Ecomaterial Design and Process EngineeringGraduate School of Environmental StudiesTohoku University, Sendai, JapanYOKOYAMA Kazuyo NAGASAKA Tetsuya
17, January, 2007 Environmental & Energy International Conference , Taipei,
Taiwan
The Case Study of National-scale Material Flow Assessment-the Japan Experience
2
Resources
7.1
Domestic
Resources
11.2
Import Products
0.7
Natural Resources 18.4
Total Material Input 21.3
Net Addition to Stock
11.5
Energy Consumption 4.2
Exports 1.0Volatilization
& diffusion
0.9
Amount of cycle use 2.3
Municipal Waste 0.5
Industrial Waste 2.4
Food Consumption 1.3
Total Waste Generation
5.2
(Units :×10 t)
Final
Disposal
28.3
11.0
Imports
Hidden Flow
Natural Resources
Material flow of Japan(2000year basis )
Contemporary society is based on much resource input.
8
Population = 127 Million
The total land area isapproximately 380,000 km2.
The islands stretch nearly3,000 km from north to south.
3
Sendai仙台
Transfer Resource & products
Domestic resources
Net Addition to Stock
Energy consumption
Input of Natural resources
Total Material Input
Waste from other prefectures
Food Consumption
Transfer
Final disposal
Total WasteGeneration
Amount of cycle use
Reduction of volume
Unit: 10 thousand ton
Natural reduction
Material flow of Miyagi Prefecture(2003 FY basis)
4
• For sound social metabolism, or efficient and sustainable management of resources…
• We need more and more detail information about following questions.
• Where and how much the valuable materials exist in our society?
• When and how we can / should recover the materials from the durable commodities as secondary resources?
• How we should manage valuable materials in our society?
5
Contents• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in JapanMaterial flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA FrameworkApplication of MSA and Scenario Analysis
6
NIMSBase Metal Flow Analysis Group.
Nagoya Univ.Kobe yamate Univ.
Substance Flow Analysis Group
Tohoku Univ,Headquarter group
Waseda Univ.Modeling and
Methodology Group.
Substance/material flows as sustainability indexesas a Contract Research Program “The Study on Sustainable Society”funded by RISTEX-JST (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society -Japan Science and Technology Agency). : 2003~2006
7
Substance/material flows as sustainability indexesRISTEX-JST : 2003~2006
Symposium on Advanced Material Flow Analysis for the Sustainable SocietySeptember 25 – 26, 2006
Tohoku University, Sendai, JapanSponsored by
RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency)
8
(Include return scrap and industrial scrap)
Data;JATIS
Iron and steel cycle in Japan
Data: The Japan ferrous raw materials associationIron and steel cycle in Japan(2003fy)(unit: 1000t)
Crude steel production:111Mt
Pig iron consumption:82Mt
Scrap consumption:39Mt
Steel sheet and strip steelSteel sheet and strip steel, which have higquality and high performance, are mainlymade of pig iron in converter furnace.converter furnace.
(→ Motor vehicle, can,…
Section steelSection steel and bar steelbar steel, which arerecycled steel, are mainly made of scrap in electric arc furnaceelectric arc furnace.
(→ construction, civil engineeri
9
Demand of rare metals in Japan
Demand of rare metal for steel making(2003)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Ni Cr Mn Co W Mo V Nb Sb Ti
Dem
and o
f m
eta
l fo
r st
eel m
akin
g,
(1000t)
primary materialrecycled material
Ni ; heat resistance, oxidation resistance
Cr ; high-strength, abrasion resistance
Mn ; high-tensile strength, abrasion resistance
Mo ;high-toughness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance
Rare metals (Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo, …etc.) are used for steel making process in order to…
10
Demand of rare metals in Japan (import)
http://www.jogmec.go.jp/j_resourse/index.html
China
W
Ferro Cr
South Africa
Pt
Ferro V
Indonesia
Australia Chile
Ni-ore
Mo-oreCu-ore
Pb-oreZn-ore
Japan has few domestic natural resources, Japan depends on importsfor almost all of the non-ferrous metals and minerals.
