The Cell and Cell Transport
Anatomy and Physiology
The Cell and Cell Transport
• Functional anatomy – study of structures as they relate to function
• We study a typical cell (composite cell)
• Cell size – range from 7.5 µm to 150 µm– µm = 1 millionth of a meter; 1 x 10-6 meters
Nerve Cells• Features
– Surface is sensitive to stimuli
– Has long extensions
• Functions– Detects changes in
environment– Transmits nerve
impulses throughout body http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/
organs/nervous/nerve_cell_bh.jpg
Muscle Cells• Features
– Elongated, threadlike– Contain tiny fibers that
slide together
• Functions– Contract to allow
movement of body parts
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/images/351Blabeled_copy.jpg
Red Blood Cells• Features
– Contains hemoglobin (attract and releases O2)
• Functions– Transports O2 in the
bloodstream
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/nand7t2/images/rbc.jpg
Gland Cells• Features
– Contain sacs that release secretions to the outside of the cell
• Functions– Release hormones,
enzymes, mucus, and sweat
http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/distinct-human-celltypes-1
Immune Cells
• Features– Some can engulf other
cells– Some manufacture
antibodies– Some can destroy
other cells
• Functions– Recognize and destroy
“nonself” cells (cancer, bacteria) http://www.jyi.org/articleimages/821/originals/
img0.jpg
Membrane bound organelles
• Plasma membrane• Endoplasmic Reticulum• Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes• Peroxisomes • Mitochondria • Nucleus
Non membrane bound organelles
• Ribosomes
• Cytoskeleton
• Cilia and flagella
• Nucleolus
Plasma Membrane• Cell boundary; protein molecules serve as
markers that identify cell’s purpose
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Rough ER –
ribosomes attached synthesize proteins that leave via Golgi apparatus
• Smooth ER – synthesizes lipids in cell membranes, steroid horomones, and certain CHO
http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/cb/org/smooth_er-em.gif
http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/cb/org/rough_er-em.gif
Golgi apparatus
• Synthsize CHO, combines it with a protein, & packages the product as globules of glycoprotein (proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycan) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains)
http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/images/00016960.jpg
Lysosomes• Digestive enzymes that break down worn
cell parts and ingested particles
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology/anatomy/animalcellstructure/Lysosomes/lysosome.jpg
Peroxisomes• Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful
substances
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/peroxisomes/images/peroxisomesfigure2.jpg
Mitochondria• Catabolism (the set of pathways that break
down molecules into smaller units and release energy); ATP synthesis
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/2/25/Mitochondria.gif/400px-Mitochondria.gif
Nucleus
• Genetic code which dictates protein synthesis
http://www.frontiers-in-genetics.org/en/pictures/nucleus_1.jpg
Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis
http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/page11a.gif
Cytoskeleton• Framework to
support the cell and organelles; functions in cell movement; forms cell extensions
http://www.immediart.com/catalog/images/bigger_images/SPL_6_P780110-Fibroblast_cells_showing_cytoskeleton.jpg
Cilia and flagella• Hair like extensions
that serve to move substance over the cell or propel sperm cells
http://www.pcdfoundation.org/images/Johnny%27s%20cilia%20pic.jpg
http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/files/2008/01/sperm.jpg
Nucleolus
• Part of the nucleus; helps form ribosomes
http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Lists/Images/nucleolus.jpg
Fluid Mosaic Model
• The current model of the plasma or cell membrane that we use.
• It is a mosaic (made of many pieces)
• Fluid – molecules are able to float around like icebergs
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
• Hydrophillic = water lover
• Hydrophobic = afraid of water
Passive Transport
• Requires no chemical energy
• 4 types– Diffusion– Facilitated diffusion– Filtration– Osmosis
Diffusion• Movement of particles
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• http://www.toltecint.com/how_dialysis_works/diffusion.jpg
Facilitated diffusion• the spontaneous passage
of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins. The facilitated diffusion may occur either across biological membranes or through aqueous compartments of an organism
• http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCellBricks/facilitatedDiffusion.jpg
Filtration• movement of water and
solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Filtration_diagram.svg/238px-Filtration_diagram.svg.png
Osmosis• Osmotic Pressure – water potential of the
two solutions
• Hypertonic – higher salt concentration
• Isotonic – same salt concentration inside and out
• Hypotonic – lower salt concentration
Osmosis• movement of water
molecules across a partially-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. More specifically, it is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration).
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis
• http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/osmosis2.gif
Active Transport
• Movement against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration)
–Active Transport
–Phagocytosis
–Pinocytosis
–Exocytosis
Active Transport• Please print up to this
point in the ppt. I will print copies of the additional slides for you!!!