states were very rich in tinMalay states were very rich in tin To ensure supply of tin, Britain need to To ensure supply of tin, Britain need to
extend their control over the Malay statesextend their control over the Malay states
Need for new markets to buy Need for new markets to buy British goodsBritish goods
Industrial Revolution and large-scale Industrial Revolution and large-scale productionproduction
New territories would become new markets New territories would become new markets for British goodsfor British goods
Need for new fields of investmentNeed for new fields of investment
Lost of EIC monopoly of the China tradeLost of EIC monopoly of the China trade Straits merchant lost much there & looked Straits merchant lost much there & looked
elsewhere to invest elsewhere to invest Malay states ideal because of agricultural & Malay states ideal because of agricultural &
mineral wealth potentialmineral wealth potential Wanted British govt intervention in these Wanted British govt intervention in these
states to bring about law & order so that they states to bring about law & order so that they can invest safely in the tin mines & plantationscan invest safely in the tin mines & plantations
Anarchy in the Malay StatesAnarchy in the Malay States
CausesCauses 1.1. Succession disputesSuccession disputes
rival claimants to the thronerival claimants to the throne
2.2. Wars between secret societiesWars between secret societies fighting for control of tin minesfighting for control of tin mines
3.3. Piracy off the coast affected tradePiracy off the coast affected trade Investors in the tin-mining states appealed to Investors in the tin-mining states appealed to
British govt for protectionBritish govt for protection
Change in British Policy of Non-Change in British Policy of Non-interventionintervention
1. Value of British investment in the Malay states
British interest in Malay states needed protection to prosper
Estimated that trade in Malaya about £3 million a year and it was largely British capital that finance this trade
Thus the British government was prepared to consider a new policy
Change in British Policy of Non-Change in British Policy of Non-interventionintervention
2. Change in British attitudeLord Kimberley appointed Secretary of State for
the Colonies in 1870Belonged to a new breed of British politiciansBelieved Britain had a responsibility to spread
the benefits of its rule worldwide1873 : Sir Andrew Clarke appointed as Governor
of the Straits Settlements
Change in British Policy of Non-Change in British Policy of Non-interventionintervention
““whether any steps can be taken to whether any steps can be taken to promote the restoration of peace and promote the restoration of peace and order to secure protection to trade and order to secure protection to trade and commerce”commerce”
““it would be advisable to appoint a British it would be advisable to appoint a British officer to reside in any of the states”officer to reside in any of the states”
Led to the introduction of British ResidentsBritish Residents in Malaya
Change in British Policy of Non-Change in British Policy of Non-interventionintervention
3. Change of government in Britain in 1873
Conservative Party ; Benjamin Disraeli
favoured imperialism to boost British prestige
“Forward Policy” - extend British control over more colonies overseas
Suez Canal & European Interest in Suez Canal & European Interest in the Eastthe East
Suez Canal & European Interest in Suez Canal & European Interest in the Eastthe East
Trade increased between East & West increased with the opening of the Suez Canal
Trade passed through friendly or occupied areas except Malaya; route could be threatened
Britain-Gibraltar-Malta-Aden-India-Burma-Straits of Malacca-Hong Kong-China
Straits of Malacca became more important Strong possibility and growing fear that other European
powers would want to make Malaya their colony
Fear of European rivalsFear of European rivals
Francespreading control in Indo-china
Hollandexpanding into Indonesia
Spainestablished in the Philippines
Fear of European rivalsFear of European rivals
Russia looking for new colonieslooking for new colonies
Germany after reunification in 1871, desperately looking after reunification in 1871, desperately looking
for colonies in the Eastfor colonies in the East RumoursRumours
Germany negotiating bases in P Langkawi and Germany negotiating bases in P Langkawi and northern Malaynorthern Malay
many German business companies in S’poremany German business companies in S’pore
Take a breakTake a breakRelax, lah!Relax, lah!
CASE STUDY :CASE STUDY :British Intervention in Perak 1874British Intervention in Perak 1874
Discovery of tin in Larut The First Larut War 1861 The Second Larut War 1865 The Third Larut War 1872 The Perak Succession Dispute The Fourth Larut War 1873 Raja Abdullah’s Letter to the Governor
Perak, known as the "Silver State", (perak means silver), used to be one of the richest states in Malaysia.