11
Demand of rare metals in the world
(a)Ni, Consumption(World) : 1,253 ×103 Ni-t (2004)
others: 46%China: 12%
America: 11%
Korea: 8%Germany: 8%
Japan: 15%
others: 44%China: 13%
Kazakhstan: 12%
SouthAfrica: 14%
Germany: 6%Japan: 11%
others: 28%China: 35%
Ukraine: 14%India: 8%
Japan: 6%
SouthAfrica: 9%
others: 18%
China: 13%
America: 21%
EU: 33%
Japan: 15%
(b)Cr, Consumption(World) : 4,695 ×103 Cr-t (2003)
(c)Mo, Consumption(World) : 175 ×103 Mo-t (2004)
(d)Mn, Consumption(World) : 19,630 ×103 t (2001)
Large amount of rare metals are consumed in Japan. On the other hand, it is expected to increase consumptionsof rare metals in other Asian countries (China, Korea…) with industrial development.
12
National stockpiling program in Japan
Stockpiling program of non-ferrous materials in Japan
Since 1983, JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation ) has managed the national stockpiling of rare metals to prevent any short-term supply shortage.At present, JOGMEC stockpiles 7 materials : nickel, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, and vanadium.
NickelNickel
ChromiumChromium
TungstenTungsten
CobaltCobalt
MolybdenumMolybdenum
ManganeseManganese
VanadiumVanadium
A management of these metals is important from the viewpoint of thematerial-cycle and the strategic resource utilization…
13
Material flow data in Japan
181716151413121110987654321
Md
Tm
Bi
Sb
As
P
N
LrNoFmEsCfBkCmAmPuNpUPaThAcactinoid
LuYbErHoDyTbGdEuSmPmNdPrCeLalanthanoid
actinoidRaFr
RnAtPoPbTlHgAuPtIrOsReWTaHflanthanoidBaCs
XeITeSnInCdAgPdRhRuTcMoNbZrYSrRb
KrBrSeGeGaZnCuNiCoFeMnCrVTiScCaK
ArClSSiAlMgNa
NeFOCBBeLi
HeH181716151413121110987654321
Md
Tm
Bi
Sb
As
P
N
LrNoFmEsCfBkCmAmPuNpUPaThAcactinoid
LuYbErHoDyTbGdEuSmPmNdPrCeLalanthanoid
actinoidRaFr
RnAtPoPbTlHgAuPtIrOsReWTaHflanthanoidBaCs
XeITeSnInCdAgPdRhRuTcMoNbZrYSrRb
KrBrSeGeGaZnCuNiCoFeMnCrVTiScCaK
ArClSSiAlMgNa
NeFOCBBeLi
HeH JOGMEC2)
NIMS et al.3)
Target elements (JOGMEC: 44, NIMS et al: 22)
M.SHIMADA, K.IJIMA, Y.SAWATANI, K.NAKAJIMA, T.NAGASAKA, T.TSUKIHASHI, Y.MORIGUCHI, and K.HALADA: “New Trend of Material Flow in the Era of Globalization”, Advance in Ecomaterials, pp.620-633, (2005)
3) NIMS, Tohoku Univ., University of Tokyo, and NIES2) JOGMEC
JOGMEC: “Koubutsu Shigen Material Flow 2004 (in Japanese)”, (2005)
METI: “Yearbook of iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, and fabricated metals statistics”, (2005)
1) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Material flow data
Supply and demand data
14
Contents• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in JapanMaterial flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA FrameworkApplication of MSA and Scenario Analysis
15
Production: 2,468
Roasted molybdenumore
(Import: 21,300)
MolybdateMetalic
molybdenum
Ferro-molybdenum
Production: 3,323Import: 5,066
BricketMolybdenum
(Production: 660)*
Inorganicchemicals
Wire, Plate, Bar,Powder, Sheet
(Production: 660)*
Iron and steelproducts
(Production: 23,800)*
Catalysits
Moter Vehicle,Industrial equipment,
etc.
Electricapparatus
Petroleumrefining,
Petrochemicals
Pigments,Antirust additives
Raw materials
Intermediatematerials
Final products
Final demand
End of lifecatalysits
(recycle: 886)
Scrap(recycle: 2,900)*
End of lifeproducts
(*: 2003fy data), Unit: Mo-t
Molybdenum flow in Japan(FY2004) Data: http://www.jogmec.go.jp
Demand of molybdenum was 27.0×103Mo-t in 2004fy. About 94% of molybdenum demand was used for steel materials, and another was used for a catalyst, an electronic industry material, and an inorganic medicine, etc. Thus, the 94% of molybdenum flow associated with iron and steel flow was uncertain.
