The “Carolingian Renaissance”

The royal chapel at Aachen

San Vitale, Ravenna

Carolingian miniscule

Carolingian miniscule

Key events

• Death of Charlemagne, 814• Allocation of Louis the Pious’ empire, 817• Coronation of Lothar, 823• Birth of Charles, 823• Sons versus Louis, then sons versus each other• Death of Louis, 840• Battle of Fontenoy (Louis the German defeats

Lothar), 841• Oaths of Strasbourg, 842• Treaty of Verdun, 843 (not covered by Nithard)

Coronation of Lothar, 823

Louis the Pious imprisoned

Louis the Pious and his son Pepin

Treaty of Verdun, 843