Date post: | 11-May-2015 |
Category: |
Technology |
Upload: | melinda-macdonald |
View: | 863 times |
Download: | 0 times |
the cell
comparing cellsnerve cells can be 1m long
human egg cell is no bigger than the dot on this i (but in 12 pt font)
human red blood cells is 1/10 the size of a human egg cell
bacterium are even smaller- 8000 can fit inside a human egg cell
common cell rraitsCell membrane
•outer covering of cell•made of one or more layers of linked molecules
Cytoplasm•inside every cell•gelatin-like•contains hereditary material that controls the life of the cell
cell wallfound in plants, algae, fungi, most bacteria
tough, rigid outer coverings that protect the cell and give it
shape
Plant cell walls are mainly made of cellulose....which is?
What makes the cell walls rigid? Pectin and lignin!
.... a polymer of glucose chains
cell membrane
protective layer around all cellsif a cell has a cell wall, then the cell
membrane is inside of it
what does it do? regulate interactions between the cell
and the environment
water can move into and out of cell
through the cell membrane
food particles and some molecules enter and waste products leave through the
cell membrane
cytoplasmgelatin-like substance that fills cells which is
constantly moving
contains a framework called the cytoskeleton -
this helps maintain or
change the shape of the cell
cytoskeleton helps some cells move
cytoskeleton is made up of thin, hollow tubes of protein and thin, solid protein fibers
flagellalong and taillike
whip back and forth to move the cell
short, hairlike structuresmove a cell or move
molecules away from a cell
cilia
cell types
PROKARYOTIC CELLSno membrane bound
structures
EUKARYOTIC CELLSmembrane-bound
structures
nucleus
contains instructions for everything in the cell,
which are found on DNA
largest organelle DNA is in structures called chromosomes
The number of chromosomes in a
nucleus is different for different species of
organisms.
Two membranes form the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus. It also has many holes that
allow molecules to pass through
contains a nucleolus which makes ribosomes
nucleus
ribosomesconsidered an
organelle, but they do not have a membrane
some float freely in cytoplasm, some
attach to the endoplasmic reticulum
made in the nucleus
receive directions from DNA on how, when, and in what order to make specific proteins
produce proteins, which take part in nearly every
cell activity, are part of cell membrane and needed for
chemical reactions
endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum (ER) extends
from the nucleus to the cell membranea series of folded
membranes
materials can be processed and moved around inside of the cell
rough vs. smooth
Smooth ER make lipids that store energy and also
remove harmful substances from the cell
Rough ER make proteins that are moved out of the cell or used within the cell. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface.
mitochondriaThe mitochondrion are organelles where energy is released
from the breakdown of food into CO2 and H2O.
Most eukaryotic cells contain 100’s of
mitochondria. Some cells in a human heart can
contain 1,000 mitochondria.
Chemical reactions within mitochondria release energy.
A mitochondrion is surrounded by two
membranes.
This energy is stored in high-energy molecules called ATP—
adenosine triphosphate.
The energy in ATP molecules is used by the cell for growth, cell division,
and transporting materials.
mitochondria
food is made in green organelles called chloroplasts
chloroplastscontain green
pigment chlorophyll
chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make glucose
golgi bodiesProteins are made
and sent to the Golgi bodies. They
travel in ...
Golgi bodies sort proteins and other cellular substances and package them into membrane-
bound structures called vesicles.
vesicles. Vesicles deliver cellular substances to
areas inside the cell.
Cells have membrane-bound spaces called vacuoles for
temporary storage of materials (water, waste products, food, and
other cellular materials).
recycling organelles
active cells break down and recycle substances
lysosomes contain digestive chemicals
that help break down food molecules, cell
wastes, and worn-out parts
lysosome membrane keeps the chemicals from leaking into the
cell
when a cell dies a lysosome’s membrane disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals that quickly breakdown the cell’s contents