16
Molybdenum flow in Japan(FY2004) Data: http://www.jogmec.go.jp
Production: 2,468
Roasted molybdenumore
(Import: 21,300)
MolybdateMetalic
molybdenum
Ferro-molybdenum
Production: 3,323Import: 5,066
BricketMolybdenum
(Production: 660)*
Inorganicchemicals
Wire, Plate, Bar,Powder, Sheet
(Production: 660)*
Iron and steelproducts
(Production: 23,800)*
Catalysits
Moter Vehicle,Industrial equipment,
etc.
Electricapparatus
Petroleumrefining,
Petrochemicals
Pigments,Antirust additives
Raw materials
Intermediatematerials
Final products
Final demand
End of lifecatalysits
(recycle: 886)
Scrap(recycle: 2,900)*
End of lifeproducts
(*: 2003fy data), Unit: Mo-t
Mo flow assosiated withiron and steel flow
17
(d) DemandProduction=α
Demand of special steel materials, and Mo-content in steel materials
(a)Production amountof crude steel
(special steel: SS)
(b) Demand of steelmaterials(SS) by finalcommodity production
(c) Mo-contentin steel materials
(e)Demand of Moby final commodity
production(originated from SS)
(h)Amount of Mo incrude steel (SS)
(g) Mo-contentin final commodity
(originated from SS)
(f) Yield ratio
Flow chart and data source for estimation
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Construction
Industrialmachinery
Generalmachinery
Household and office apparatus
Ship
Moter vehicle
Rolling stock
Other transportequipment
Container
Others
Demand of steel, m/kt
Carbon tool steel Alloy tool steel
Carbon steel for stractual uses Alloy steel for structual uses
Free cuttingsteel
Spring steel
Bearing steel Stainless steel
Heat resisting steel Piano wire rods
High tensile strength steel Others
(b) Dem and of special steel m aterials by final com m odity production (2 0 0 4fy)
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Construction
Industrialmachinery
Generalmachinery
Household and office apparatus
Ship
Moter vehicle
Rolling stock
Other transportequipment
Container
Others
Demand of steel, m/kt
Carbon tool steel Alloy tool steel
Carbon steel for stractual uses Alloy steel for structual uses
Free cuttingsteel
Spring steel
Bearing steel Stainless steel
Heat resisting steel Piano wire rods
High tensile strength steel Others
(b) Dem and of special steel m aterials by final com m odity production (2 0 0 4fy)
(c)Mo-content in steel materials
Mo-content(%) Mo-content(%)Carbon tool steel 0 Bearing steel 0.05Alloy tool steel 1.5 Stainless steel 0.2Carbon steel forstractual uses
0.02Heat resistingsteel
0.5
Alloy steel forstructual uses
0.08 Piano wire rods 0
Free cuttingsteel 0High tensilestrength steel
0.01
Spring steel 0.03 Others 0.01
18
(d) DemandProduction=α
Demand of Mo by final commodity production (Estimated result)
(a)Production amountof crude steel
(special steel: SS)
(b) Demand of steelmaterials(SS) by finalcommodity production
(c) Mo-contentin steel materials
(e)Demand of Moby final commodity
production(originated from SS)
(h)Amount of Mo incrude steel (SS)
(g) Mo-contentin final commodity
(originated from SS)
(f) Yield ratio
Flow chart and data source for estimation
(e) Dem and of M o by final com m odity production (originated from special steel) (2 00 4fy)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
Construction
Industrialmachinery
Generalmachinery
Household and office apparatus
Ship
Moter vehicle
Rolling stock
Other transportequipment
Container
Others
Demand of molybdenium with steel, m/Mo-t
Carbon tool steel Alloy tool steel
Carbon steel for stractual uses Alloy steel for structual uses
Free cuttingsteel
Spring steel
Bearing steel Stainless steel
Heat resisting steel Piano wire rods
High tensile strength steel Others
19
Crude steel (special steel): 23,820 kt(18,500 Mo-t)
Hot-rolled steel materials: 20,000 kt(15,500 Mo-t)
Steel materials: 18,420 kt(14,310 Mo-t)
Domestic: 12,360 kt(9,600 Mo-t)
Steel in f inal products: 10 ,930 kt (8 ,490 Mo-t)
hot-rolling
Scrap: 3,820 kt(2,950 Mo-t)
Inventory: 1,580 kt(1,240 Mo-t)
Production amountof crude steel
Scrap: 1,430 kt(1,110 Mo-t)
Production
Export: 4 ,370 kt(3 ,400 Mo-t)
Production amountof hot-rolled steel
Demandof steel materials
Domestic : 6 ,560 kt(5 ,090 Mo-t)
Demand of steelin final products
Export: 6 ,060 kt(4 ,710 Mo-t)
Demand of steel materials(SS) in final commodity is 18.4×106t (domestic: 12.4×106t), and that contains 14.3×103 Mo-t (domestic: 9.6×103Mo-t) of molybdenum.
