The Cell
The 3 Principles of Cell Theory:• The cell is the basic unit of life• All cells come from pre-existing cells
(mitosis, meiosis, fertilization)• All organisms are made of one or more
cells
The scaleOf Things!
What are cells so small?
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic EukaryoticPrimitive modernSimple complexDNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleusNo membrane bound membrane boundorganelles organellesSmaller (1-3 µm Ave.) Larger (10-30 µm)Bacteria, Archae Protists, Fungi, Plants
Animals
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Plant Cell
•Cell Wall•Chloroplasts•Central Vacuole
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Animal Cell
•Centrioles•Cilia and Flagella•More Lysosomes
Organelles: The Nucleus
Controls cell activitiesContains the DNA(DNA = hereditary
material)Parts:Nuclear envelopePoresNucleolus (RNA)
Organelles: Ribosomes
Ribosomes = site of protein synthesis(can be free floating or attached to ER)
Organelles: ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Rough ER = has ribosomesSmooth ER = no ribosomes
So difference in function?Rough has protein synthesisoccur on it and smooth does not
Form channels of membranefor transport of materials in cell
Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packages materials
Endomembrane System
Organelles: Lysosomes
Contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
Breakdown worn out parts of the cell
Organelles: Mitochondria (powerhouse)
Parts:Outer membraneInner MembraneCristaeMatrix
Function: Cellular Respiration releases energy for the cell to use
Organelles: Chloroplast (plastid)
Function: produce and store food
Parts:Outer MembraneInner MembraneGranaStroma
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
• Semi-autonomous organelles• Both have double membranes• Both have their own DNA• Both make some of their own proteins• Cells on their own at one time??
Organelles: Vacuoles
Animals: smallvacuoles
Plants: centralvacuole•Stores toxins•Water regulation•Lysosomal function
Outside membrane=tonoplast
Microbodies: convert harmful substancesinto useful ones i.e. peroxisome
2H2O2 2H2O + 2O2
Peroxisome convertshydrogen peroxide towater and oxygen
Cytoskeleton: movement of organelles,shape and support
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Organelles: Cilia and Flagella
Structure of cilia and flagella(9 + 2 arrangement)
Cell to Cell Junctions: Plants-Plasmodesmata
Cell to Cell Junctions: Animal Cells
DesmosomesGap junctionsTight Junctions
Cell Membrane: Fluid-Mosaic Model
Cell Membrane: made of phospholipids and proteins
