1
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)
The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
International Conference on Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry - 2006 TAPPI
27 April 2006
Mike SimonsonNanoscale Imaging, Characterization and Manipulation
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
2
Expanding and Updating the Opportunities Available at Nanoscience User Facilities
Richard Feynman’s vision:“There’s plenty of room at the bottom”
• Why can’t we manipulate materials atom by atom?
• Why can’t we control the synthesis of individual molecules?
• Why can’t we write all of human knowledge on the head of a pin?
• Why can’t we build machines to accomplish these things?
• Lecture in December 1959− Suggested a high school competition to
write the smallest…
• Nobel Laureate, Physics 1965
4
What is nanoscience• A revolution in the way we look at
the physical world• Fills a gap between single
atoms/molecules and larger microstructures
• Addresses materials behavior at dimensions of 1-100 nm– Properties depend on size– New and unexpected
phenomena– Requires atom-by-atom
assembly
Interactions of proteinmolecules
Natural methane storage in clathrate molecules
Small is different• Quantum mechanics• Thermal motion• Electric charge• Behavior dominated
by surface atoms 4
3
2
1
0 0 20 40 60 80Plastic depth (nm)
Har
dnes
s (G
Pa)
100 120 140 160
5
620 nm alternating Ag/Cr film
Cr
Rule of mixtures value
Ag
Hardness of Silver/Chromium multilayers
0.780.49103 atoms
0.450.25104 atoms
0.230.12105 atoms
0.120.06106 atoms
Within 1 atom of the surface
On the surface
Fraction of surface atomsCluster
size
Nanoclusters are surface systems
Nanoscale structure controls bulk properties
DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter
Things Natural Things Manmade
MicroElectroMechanical Devices10 -100 μm wide
Red blood cellsPollen grain
Fly ash~ 10-20 μm
Atoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nm
Head of a pin1-2 mm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Human hair~ 10-50 μm wide
Red blood cellswith white cell
~ 2-5 μm
Ant~ 5 mm
The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More
The
Mic
row
orld
0.1 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.01 μm10 nm
0.1 μm100 nm
1 micrometer (μm)
0.01 mm10 μm
0.1 mm100 μm
1 millimeter (mm)
1 cm10 mm
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-4 m
10-5 m
10-6 m
10-7 m
10-8 m
10-9 m
10-10 m
Visib
lesp
ectru
m
The
Nan
owor
ld
1,000 nanometers =
1,000,000 nanometers =
Dust mite200 μm
ATP synthase
~10 nm diameterNanotube electrode
Carbon nanotube~2 nm diameter
Nanotube transistor
O O
O
OO
O OO O OO OO
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
PO
O
21st Century Challenge
Combine nanoscale building blocks to make functional devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage
20th Century• Reducing problems
to their ultimate simplicity• Atomic-scale
characterization• Elementary excitations• Miniaturization
21st Century• Embracing complexity• Atomic-scale control• Interactions in complex
systems• Self-assembly
How to use atoms, molecules, and nanoscale materials as building blocks for larger assemblies with new functionalities
The nanoscience revolution
The challenge
• New tools for atomic-scale characterization• New capabilities for single atom/molecule manipulation• Computational access to large systems of atoms
and long time scales• Convergence of scientific-disciplines at the nanoscale
Why now?