Crude steel for special steel (23.8×106t) contains 18.5×103Mo-t of molybdenum
Demand of Mo associated with iron and steel cycle(2004fy)
20
Molybdenum parts used in motor vehicle
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Weight of parts (g / Moter vehicle)
Mo
-conte
nt
in p
arts
(%
)
Engine valve
it seems that a dismantling process to remove automobile parts contains molybdenum is needed in order to promote molybdenum recycling. One of the specific pars is engine valve in automobile whose Mo-content is 0.7%.
21
Contents• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in JapanMaterial flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA FrameworkApplication of MSA and Scenario Analysis
22
Present status of the world phosphorus resources
・Main use: raw materials for fertilizer
・It completely depends on import.
Ministry of finance Japan “Trade Statistics”
Fig. The amount of phosphate rock imported.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1993 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Other countryJordanChinaSouth AfricaMoroccoU.S.A
Phos
phat
e ro
ck k
t/yea
r
yearFig. Phosphate rock production ratein the world. (2002)
24%
17%
16%
13%
5%
5%
4%
3%2% 11% United State
MoroccoChinaRussiaJordanTunisiaBrazilIsraelSouth Africaother countries
Total: 44,100 kt
24%
17%
16%
5%
13%
23
Fig Material flow of phosphorus in Japan, 1993
Fertilizer350
Stock-breeding
10Crop130
Industrialmaterial
40
Marine product
170
Farm610
Human90
detergent40
Livestock260
Soil Accumulation530
Water system
90
Disposal50
Food Export10
Sewage6
Domestic Activity
1000
Import700
Unit:1000t- P/year
H. Mishina “Saisei to Riyou” Vol. 26 No. 98 2003/1
Domestic material flow of phosphorus( Conventional type)
Diffusion
24
Dephosphorization of steel with slag
coal ore lime
raw materials
coke sinter
blast furnace
torpedo car
hot metal
scrap
BOF
steelmaking
continuourcasting
RH
De-P
Phosphorus is a natural enemy for steel, because it enhances cold brittleness of steel product.
Iron- and steelmaking process
One of the most important roles of steelmaking slag is dephosphorization of molten steel.
The slag after the dephosphorization contains approximately 2 to 10 mass% of P2O5 together with FetO, CaO and SiO2.
