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The Cell Structure The Cell Structure and Functionand Function
The Discovery of the cellThe Discovery of the cell
____________________________________________– Used a microscope to identify small pieces of Used a microscope to identify small pieces of
cork which he called “CELLS”cork which he called “CELLS” ____________________________________________
– Concludes that plants are made of cellsConcludes that plants are made of cells ____________________________________________
– Concludes that all animals are made up of cellsConcludes that all animals are made up of cells ____________________________________________
– All cells come from existing cellsAll cells come from existing cells
Cell TheoryCell Theory
Transmission Electron Transmission Electron MicroscopeMicroscope
ElectronElectron microscopes microscopes show details not show details not visible with light visible with light microscopes.microscopes.
Uses electron Uses electron beamsbeams to focus to focus and magnify an and magnify an image.image.
HigherHigher magnificationmagnification
MicroscopesMicroscopes
Light microscopes 1000xLight microscopes 1000x– Produce magnified images by focusing Produce magnified images by focusing
visible lightvisible light Electron microscopes Electron microscopes
– Produce magnified images by focusing Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons. (can’t use living beams of electrons. (can’t use living specimens)specimens)
– TEM – TEM – – SEM – SEM –
Inside the cellInside the cell
2 types of cells2 types of cells– ______________________– ______________________
YouYouFound on Found on Earth after Earth after prokaryotesprokaryotes
Types of Cells (General)Types of Cells (General)
ProkaryotesProkaryotes– ________________________________________________________– ““primitive cells”primitive cells”– Ex. BacteriaEx. Bacteria
EukaryotesEukaryotes– Have a _____________ and usually are Have a _____________ and usually are
bigger and have more organelles than a bigger and have more organelles than a prokaryotic cell does.prokaryotic cell does.
– Ex. Plant and animal cellsEx. Plant and animal cells
EukaryotesEukaryotesLike Like ChicagoChicago
–Big cityBig city–Lost of stuffLost of stuff–Everything Everything you need you need to liveto live
ProkaryotesProkaryotesLike Like ____________
–Not too Not too bigbig
–SimpleSimple–Small citySmall city
Eukaryotes vs. ProkaryotesEukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Every living Every living organism (except organism (except bacteria)bacteria)
Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm Ribosomes Ribosomes
(make protein)(make protein)
PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTES
Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes No organellesNo organelles
NucleusNucleus
Surrounded by a double layered Surrounded by a double layered membrane called the nuclear envelope.membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Contains DNAContains DNA __________________________________
– Dense molecules of DNA & proteinDense molecules of DNA & protein ______________________________________
– Chromatin stands that coil and condense.Chromatin stands that coil and condense.– ““blueprints” that control cellular activity.blueprints” that control cellular activity.
____________________________________________– Site where ribosomes are builtSite where ribosomes are built
CytoplasmCytoplasm
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Made up of cytosol & organellesMade up of cytosol & organelles
OrganellesOrganelles– Structures that work like miniature Structures that work like miniature
organs, carrying out specific functions in organs, carrying out specific functions in the cell.the cell.
Organelle Analogies Organelle Analogies
If the cell was a factoryIf the cell was a factory– ______________________________
The energy supply; power supplyThe energy supply; power supply
– ______________________________ Solar panelsSolar panels
– ______________________________ The control center / boss’ officeThe control center / boss’ office
– ______________________________ Network or assembly line for proteinsNetwork or assembly line for proteins
– _____________ _____________ Mail room – packaging and sorting of Mail room – packaging and sorting of
materialsmaterials
– __________________________ The janitorThe janitor
– __________________________ Specific janitorSpecific janitor
– __________________________________________ Pipes that come off the factoryPipes that come off the factory
– __________________________________________ Security deskSecurity desk
– ____________________________ Carpenters that build proteinsCarpenters that build proteins
Plant CellsPlant Cells
Plants have a cell wall unlike animal Plants have a cell wall unlike animal cells made up of a strong cells made up of a strong polysaccharide cellulose.polysaccharide cellulose.
Have chloroplastsHave chloroplasts
Chromoplasts & carotanoids – other Chromoplasts & carotanoids – other colorscolors
Cell ShapeCell Shape
The shape of the cell usually depends The shape of the cell usually depends on its functionon its function– Ex. Nerve cells – long & stringyEx. Nerve cells – long & stringy
Plants – rigidPlants – rigid CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
– Made up of microtubules & Made up of microtubules & microfilamentsmicrofilaments
MicrotubulesMicrotubules
Maintain the shape of the cell & Maintain the shape of the cell & serve as tracks for organelles to serve as tracks for organelles to move uponmove upon
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
Can contractCan contract Found in high concentration in Found in high concentration in
muscle cellsmuscle cells
Go to Section:
Cell membrane
Endoplasmicreticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes Mitochondrion
Section 7-2
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Plant vs. Animal CellPlant vs. Animal CellPLANTPLANT ______________________ ______________________ Cell Cell
membranemembrane Large Large
vacuolesvacuoles
AnimalAnimal No chloroplastNo chloroplast________________________Cell Cell
membranemembrane________________________
Go to Section:
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneContain DNA
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membraneRibosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Cell WallChloroplasts
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
Go to Section:
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to Section:
Animal Cell
Centrioles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Parts of the cellParts of the cell
Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)– A thin layer of lipid and protein that A thin layer of lipid and protein that
separates the cell’s contents from the separates the cell’s contents from the world around it.world around it.