The state capital is IpohIpoh, chiefly an industrial centre which became known as "The City of Millionaires" when many miners made their fortunes in the nearby tin mines around a hundred years ago.
The city has a predominantly Chinese population, and is the third largest urban area in the country.
Perak was one of Malaysia’s wealthiest states until the world-wide recession in the late Eighties took its toll on the state.
The collapse of the world's tin industry (Perak’s main source of revenue) led to tin prices falling sharply and mines had be to closed, forcing Perak to reconsider its future socio-economic strategies.
Since then, the Perak State Government has taken a firm and brave decision to diversify the economy’s base away from basic industries towards more value added, resource linked manufacturing.
TOUR
PERAK in the 1860sPERAK in the 1860s
many internal troubles succession quarrels in the Perak royal
house wars among Chinese tin miners in LarutLarut disruption by piracy
LarutLarut Malaysia's oldest and smallest
hill resort is Maxwell Hill or Bukit Larut, approximately 9 km from Taiping in Perak. It is approximately 1,035 m above sea level and is blessed with a cool temperature and beautiful natural surroundings. Visitors have often remarked upon its striking resemblance to summers in Switzerland.
Discovery of Tin in LarutDiscovery of Tin in Larut
1848 : Long JaafarLong Jaafar discovered rich deposits of tin in Larut
He invited Chinese miners from Penang to work the mines in Larut
Tin mining very successful - Sultan made Long Jaafar the Chief of LarutChief of Larut
Succeeded by his son Ngah IbrahimNgah Ibrahim in 1857
Secret Societies in LarutSecret Societies in Larut
Hai Sun Secret SocietyHai Sun Secret Society mostly Hakkas occupied an area in Taiping
Ghee Hin Secret SocietyGhee Hin Secret Society mostly Cantonese finding the best mines in Taiping occupied, they moved to
Kamunting
Secret Societies in LarutSecret Societies in Larut
Initially contented with their own mining operations, they were soon overcome with greed and jealousy
Fought over mining claims and control of water courses so necessary for tin mining
The First Larut War 1861The First Larut War 1861
First open clash in July 1861 over the control of a water course
The First Larut War ended with Ngah Ibrahim becoming the richest and most powerful chief in Perak
The Second Larut War 1865The Second Larut War 1865
Both sides were unhappy and required a small incident to spark off another clash
this time, it was over a gambling quarrel involved other Chinese and Malay secret societies Both sides forced to come to terms only because they were
exhausted a temporary period of calm followed
The Third Larut War 1872The Third Larut War 1872
The third war was the result of a scandal between the Ghee Hin leader and the wife of a relative of the Hai San leader
It was at this time that Raja Abdullah took the side of the Ghee Hins
Raja Abdullah was a claimant to the throne of Perak and an enemy of Ngah Ibrahim
The war between Chinese miners was now a civil war involving Malay chiefs of Perak
The Perak Succession DisputeThe Perak Succession Dispute
From 1871, there was dispute over who the Sultan should be 3 candidates : Raja Yusof, Raja Ismail & Raja AbdullahRaja Yusof, Raja Ismail & Raja Abdullah Each had his own supporters who would not accept either of the
other candidates When Raja Ismail succeeded in making himself Sultan, Raja
Abdullah refused to accept this Sided with the Ghee Hins as we have seen to gain their support
The Fourth Larut War 1873The Fourth Larut War 1873
Counterattack by Ghee Hin Situation in Perak became chaotic Malay chiefs embroiled in the war were alarmed at the disorder
created by the secret societies Straits merchants complaints to Sir Harry Ord fell on deaf ears;
policy of non-intervention Sir Andrew ClarkeSir Andrew Clarke, new Governor of the Straits Settlements soon
launched a policy of intervention
Raja Abdullah’s Letter to the Raja Abdullah’s Letter to the GovernorGovernor
30 Dec 1873 - Raja Abdullah wrote a letter to Sir Andrew Clarke asking for “a man of sufficient abilities to …… show us a good system of government”
William Pickering THE CHINESE PROTECTOR sent to Larut to persuade the warring Chinese to accept British arbitration
Frank Swettenham LATER RESIDENT OF SELANGOR AND PERAK sent to invite Malay chiefs to a meeting at Pulau Pangkor
THE PANGKOR THE PANGKOR ENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENT
Terms of the Pangkor Engagement
Consequences of the Pangkor Engagement
PANGKORPANGKOR
The Chinese EngagementThe Chinese Engagement
