THE CASE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY- GENERAL PROSPECTS, … · 2018. 1. 7. · Malaysian RE/Biomass...

UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012

THE CASE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY-GENERAL PROSPECTS, INCLUDING

BIOENERGY

Feroz Kabir

Associate ProfessorDepartment of Chemical & Environmental Engineering

The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus

FORUM ON NUCLEAR ENERGY AS AN OPTION FOR MALAYSIA

Electricity Generation by Fuel

GW

hUNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012

0

5

10

15

20

CO

2Av

oida

nce

(MM

T/y)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

2010 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

MW

Solar PV Mini-Hydro Biogas Biomass Column1

4459

Renewable Energy Targets

Source: KeTTHA. (2008). National Renewable Energy Policy & Action Plan; B.A. Malek. (2010). Renewable Energy (RE) Policy & Action Plan, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water

0.5%

of t

otal

pea

k el

ec. d

eman

d

11%

14%

6%


Feed-in Tariff (FiT) Rates (for 2012)

Biomass Biogas Solar PV Mini-hydro

16 (years) 16 (years) 21 (years) 21 (years)

0.31 (10MW) 0.32 (4MW) 1.23 (4kW) 0.24 (10MW)

0.29 (10-20MW) 0.30 (10-20MW) 1.20 (4-24kW) 0.23 (10-30MW)

0.27 (20-30MW) 0.28 (20-30MW) 1.18 (24-72 kW)

1.14 (72kW-1MW)

Source: SEDA. (2012).. http://www.seda.gov.my/


Source: B.A. Malek. (2010). Renewable Energy (RE) Policy & Action Plan, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water

Grid Parity


Biomass Feedstock Chart


Malaysian RE/Biomass ScenariosType of Industry

Residue Generated (MMT)

Potential Electricity (MWe)

Oil palm Oil Palm1 40 3,695POME2 63 515

Paddy3 Straw, husk 1.4 152Sugar3 Bagasse 0.4 31Wood3 Sawn timber 1.9* 57Municipal4 MSW 4.6 9

Sub-total 4,459Mini-hydro 500Solar 6,500TOTAL 11,459

Source: 1. data of year 2011, MPOB (2012); 2. data of year 2011, MPOB & Foo-Yuen Ng i(2011-2012); 3 data of 2007, Milbrandt & Overend (2008);

* Expressed in volume (Mm3)


Biomass Conversion Pathways

Ref.: OECD/IEA 2007. www.iea.org/Textbase/techno/essentials.htm


Biomass to power


Feed handling

Combustion / Gasification

Steam Turbine/ Gas Turbine Generator

● Drying● Shredding● Grinding● Palliating

● Fixed bed● Downdraft● Updraft ● Fluidized bed● Bubbling● Circulating ● Pressurized● Co-firing● Modular

● LP Boiler● HP Boiler● LT gas cleaning● HT gas cleaning● IC-Engine

● Generator


Capacity-Technology

Downdraft

Updraft

Bubbling Fluidized Bed

Circulating Fluidized Bed

Pressurized Fluidized Bed

Ref.: Waldheim and Carpentieri, J Eng Gas Turb Power 123,525–536 (2001).

TEC

HN

OLO

GY

0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000

FUEL CAPACITY (MW)


Modular Gasification Technology

Ref.: Comintel Sdn Bhd, 2012



GenSet




A CASE STUDY:

Cost of Electricity Production via Steam Rankine Cycle (10 MW)

Key Assumptions

FEB is available at RM60/MT (dry)

Moisture in EFB (as received): 35%

Negligible sulfur content

On stream days: 350 days

Cost year: 2011

100% Equity Financed

Construction Period: 1 year

Startup Time: 6 months (50% of normal revenue; 75% of normal

variable and 100% of normal fixed cost )


Key Assumptions

Contingency: 30% of Total Installed Cost

Fixed operating cost: 2% of Total Installed Cost

Maintenance cost: 2% of Total Capital Investment

Income Tax rate: 30%

Depreciation Method: Double Declining Balance

Depreciation period : 20 years for Steam/Electricity area;

7 years for other areas

Salvage Value: RM 0

Land Cost is Not Included


EFB Composition, dry basis (%)

Cellulose Hemicellulose* Lignin Ash

38.05 31.29 21.76 8.9

EFB Composition


Biopower via Steam Rankine Cycle (10 MW)


Total Installed Cost (TIC) MRM 51.6

Indirect CostsField Expenses 10.32 20% of TICHome Office & Construction Fee 12.90 25% of TICProject Contingency 15.48 30% of TIC

Total Capital Investment (TCI) MRM 90.30

Other Costs (Startup, Permits, etc.) 4.51 5% of TCI

Total Project Investment MRM 94.81

Operating Cost (fixed, variable) MRM 9.67

Total Project Investment (2011 RM values)


Installed Equipment Cost Breakdown

Boiler/Turbo-Generator (86.8%)

Water Treatment (1.4%)

Cooling Tower (6.3%)Feed handling (5.5%)


Feedstock36%

Makeup water &

Chemicals3%

Salary and benefits

30%

Maintenance19%

Insurance8%

Waste Disposal

4%

Operating Cost Breakdown


Electricity Production Cost (Sen/kWh) : 0.29

Electricity Production (GWh / Year) : 83.9Energy Efficiency (%) : 29.6

Feedstock Cost RM/Dry Metric Ton : 60.0

Internal Rate of Return (After-Tax) : 10%

Equity Percent of Total Investment : 100%

Overall Result


19 24 29 34 39

Waste Disposal Cost, RM/MT (0 : 60 : 120)

Fixed Operating Cost, MRM (1% : 2%TCI : 3%)

Biomass Cost, RM/dry MT (0 : 60 : 120)

Istalled Equioment Cost, MRM (8.2 : 16.3 : 24.5)

Energy Efficiency, % (20 : 29.6 : 40)

Electricity Production Costs (Sen/kWh)

Impact of Parameters on Electricity Cost


2927

24

13

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 25 50 75 100

Prod

uctio

n C

ost (

Sen/

kWh)

Plant Capacity (MW)

Economics of Scale (Steam Rankine Cycle, SRC)


Comparison of Production Cost with FiT


FiT 31

29

27

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40

Prod

uctio

n C

ost/F

iT(S

en/k

Wh)

Plant Capacity (MW)

Conclusions


● Renewable energy has bright future for Malaysia

● Government’s recognition and initiatives are positive

● RE is new to us but vital for our energy security, environment,

and sustainable development

● Opportunities to create local employment, and economic growth

● We are on the learning curve

● Demo projects are essential

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