– Phospholipids are polarPhospholipids are polar The two ends are opposites of each other.The two ends are opposites of each other.
Crossing the membraneCrossing the membrane
To stay alive, a cell must exchange To stay alive, a cell must exchange materials such as food & wastes with materials such as food & wastes with its environment its environment – To do this it must pass material through To do this it must pass material through
the plasma membranethe plasma membrane
Phosphate head Phosphate head is hydrophilicis hydrophilic
Tail is Tail is hydrophobichydrophobic
Cell membrane Cell membrane consists of 2 consists of 2 phospholipid phospholipid layers called a layers called a bilayerbilayer
Go to Section:
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Section 7-3
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Semipermeable membraneSemipermeable membrane
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Small molecules, such as water, can Small molecules, such as water, can go in and out freely, but large go in and out freely, but large molecules cannot.molecules cannot.
Ions cannot pass through eitherIons cannot pass through either
Passive TransportPassive Transport
Transport of substances that Transport of substances that ____________________________________________________________________
3 types3 types
DiffusionDiffusion
The net movement The net movement of molecules from of molecules from an area of high an area of high concentration to an concentration to an area of low area of low concentration.concentration.
Speed of diffusionSpeed of diffusion– Depends on Depends on
temperature and temperature and size of moleculesize of molecule
Concentration GradientConcentration Gradient
The difference between the The difference between the concentration of a particular molecule concentration of a particular molecule in an area and the concentration in an in an area and the concentration in an adjacent area.adjacent area.
Diffusion always occurs down a Diffusion always occurs down a concentration gradient, from area of concentration gradient, from area of greatest concentration to areas of greatest concentration to areas of lesser concentrationlesser concentration
OsmosisOsmosis The movement of The movement of ____________________ through a through a semipermeable semipermeable membrane from areas membrane from areas of high concentration of high concentration to areas of low to areas of low concentration.concentration.
Refers to the Refers to the concentration and concentration and movement of movement of ______________________
Hypertonic solutionsHypertonic solutions
The concentration of solutes outside The concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the the cell is greater than the concentration of solutes inside the concentration of solutes inside the cell.cell.
In hypertonic solutions, In hypertonic solutions, __________________________________________________________________
Video 2Video 2
Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.
Video 2
Osmosis
Hypotonic solutionsHypotonic solutions
The concentration The concentration of solutes outside of solutes outside the cell is lower the cell is lower than the than the concentration concentration inside the cell.inside the cell.
In hypotonic In hypotonic solutions, solutions, ____________________________________
Isotonic solutionsIsotonic solutions
The concentration of solutes inside The concentration of solutes inside the cell equals the concentration of the cell equals the concentration of solutes outside the cell.solutes outside the cell.
Video 3Video 3
Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.
Video 3
Passive Transport
Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
A type of passive A type of passive transport that uses transport that uses carrier proteins to carrier proteins to help pass large help pass large molecules through molecules through membrane.membrane.
EX. EX.
Video 4Video 4
Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.
Video 4
Active Transport
Active TransportActive Transport
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________._______________________________.
Move solutes __________ the Move solutes __________ the concentration gradientconcentration gradient
Ex. Na/K pumpEx. Na/K pump– EX. plant roots absorbing nutrients in EX. plant roots absorbing nutrients in
the soil.the soil.
Go to Section:
Molecule tobe carried
Moleculebeing carried
Energy
Section 7-3
Figure 7-19 Active Transport
Exocytosis and endocytosis –Exocytosis and endocytosis –transport of large moleculestransport of large molecules
______________________________________– The cell secretes marcomolecules by the fusion The cell secretes marcomolecules by the fusion
of vesicles with the plasma membraneof vesicles with the plasma membrane ______________________________________
– The cell takes in macromolecules or The cell takes in macromolecules or substances from the plasma membranesubstances from the plasma membrane
– 3 types3 types 1. phagocytosis – “cellular eating”1. phagocytosis – “cellular eating” 2. pinocytosis – “cellular drinking”2. pinocytosis – “cellular drinking” 3. receptor – mediated endocytosis3. receptor – mediated endocytosis
– Extracellular substances bind to receptors called Extracellular substances bind to receptors called ligands and the substances are then brought into the ligands and the substances are then brought into the cellcell
Video 5Video 5
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Video 5
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Multicellular advantagesMulticellular advantages
Cells throughout an organism can Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform develop in different ways to perform different ways to perform different different ways to perform different taskstasks
______________________________________– Different cells with different functionsDifferent cells with different functions– Ex. Blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cellsEx. Blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
______________________________– A group of similar cells that perform a A group of similar cells that perform a
particular functionparticular function– Ex. Smooth muscle tissueEx. Smooth muscle tissue
______________________________– Many groups of tissues that work together.Many groups of tissues that work together.– Ex. StomachEx. Stomach
______________________________– A group of organs that work together to A group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function.perform a specific function.– Ex. Digestive systemEx. Digestive system