The Chinese leaders agreed to British arbitration, to disarm their warboats and to sign a written agreement
The Chinese Engagement was signed on board the ship Pluto
Terms of the Pangkor EngagementTerms of the Pangkor Engagement
Raja AbdullahRaja Abdullah recognized as Sultan of Perak
Raja IsmailRaja Ismail Title of Sultan Muda; monthly pension of $1,000 and a small
territory assigned to him
Ngah IbrahimNgah Ibrahim Remained Mentri of Larut but not as an independent ruler Asst Resident to advise him on admin of Larut
Terms of the Pangkor EngagementTerms of the Pangkor Engagement
British ResidentBritish Resident Sultan Abdullah was to accept a British Resident who was paid
by the Sultan His advice must be asked and accepted on all matters of
administration Exception : those concerning Malay customs, traditions and
religion The Resident was to be given a place of residence
Terms of the Pangkor EngagementTerms of the Pangkor Engagement
RevenueRevenue Malay chiefs lost the right to collect revenue Resident now in charge of collection and control of all revenues Malay chiefs no longer allowed to collect taxes Would be given pensions instead
Consequences of the Pangkor Consequences of the Pangkor EngagementEngagement
The Chinese Engagement Satisfactory division of the tinfields Leaders of both sides agreed to keep peace Accept decisions of the govt commission set up to settle
disputes between the two parties To the Chinese, this was a satisfactory arrangement Tired of warfare and wanted to settle down to business of
mining tin
Consequences of the Pangkor Consequences of the Pangkor EngagementEngagement
The Malay Chiefs The signing of the Pangkor Engagement was carried out too
quickly for them to realise the full implications of the treaty They did not realize it meant a loss of powerloss of power as Sultan
Abdullah must act on the advice of the Resident Even Abdullah himself was mistaken that he could take advice
only if he wished to Did not fully understand the terms of the treaty; difficulty of
translation
Consequences of the Pangkor Consequences of the Pangkor EngagementEngagement
Article VI (Eng Version)
That the Sultan receive and provide a suitable residence for a British Officer to be called Resident, who shall be accredited to his Court and whose advice must be must be asked and acted uponasked and acted upon on all questions other than those touching Malay Religion and Custom.
Article VI (translated Malay Version)
That the Sultan receive and provide a suitable residential house for one officer….. whose title shall be British Resident. The Sultan of Perak shall have to consult with him on all matters and the working of Perak State except that he cannot interfere with Muslim religious affairs and Malay Custom
Consequences of the Pangkor Consequences of the Pangkor EngagementEngagement
The Malay Chiefs The treaty created two Sultans of Peraktwo Sultans of Perak Ismail refused to accept the title of Sulatan Muda or the
pension
Ngah IbrahimNgah Ibrahim Clarked ignored the fact that Ngah Inbrahim was recognized as the
independent ruler of Larut by Ord. Cpt Speedy was now Asst Resident
Consequences of the Pangkor Consequences of the Pangkor EngagementEngagement
Sir Andrew ClarkeSir Andrew Clarke exceeded his instructions and authority He claimed this was necessary to maintain peace
and protect British interests He was not reprimanded
strong support from new government in England Secretary of State for Colonies Business community of the Straits Settlements
Importance of the Pangkor Importance of the Pangkor EngagementEngagement
The agreement was a historic one which marked the beginning of the Residential SystemResidential System in Malaya The Residential System was one of indirect rule The Sultan remained Head of State, but he must accept the
advice of the British Resident in all matters of administration and government
Extended to the states of Negri Sembilan, Selangor and Pahang
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY STATESSTATES the policy of non-interventionthe policy of non-intervention reasons for the change to a policy of reasons for the change to a policy of
interventionintervention case study : British intervention in Perak case study : British intervention in Perak
18741874 the Pangkor Engagementthe Pangkor Engagement
Teluk Intan Leaning TowerThe pride of Teluk Intan, 84 km from Ipoh, is its spectacular Leaning Tower. Reminiscent of the leaning Tower of Pisa, this pagoda-like structure was built in 1885 by a Chinese contractor, Leong Choon Choong. The dominating 25.5 metre tower was once used for water storage.