DOE’s nanoscience centers
Neutron and synchrotron sources
Ultrascalecomputing
Economic impact of nanotechnology
Market Size Predictions (within a decade)*
$340B/yr Materials$300B/yr Electronics$180B/yr Pharmaceuticals$100B/yr Chemical manufacture$ 70B/yr Aerospace$ 20B/yr Tools$ 30B/yr Improved healthcare$ 45B/yr Sustainability
$1 Trillion per year by 2015*Estimates by industry groups, source: NSF
Nanotechnology in the world
3122
800
862
810
650
2003
3701
920
961
920
900
2004
2174
520
604
650
400
2002
1580825432Total
38011070Others
465270116USA
465245120Japan
270200126Europe
200120001997
Estimated government-sponsored nanoscience R&D in $ millions/year
> $1BFY 06$982MFY 05
13Others35NASA53NIST
89NIH211DOE276DOD305NSF
U.S. budget by agency
Sep 1998 The Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology (IWGNSET)formed by the NSTC. The IWG meets monthly. Participating agencies: NSF, DOE, DOD,NIH, NASA, DOC/NIST and later also CIA, DOJ, DOS, DOT, DOTreas, EPA, NRC, USDA
Aug 1999 The IWG releases National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) report after extensive input from the scientific community
Aug-Nov 1999 BES reportsComplex Systems: Science for the 21st Century
http://www.sc.doe.gov/production/bes/complexsystems.htmNanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology Research Directions
http://www.sc.doe.gov/production/bes/nanoscale.htmlSep-Oct 1999 The six principal agencies brief OMB and a PCAST panel charged to the review the proposed NNI
Feb 2000 The NNI is initiated as part of the FY 2001 budget request
Fall 2001- Spring 2002 National Academy of Sciences reviews the NNI activities
Spring 2003 NNI: From Vision to Commercialization2004: Ongoing workshops to elucidate nanoscale science and technology opportunitiesJune 2005: NNI Workshop on X-rays and Neutrons: Essential Tools for Nanoscience Research
There is a longstanding multiagency National Nanoscience and Technology Initiative
ComplexSystems
Sciencefor the
21st Century
DOE’s Flagship for the NNI Initiative is the Nanoscale Science Research Centers
− Operated as user facilities - available to all researchers; access determined by external peer review of proposals
No cost for research published in the open literature− New user agreement for nanoscience under development for collaborative research
Proprietary access (internal peer review); full cost recovery required by DOE− Co-located with existing user facilities (synchrotron radiation
light sources, neutron scattering facilities, other specialized facilities) to promote development of these probes for nanoscience and to provide extraordinary characterization and analysis capabilities
− Conceived with broad input from university and industry user communities
− Research facilities for synthesis, processing, and fabrication of nanoscale materials
− Provide specialized equipment and support staff not readily available to the research community
Advanced Light Source
Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation Lab
National Synchrotron Light Source
Advanced Photon Source
National Center for Electron
Microscopy
Shared Research Equipment Program
Center for Microanalysis of
Materials
Electron Microscopy Center for Materials
Research
High-Flux Isotope Reactor
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
Combustion Research Facility
• 4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources • Linac Coherent Light Source (CD0 approved)• 4 High-Flux Neutron Sources (SNS under construction)• 4 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers• Special Purpose Centers• 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers
Center for Nanophase
Materials SciencesSpallation Neutron
Source
Linac Coherent Light Source
Center for Integrated
Nanotechnologies
MolecularFoundry
Under construction
Center for Functional
Nanomaterials
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Los Alamos Neutron Science
Center
DOE-BES is building 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences: A National User Facility co-located with the Spallation Neutron Source
CNMS 4-story lab and office complex
CNMS Clean room forNanofabrication
SNS Central Lab and Office Building
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences: Background
• CNMS is one of five national user facilities being built by the Department of Energy– Began with a proposal competition in 2001– Supported by DOE’s Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy
Sciences• The initial stage was the CNMS line item project to build
a new facility: $65M – Substantial input from the technical community: workshops!– Included both the building and initial capital equipment
• There was an interim “jump start” user program funded by DOE-BES in 2004 and 2005
• First operations funding for the new facility is in FY06: $18.1M for both operations and capital equipment– Goal for FY06: 100 users– Longer term goal: 250 users per year
16
CNMS Conventional Facility Construction: Completed - 80,000 sq ft
March& April
2005
17
CNMS – Interaction Spaces
Macromolecular Complex SystemsSynthetic (polymeric) and bio-inspired materials
Functional NanomaterialsNano- tubes, wires, dots, composites; artificial oxide film structures
Nanoscale Magnetism and TransportReduced and variable dimensionality; quantum transport
Catalysis and Nano-Building BlocksHighly selective catalysts; nanoscale synthesis & organization
Nanomaterials Theory Institute: Theory, Modeling, SimulationGrand challenges of “computational nanoscience”
Nanofabrication Research LaboratoryControlled synthesis & directed assembly; functional integration of “soft” and “hard” materials
Nanoscale Imaging, Characterization, and ManipulationUnique instruments to characterize and manipulatenanostructures; simultaneous imaging and environmental control
CNMS Scientific Themes
AFM images of Fe nanodots and nanowires
on flat and stepped NaCl surfaces(edge length 750 nanometers)
35 nm
35 nm
Ordered nanoporous
silica synthesizedusing an organictemplate
CNMS Integrates Nanoscale Science with 3 Synergistic
Research Needs
• Neutron Science– Opportunity for world leadership using
unique capabilities of neutron scattering
• Synthesis Science – Science-driven synthesis: synthesis as
enabler; evolution of synthesis via theory, modeling, and simulation
• Theory / Modeling / Simulation– Stimulate U.S. leadership in using theory,
modeling and simulation to design new nanomaterials
– Investigate new pathways for materials synthesis
NeutronScience
TheoryModeling
SimulationSynthesis
20
Synthetic and Bio-Inspired Macromolecular MaterialsNanostructured macromolecular materials will enable
– Miniature, efficient sensors with molecular recognition capabilities – Targeted drug and gene delivery– Biomaterials with improved function, including improved tissue
engineering– Ultrahigh-density information storage– High density flexible displays– Ultra-efficient energy storage and conversion devices (e.g. fuel cells)
Self-organized diblockcopolymer template
Cellular Interfacing
CNMS Clean Room – Important for Directed Assembly and Materials Integration; Bay and Chase Design Allows for Future Flexibility
1
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
4
1. WIPE DOWN2. GOWN3. LPCVD4. MOVE IN AISLE5. PVD/CVD6. DRY TECH7. THIN FILM8. PHOTOLITHO9. EBEAM RESIST10.CLEAN AISLE11.EBEAM LITHO12.SEM EDX13.TEM/STEM14.SEM FIB15.SEM MET
CC
EE
BB
EE J
E J
H J
EE
BB
E
FC01.04
PUMPVC01.04
0 16' 32'
SCALE: 1/16" = 1'-0"
16' 8'DWG NORTH
Class 100,000Class 1,000
Class 100
EM, Vibration, Acoustic Sensitive
22
Views of the Clean Room
Direct Write Electron Beam Lithography (DWEBL) System
• Scientific Driver: Nanofabrication− Patterns of arbitrary shape and size− Dimensions as small as 5 nm− Fabricated on any flat substrate
sensitive to electron irradiation, or coated with e-beam resist
• Capabilities:− 100 keV thermal field emission source− Substrate handling capabilities for small
pieces, membrane structures, and whole substrates up to 8–inch diam
− Laser interferometer with sub–nanometer resolution to permit highly accurate mechanical positioning
− Substrate–height sensor to permit dynamic corrections to the beam focus
• Vendor: JEOLCNMS DWEBL at JEOL (December 2004)Factory acceptance tests successful:
sub-5 nm minimum spotsub-20 nm minimum line width1 mm field
Now installed at CNMS
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) / Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Dual–Beam System)
• Scientific Drivers− Materials can be patterned using the
FIB, or synthesized specimens can be thinned to highlight specific regions of interest, and immediately imaged with high resolution using the SEM.
• Capabilities− electron columns operate
simultaneously to permit observing samples during FIB processing.
− Substrates ranging from small pieces up to 50mm
− equipped with a TEM sample–preparation stage to permit easily interfacing between this instrument and other microscopy tools
FEI Nova 600 Nanolab
Being Installed!