25
Iron ore
Lime stone
Coals cokes
Cokes
furnace
Sinteringfacilities
Blastfurnace
EFBlast furnaceslag
Hot metal pre-treatment slag
Torpedo Car
LD slag
LD
EFslag
Secondary refining
Steelmaking process outline
Steelmaking slag
LD slag Pre treatment slag EF slag
Not pre deP After pre de P de Pde S/ de Si3329 kt
956 kt 1553 kt4431kt1899 kt
12168 kt
The amount of slag generation based on slag emission intensity
LD slag Pre treatment slag EF slag
Not pre de P After pre de P de Pde S/ de Si2.9 kt
2.7 kt 33.9kt29.0kt24.9kt
The amount of P emission with slag emissionTotal : 93.4 kt
3.0% 5.0%1.5% 0.2% 0.2%
26
Products/ by-products
Waste
Nature
River/Coast area
River/Coast area
Soil accumulation
Slag
Steel
110.6
155.9
141.3
110.6
155.9
141.3
Phosphaterock
Chemical substance
Fertilizer
22.2
Domestic products
155.2
395.2
Fertilizer
173.4Trade/Fishery
24.5
224.9
Chemical industry
88.2Other industry
112.8Other mineral resources
4.7
92.39Steelmaking industry
129.2145.2Livestock
42.0 17.5
111.8Food & Feed
356.1
Farm/RanchFarm/Ranch
54.5
13.8Human
17.4Sludge
42.8
miscellaneous drainage
トータルフロー
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan: Part 1
27
Fertilizer
Fig. 6 Domestic material flow of phosphorus. No.2
110.6
Livestock
Sludge
Chemical industry Fertilizer
Phosphorusore
Soil accumulation
Farm/Ranch
Food & FeedHuman
Other industry Products/
by-products
Steelmaking industry
Other mineral resources
Steel Slag
Sludge
Livestock
miscellaneous drainage
Waste
River/Coast area
Concentration
Amount of Phosphorus
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan: Part 2
28
Substance/material flows as sustainability indexesRISTEX-JST : 2003~2006
• Our main outcomes are – to quantitatively investigate flows of base materials,
such as Fe, Al, Cu and associated substances, such as Mo, In, P by using the methods of material flow analysis (MFA), substance flow analysis (SFA), and waste input-output analysis,
– to develop WIO-MFA model as a mathematical model that enables integrative assessment and analysis of these data from temporal and spatial axes.
29
Contents• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in JapanMaterial flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
30
Resources
7 .1
Dom estic
Resources
1 1 .2
Im port Products
0 .7
Natural Resources 1 8 .4
Total M aterial Input 2 1.3
Net A ddition to Stock
11 .5
Energy Consum ption 4.2
Exports 1 .0Volatilization
& diffusion
0.9
A m ount of cycle use 2 .3
M unicipal W aste 0.5
Industrial W aste 2.4
Food Consum ption 1 .3
Total W aste Generation
5.2
(Units :× 10 t)
Final
Disposal
Resources
7 .1
Dom estic
Resources
1 1 .2
Im port Products
0 .7
Natural Resources 1 8 .4
Total M aterial Input 2 1.3
Net A ddition to Stock
11 .5
Energy Consum ption 4.2
Exports 1 .0Volatilization
& diffusion
0.9
A m ount of cycle use 2 .3
M unicipal W aste 0.5
Industrial W aste 2.4
Food Consum ption 1 .3
Total W aste Generation
5.2
(Units :× 10 t)
Final
Disposal
2 8 .3
11.0
Im ports
Hidden Flow
Natural Resources
2 8 .3
11.0
Im ports
Hidden Flow
Natural Resources
M aterial flow of Japan(200 0 year basis )
8
Most materials which have been exploited in the past centuries are still “hibernating” somewhere in the anthroposphere.
Brunner (1999,2004)
Development of Material Stock Account Frameworkand Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management
1. Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
2. Application of MSA and Scenario Analysis
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for Waste treatment:2006~2008
Base Metal
Material Stock Accounting
(MSA)
Construction building and civil engineering
structure
Rare metal
Accounting framework and methodology Hibernating stock
Landfilled wasteCarbon stock(biomass, plastics)
32
Seiji Hashimoto National Institute for Environmental StudiesTomohiro Tasaki National Institute for Environmental StudiesShinsuke Murakami National Institute for Environmental StudiesOsamu Umezawa Yokohama National UniversityHiroki Tanikawa Wakayama UniversityIchiro Daigo The University of TokyoKen-ichi Nakajima Tohoku UniversityKazuyo Yokoyama Tohoku UniversityMasaaki Fuse National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and technologyEiji Yamasue Kyoto University
Development of Material Stock Account Frameworkand Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management
Base Metal
Material Stock Accounting
(MSA)
Construction building and civil engineering
structure
Rare metal
Accounting framework and methodology Hibernating stock
Landfilled wasteCarbon stock(biomass, plastics)
33
What is “material stock”?
UnusedinfrastructuresUnused/left
products
Dissipated/leftwastes
Unknown export ofused products
Landfilled wastes
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taipei 101
34
What is “material stock”?
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taipei 101
Potential wastesPotential Resources
35
What is “material stock”?
UnusedinfrastructuresUnused/left
products
Dissipated/leftwastes
Unknown export ofused products
Landfilled wastes
Collectability?Value?Market?
