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The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance:
• Chromosomes and genes are present as pairs in diploid cells
• homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis
• fertilization restores chromosome number to diploid condition
• The chromosomal theory of inheritance claims it is the chromosome that segregates and assorts independently.
Morgan and
Linked Traits
Sex Linked Traits
• Eye color is linked on the X Chromosome
• Females carry 2 copies of the gene while males have only one copy
• If mutant allele is recessive, white eyed female has the trait on both X’s
• White eyed male can not hide the trait since he has only one X.
• Who is responsible when a boy inherits a sex linked condition?– The mother.
• A carrier of a condition is heterozygous for the trait, so only females can carry sex linked traits.
Color Blindness
• Recessive condition that effect men more than women.
• Why?
• In flies gray body(b+) is dominant to black body (b), and long wings (vg+) are dominant to vestigial wings (vg).
• What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a cross between a heterozygous gray, heterozygous normal winged fly with a black vestigial fly?– 1:1:1:1 ratio
• But what he got was…..
• What explains the non-Mendelian results?– There was No independent assortment!
• The traits are linked on the same chromosome.
• If the traits are linked, then all of the offspring should resemble the parental types, black vestigial or gray normal.
• How did we get the recombinant traits of black, normal and gray vestigial?
Using Recombination Frequency to Map Traits
• Recombination frequency between black and vestigial traits is 17%
• Recombination frequency between cn and black is 9%
• Recombination between cn and vg is 9.5%
• Map these traits on the chromosome.
• Determine the order of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies:
• A - B 8% A--B
• A - C 28% A-------C
• A - D 25% D-----A
• B - C 20% B---C
• B - D 33% D---------B
• DABC
X Inactivation in Females
• How does an organism compensate for the fact that some individuals have a double dosage of sex-linked genes, while others have only one?– X inactivation , the inactive X condenses
into a Barr body– The inactivation is random and
approximately half the X’s from Mom and half the X’s from Dad will inactivate
• The calico cat is the result of multiple alleles on the X chromosome combines with X inactivation.
• One allele causes orange fur and the other causes black fur.
• The male cat will be either orange or black.
• Only a heterozygous female will be calico with regions that are orange and regions that are black based on the X inactivation.
Non-Disjunction Diseases
• http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/HumanBioogy/bills_developmental_abnormalities.htm