Carbon nanotube devices• Highly-localized fiber optic and
electroanalytical probes− Applications in sensors, microfluidic
detection, and cell imaging• DNA delivery• Neuron interfacing
(sensing and control)• Field emission and
solid-state lighting
[Tim McKnight, Tuan Vo Dinh, Mike Simpson, and Nance Ericson]
Nanoprobe
Single Cell
1 nm
In situ Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Nanomaterials Growth
Structural ceramic nanoengineering
• Dopant additions can alter the reinforcing grains that toughen silicon nitride ceramics
• Using high-resolution electron microscopy and computer simulations, we have learned why these materials are so strong
• These findings provide a basis for the atomic-scale design of advanced ceramics
Electron microscope image shows La atoms at surface of grain
[Paul Becher and Gayle Painter]
AFM Topography
20 μm
ZnO
NaCl
Magnetic Force Microscopy
LaxSr1-xMnO3
TransportSTM: Electronic structure
Potential imaging
BaTiO3 ZnO
Bi spinel
PiezoresponseForce Microscopy
Spatially Resolved Characterization: Atoms, Spins, Charge and Transport with Atomic ResolutionCNMS ground floor: Scanning Probe Laboratories Suite
Four-point Probe STM with SEM:Manipulation & Transport in Nanoscale Systems
• Scientific Drivers− Temperature-dependent quantum electrical
transport of nanoscale objects on surfaces
− Manipulation of individual nano-objects− Fabrication and characterization of
nanoscale devices− Spintronics / spin injection / spin transport
• Capabilities− Four probes operate independently, tip
separation < 100 nm− Integrated SEM with resolution < 10 nm
permits accurate positioning of four tips relative to each other and to nanofeatures of interest
− 20 K < T < 600 K− UHV-capable (5 x 10-11 Torr)− Integrated sample preparation / handling− Scanning Auger Microscope (SAM) allows
elemental identification of nanostructures− Nanofabrication: STM tip-stimulated
chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
SEMSAM
4-Probe STM
Cryoshield
High–resolution Scanning Electron Microscope for (Spin–) Polarized Analysis (SEMPA)
• Scientific Drivers− Direct imaging of magnetic domain
structures at nm-scale− Correlation between chemical and
magnetic inhomogeneities by SAM and SEMPA
• Proposed Capabilities− UHV sample environment and
sample-preparation system− true UHV electron column with
resolution of 10-30 nm − spin detector based on the spin-
polarized LEED detector− in-plane magnetic field of 300 mT− nanostructure elemental analysis via
scanning Auger microscopy (SAM)
Prep chamber
spin detector
SEMPA chamber
MOKE chamber
Seco
ndar
yel
ectro
ns
LEED spindetector
Electron column
5µmFe (30ML)Fe (30ML)
Cu(100)290 Oe 320 Oe
Initial Switching Final
10 Oe
In situ growth of Fe wedge and analysis of magnetic moments during switching of in-plane magnetic field
High-Field Cryogenic “Ultimate” STM*
STM Head
1 K Stage
300 mKStage
Sample Cleaver
Rotation Stage
• Single-atom or -molecule spectroscopy• Atomically-resolved spectroscopy maps• The temperature and magnetic field range to
study the quantum response of nano-objects• Optical access to the sample in magnetic field,
for probing and exciting atoms or molecules• Sample + STM rotation in the magnetic field
• 300 mK < T < 150 K• Bmax ~ 9.0 Tesla• Sample exchange from RT• Cryogenic UHV sample cleavage
Sample preparationand MBE chamber
Sample characterizationchamber
9 Tesla MagnetTip
Triangular sapphire rod
Sample Holder
Tube scanner
Shear stacks
Sample
*A joint development of the ORNL Condensed Matter Sciences Division, The University of Tennessee, and the University of Houston
World leading aberration-corrected electron microscopes
• Atomic-scale structure and chemistry of materials and interfaces
• Single atom sensitivity in 3 dimensions• Recently established a new world
record for electron microscopy (0.6Å resolution)
Ga As1.4 Å
Z=31 Z=33
Advanced Microscopy Laboratory
Objective Lens Forms a 0.5 Å Probe
AnnularDetector
EELSSpectrometer
Si ⟨ 112 ⟩
• Develop accurate new theoretical tools with predictive capabilities