36
Objective of “Material Stock Accounting”
• Accurate estimation of materials that come out of hibernation for– Appropriate management of discarded wastes from stocks– Improvement of resource productivity through recovery of
secondary resources from stocks
UnusedinfrastructuresUnused/left
products
Dissipated/leftwastes
Unknown export ofused products
Landfilled wastes
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taipei 101
Framework of Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounts
Source: Some modifications of Eurostat (2001)
Economy
Domestic Environment
Imports
DomesticExtractions
Unused Domestic Extractions(Domestic Hidden Flows)
Indirect FlowsAssociated to Imports(Foreign Hidden Flows)
Net Additionsto Stock
Exports
Emissions toNature
Exhaust GasesWaste LiquidsSolid Waste
Dissipative flows
Indirect FlowsAssociated to Exports
Definition and Categories of Stocked Materials
TimeSpace
Stocked materials are defined by
system boundary
Some vagueness remains in the Economy-Wide MFA. But it is difficult to define the clear boundary between the economy and the environment.
Categorization of stocked materials by condition of usage is useful. This will make a framework of MSA consistent with the framework of Economy-Wide MFA.
In the environmentOn boundary between the economy and the
environmentWithin the economy
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Definition and Categories of Stocked Materials
TimeSpace
Stocked materials are defined by
system boundary
Considering the objectives of Material Stock Accounts, what have short life spans are not stocked materials that we are concerned with.
Categorization of stocked materials by condition of usage is useful.
> 1 yr life span< 1 yr life span
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Categories of Stocked Materials
Infrastructure,building foundations,
etc.
Buildings, machineries,
cars, etc.
Inventories,foods at home,
etc.
> 1 yr life spanDissipated/
left waste
< 1 yr life span
In use Unused/Dead DissipatedUnused/
LeftIn use
In the environment
On boundary between the economy and the environment
Within the economy
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Categorization by condition of usage (tentative)
Hibernating
Categories of Stocked Materials
In the environment
On boundary between the economy and the environment
Within the economy
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Categorization by condition of usage (tentative)
Not possibly used as secondary resources
TechnologicallyInstitutionallyEconomically
Used as secondary resources
Not possibly collected as wasteCollected as waste
Categorization by possibility of reutilization
How much waste will be generated from stock?
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Input
Wooden
Reinforced concreteSteel reinforced concrete
Steel
Landslide control / flood control
Agriculture / forestry / fishery
Road
Harbors / airportsSewerage / park
Land development
Others
Buildings
Infrastructure
WaterworksElectricity / gasRailway / track / car traffic
Recovery from disaster
BuildingsInfrastructure
Output
Year 1995(million t)
Construction minerals
Net Additions to Stock
How much secondary resources can be recovered from stock?
Steel stock in Japan1.26 billion tons (2003)
Estimated by the Japan Ferrous Raw Materials Association How much steel in stock can be reutilized?
(Include return scrap and industrial scrap)
Data;JATIS
Data: The Japan ferrous raw materials associationIron and steel cycle in Japan(2003fy)(unit: 1000 t)
44
How we should manage such secondary resources in future?
HighQuality
LowQuality
ProductionProcess
Quantity of ferrous material
Shindachi / Return scrapsHigh-grade scrap
Heavy / Shredded / Pressed scrapLow-grade scrap
Production
Material Input
Usage
Disposal
Material industry・Precision instrumentsmanufacturer
Electric machinery・Automobile industry
Construction,Civil engineering
Agriculture M aterials C onstruction Incineration Landfilled Final dem and O utputAgricultureM aterialsC onstructionG arbageM etal scrapIncineration ashAdded valueEm ission
Industry W aste treatm ent
Industry
W aste
SNA IO Table (M onetary based table)
Physical based table
Exte
nsio
n
Extension
WIO Table
System of National Account (SNA) and Material stock Accounting (MSA)Hybrid Accounting sysytem• System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting(SEEA)• Physical Input Output Table(PIOT)• Waste Input Output Table・・・etc
45
Summery
• MFA of Mo: – from Upstream
• MFA of P: – from Downstream
• Material Stock Accounting: – Proposal of new framework
Ecomaterial Design and Process EngineeringGraduate School of Environmental StudiesTOHOKU University YOKOYAMA KazuyoE-mail: [email protected]
Thank you very much for kind attention.