− Multi-Scale Modeling: Link atomic-, nano-, and micro-scale structures and calculate properties up to the macroscale
− Nanomaterials Design: New structures for new properties
− Virtual Synthesis: Theoretically evaluate & predict new growth pathways
− Access to world-class computational facilities and expertise: ORNL’s Center for Computational Sciences
− CNMS 80-dual processor node Beowulf Cluster4 GB RAM per node; gigabit interconnects; 1.1 teraflop
− Bring together world leaders in theory / modeling / simulation
CNMS Theory, Modeling and SimulationTemplated nanoporous materials
Fe electrode
MgOspacer
Fe Quantum
well
Cr electrode
SPIN-DEPENDENT RESONANT TUNNELING THROUGH QUANTUM-WELL STATES IN MAGNETIC THIN FILMS
Xiaoguang Zhang, Zhong-yi Lu – ORNLSokrates T. Pantelides – Vanderbilt University
Experiment by Nakahama et al, 2002 (Phys. Rev. Lett., 2005)
Theory shows that data arise from different quantum well states that become active as thickness changes
Non-equilibrium quantum transport properties of 1,4-diethynylbenzene on silicon
Wenchang Lu and Jerry Bernholc, North Carolina State UniversityVincent Meunier, ORNL
Accepted by Phys. Rev. Lett. (September 2005)
Optimized geometry of the Si(111)-1,4 diethynylbenzene-Si(111) junction
Advantages compared to the traditional molecule-metal junctions:
• The organic molecules can be patterned on the Si surface• The bonding between organic molecules and Si surface
atoms is well understood • Tremendous potential for applications combining Si
microelectronics with nanoelectronics
Abstract:
Electron transport properties of a Si/organic-molecule/Si junction are investigated by large scale non-equilibrium Green’s function calculations. The results provide a qualitative picture and quantitative understanding of the importance of self-consistent screening, broadening of quasimolecular orbitals under large bias, and resonant enhancement of transmission, which occurs when the broadened LUMO aligns with the conduction band edge of the negative lead. The resonancescan lead to negative differential resistance for a large class of small molecules.
CNMS Catalysis user center
• Four labs allocated– catalyst synthesis/reaction– catalysts characterization.
• Establishing users and collaborations– Characterization of supported bimetallic catalysts.– Fluorescence analysis of proximity of functionalized pattern catalyst
supports– NMR of alumina supported vanadium oxide catalysts
CNMS user at ORNL using dark-field TEM image to characterize the gold particles on a mesophase TiO2 support
Synthesis of catalysts and
support
Structure Characterization
Catalytic Evaluation Reaction mechanisms
Theory Modeling
SimulationOne-stop shopping
Synthesis of catalysts and
support
Structure Characterization
Catalytic Evaluation Reaction mechanisms
Theory Modeling
SimulationOne-stop shoppingOne-stop shopping
Nanostructured Materials for Highly Selective Catalysis
• Selective hydrogenation or oxidation using nanofabricated catalysts− Methane to methanol or hydrogen− Acetylene to ethylene
• Catalytic photoreduction of CO2• In situ investigation of hydrogen reaction mechanisms in catalysts
using neutron spectroscopy• Photocatalytic fabrication of nanoarrays• Chiral selectivity for fine chemicals and drugs• Catalytically active electrode materials for fuel cells• Merging catalytic activity and separations in single-membrane
systems • Aberration-corrected electron microscopes for catalyst
characterization• Nonlinear optical spectroscopy for in situ surface chemistry
Unique and State-of-the-Art Capabilities in Macromolecular Science
• “One-stop-shopping” for all polymer needs– Synthesis, characterization, deuteration
• State-of-the-art synthetic techniques to prepare complex polymer architectures– Stars, combs, hyperbranched polymers– Available in only a few labs world-wide
• Unique new capabilities to prepare and characterize polymer-carbon nanotube composites– Currently available to users in “jump
start”
• Emerging synthetic capabilities to prepare novel polymer architectures– Based solely or partially on amino acids
Synthesis Laboratories: Hoods!!
Hoods!3 – 10’ Walk-in6 – 8’ Walk-in24 – 8’ Bench3 – 6’ Bench5 canopy hoods1 laminar flow
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Topology Effects on Cationic Polymers as Gene Transfer Agents• Tim Long, Amanda Rudisin, and John Layman
− Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University• Cationic polymers, such as poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA),
electrostatically bind to plasmid DNA• Cationic polymers are capable of
transfecting plasmid DNA into cells• Goal: Determine effect of polymer topology
and molecular weight on transfection efficiency
• Approach: Aqueous GPC-light scattering• Linear PDMAEMA and branched PDMAEMA-
co-poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)• Linear PDMAEA
CC OO
CH2
CH2
NCH3H3C
R
n
R= CH3 or HCH2
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Vision for Outstanding Neutron ScienceUnique Deuteration Capabilities
Available to CNMS Users
• At CNMS− Synthetic staff trained in organic and polymer synthesis, to
prepare deuterated small molecules, monomers & polymers• At ORNL’s Center for Structural Molecular Biology
(Dean Myles, Director)− Deuteration laboratory and staff dedicated to in vivo H/D
labeling of cells, proteins, nucleic acids, other biomolecules− Goal: Develop better & faster methods to produce deuterated
labeled biological macromolecules for the biology community
Enzymes - catalysis
Membrane proteins
H: Mn = 7.8 KPDI = 1.07
D: Mn = 8.7 KPDI = 1.06
Li nBenzene
Li
CH3OH
H
n-1
n-1
Synthesis of deuterated polymer
H: 58% yield
D: 32% yield99.7% pure%D > 94%
Synthesis of deuterated monomer
2 P2O5
3 CH3CH2OH
90 °C
NBS
CCl4
HMPTA160 °C
LiCO3LiCl
OD
Br
Protein Complexes
World-class capabilities for nanotechnology at ORNLThe Spallation Neutron Source
• Nation’s largest civilian science project• $1.4B in buildings and equipment• World’s most powerful pulsed neutron source• Nanoscale structure and dynamics of materials and biological systems• 1500-2000 scientific users annually
SNS Approved Instruments Nanoscience Research CANADA Other
SNSUNIV
SINGNUC-PH
1B - Disordered Mat’lsDiffractometer –DOE Funded (SING) –Commission 2010
2 - Backscattering Spectrometer –SNS Funded –Commission 2006
3 - High Pressure Diffractometer –DOE Funded (SING) –Commission 2008
4A - Magnetism Reflectometer –SNS Funded –Commission 2006
4B - Liquids Reflectometer –SNS Funded –Commission 2006
5 - Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer –IDT DOE Funded –Commission 2007
18 - Wide Angle Chopper Spectrometer –IDT DOE Funded –Commission 2007
17 - High Resolution Chopper Spectrometer –DOE Funded (SING) –Commission 2008
13 - Fundamental Physics Beamline –IDT DOE Funded –Commission 2008
11A - Powder Diffractometer –SNS Funded –Commission 2007
12 - Single Crystal Diffractometer –DOE Funded (SING) –Commission 2009
7 - Engineering Diffractometer –IDT CFI Funded –Commission 2008
6 - SANS –SNS Funded –Commission 2007
14B - Hybrid Spectrometer –DOE Funded (SING) –Commission 2011
15 – Spin Echo
9? –VISION
11B –Macromolecular diffractometer
What heterostructure mass or thickness is needed for neutron scattering?
• Reflectometry: 0.5 μm – 5 μm thickness • Diffraction: 20 mg / 40 μm sufficient for
complete structure determination in < 2 hrs at SNS
• Inelastic: ~50 mg / ~100 μm necessary for detailed data analysis
OUTSTANDING OPPORTUNITY AND NEED TO BUILD A “SUPERLATTICE CRYSTAL” GROWTH FACILITY FOR NEUTRON SCATTERING
• Move neutron scattering beyond limits of conventional crystal growth
• Science Driver: Novel properties result from competition between nanostructure dimensions and characteristic length scales for collective phenomena
capability for nanoscale control of individual layer dimensions is essential
• Rich opportunity! Complex oxide family: Insulators, conductors, magnets, HTS Example: Combine ferroelectric and ferromagnetic building blocks. What will be resulting properties? Strongly multiferroic designer crystals?
• CNMS and SNS: Need to make the DESIGN of novel samples an integral part of the planning process for neutron scattering.
Nature, Vol. 433, “News and Views” (2005)
Growth of Artificially Layered Crystals Now is Feasible for the Full Range of Neutron Scattering Experiments
Jump Start Nanoscience Research: Enthusiastic Response to FY04 and FY05 Calls for Proposals
• 96 universities• 8 industry
• 5 Other DOE and Federal Laboratories• 19 ORNL
− Some with university collaborators• 7 foreign
− Germany, France, China
• FY04: 41 proposals selected based on external peer review
− ~ 10 on proof-of-concept basis• FY05: 32 proposals selected• All active user research proposals listed
on CNMS web site• UVA Projects:
Optical and Magnetic Properties of EndohedralMetallofullerene Compounds C. Dorn (Chemistry, Virginia Tech) and N. Swami (University of Virginia)Investigation of Large Scale Molecule Transfer for the Development of Hybrid Nanoscale Composite Materials, J Fitzgerald (University of Virginia)
~135 PROPOSALS RECEIVED
• 24 states represented• All Core Universities!
1st and 2nd Calls
10+1
10+10
First Full-Scale Call for Proposals for FY06
• About 120 new proposals − Accepted 50
• Second FY06 Call for Proposals closed last month
− Goal: 100 total new proposals accepted for FY06
Foreign Proposals: Canada (1)China (3)Italy (1)
Mexico (2)Taiwan (1)
• Proposals accepted on a specified schedule:
Steady state 2 - 4 cycles/year• Features:
− Equipment checklist− ES&H checklist− Two-page Project
Description• Internal review for feasibility• Peer-reviewed by entirely
external Proposal Review Committee, with experts in each research area
• Coordinated with other User Facilities at ORNL (Appendix)
Call for Proposals
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Proposal Evaluation Criteria are Used
• Scientific and Technical Merit (50%)− Addresses an important problem− High degree of innovation− Well-planned, logical approach
• Technical Feasibility (30%)− Present background information to justify reasonable expectation of success− Identify and address potential showstoppers− Take advantage of CNMS capabilities that are not widely available− Recommended: Communicate with CNMS Staff during formulation (optional)
• Capability of the group (20%)− The team — including CNMS components — must have expertise in all areas
needed to accomplish the tasks
The promise of nanotechnologyMore powerful computers and information storage devices Fast chemical analyses using minute quantities of materialsNew approaches for medical diagnosis, treatment, and drug deliveryNew catalysts for cleaner,more efficient chemicaland energy industriesNew materials 100 times as strong as current materialsNew technologies for energy production and conversion (fuel cells, solid-state lighting, photovoltaics) Nanoscale
“vacuum tube”
Mo anode Mo gate
VACNF emitter
Nanochannel sensors
DNA delivery
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
www.cnms.ornl.gov
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
