“The War of Northern Aggression” (to the South)
A: Slavery B: State’s Rights C: Other Reasons (if you
say other, you need to describe the reason/reasons)
Write your answer on the front page of your
packet.
Frederick Douglass •Prominent speaker for American Anti-Slavery Society•Former slave•Started antislavery newspaper: North Star
William Lloyd Garrison
•Uncompromising abolitionist•Constitution supported slavery; had to change the Constitution
Sojourner Truth •Born: Isabella Baumfree•Former slave
Martin Delany •1st African American to graduate from Harvard Medical School•Founded newspaper: Mystery•Supported colonization in Liberia
Harriet Tubman •Former slave•Conductor on the Underground Railroad
Participation of Women Allowed
Sarah & Angelina Grimke’
Sojourner Truth
Race
African Americans need was urgent
Believed whites saw them as inferior
Tactics
Colonization of Liberia
Some whites supported because they didn’t want to live near African Americans
14 years: only 1400 moved
Change the Constitution
North South
•Abolition was a radical idea•Merchants : worried it would sour business between N & S•White workers & labor leaders: competition would lower wages•Blacks seen as inferior•People don’t want them living in their neighborhoods
•Southerners: outraged & defended slavery•Postmasters refused to deliver abolitionist literature•Southern congressmen: Gag Rule passed
Wanted: Harriett
Tubman
AKA: Black Moses
$40,000 Reward
40,000 – 100,000 slaves escaped using
the Underground Railroad
I have, Senators, believed from the first that… the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely & effective measure, end in disunion [of the United States]… It has reached a point when it can
no longer be disguised or denied that the Union is in danger. You have thus had forced upon you the
greatest & the gravest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be
preserved? ~John C. Calhoon
March 4, 1850
Review: Set 36’30 line Provided balance in the Senate
South: government had no right denying citizens of their “property” or preventing them from taking their “property” to territories
North: areas should be closed to slavery while they are still territories
Wilmot Proviso: slavery shall not exist in any of the territories acquired from Mexico; failed in Congress
California asks to join as a free state Admission would shift the balance of power
in senate Solution:
Come up with another compromise
Henry Clay (Kent) – wrote compromise
John C. Calhoon (S.C.) –opposed Compromise
Daniel Webster (Mass) – favored Compromise
Stephen Douglas unbundled the compromise
Allowed Congress to vote for each component individually
Made it easier to pass
Find the 5 provisions of the Compromise of 1850.
You have 5 minutes!
1. California admitted as a free state2. People in New Mexico & Utah territories
would decide the issue of slavery3. Sale of slaves in DC abolished (but not
slavery)4. Texas would give up claims to New Mexico
for $10 million5. Fugitive Slave Act :
Senator: Illinois Drafted the Kansas Nebraska Act 2 motivations:1. Wanted Chicago to benefit from western
development2. Wanted to run for president
Supported the practice of popular sovereignty
Asking the nation to repeal the Missouri Compromise 1820
9 months debate; finally passed
Immigrant Aid Society: 1200 free soilers to Kansas
Proslavery settlers in Missouri went to Kansas to vote illegally
1855: 2 constitutions & capitals
Topeka: Antislavery
Lecompton: Proslavery
1856: proslavery southerners looted offices & homes in Lawrence
John Brown led a group to a proslavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek
Killed 5 men Looting in Lawrence + Pottawatomie Creek =
summer of murderous raids known as “Bleeding Kansas”
Senator Charles Sumner’s speech “Crime Against Kansas” earned him a beating at the hands of Preston Brooks.
Whigs fell apart after 1850 Know Nothings (1854) Grew out of the issue of Nativism AKA: The American Party
Every American & naturalized Protestant citizen throughout the Union, [should] use his utmost
exertions to aid the cause by organizing & freeing the country from that monster [Catholicism]
which… is only waiting… to approach to plant its flag of tyranny, persecution, and oppression
among us. The American Party
Members: Northerners who were disgusted with the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Dedicated to stopping “Slave Power”, the repeal of the Kansas Nebraska Act & the Fugitive Slave Act
1. Where were most of the textiles & other manufacturing centers located? North or South
2. Where was most of the food grown or produced? North or South
3. Where was most of the population located in 1860? North or South
4. Where were most of the railroads located? North or South
5. Where were most of the lines of communication located? North or South
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe
Cannibals All (1857):George Fitzhugh
•Illustrated that slavery was opposed to beliefs many Northerners held (importanceof women & ideal family)•Simon Legree, slaver owner, everything the North feared & despised•Slavery could corrupt anyone•Presented a picture of slavery in the South Northerners could believe
•Northern industrialists were no better than cannibals•Didn’t care about workers pay, living conditions & could easily replace workers•Slave holders had a vested interest in their slaves
Northerners: US could not be a country of Simon Legrees
Slavery would ruin the US South:
Represented the true spirit of the American Revolution since Revolutionary leaders had slaves
Slave households had order, grace & a sense of liberty
Northerners were arrogant & self righteous In a nutshell: made the 2 sides hate each other
more
Democrats Know Nothings Republicans
James Buchannan Millard Fillmore John C. Freemont
Supported the Kansas Nebraska Act
Federal government has the right to restrict slavery; Kansas admitted as a free state
Support of South & key Northern states
Strong Northern support
Winner
Hoped the Supreme Court would deal with the issue of slavery for
good
• 7:2 decision against Scott• Effects of decision:1. Slaves did not have rights to sue in court2. Enslaved people could not win freedom by living in a
free territory or state3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional & all
territories were open to slavery
Proslavery group writes a constitution: Lecompton Constitution
Most in Kansas were anti-slavery
Buchanan supported Lecompton Constitution
Constitution defeated: Aug. 1858 Kansas remained a territory where slavery
was legal
• Illinois deeply divided over slavery•7 debates on the issue of slavery in the territories•Who would YOU vote for? Why?
Stephen Douglas (D) Abraham Lincoln (R)
•White Americans were superior to African Americans•Tolerated slavery•Supported popular sovereignty
•Shared Douglas’ views regarding African Americans•Majority should not have the power to deny a minority of their rights•Did not believe the federal government had to power to forbid slavery•Slavery was wrong; an issue of morals
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave & half free. I do no expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not except the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”
-Abraham LincolnJune 1858
WINNER
Attacked a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia
21 men (5 African Americans) Plan: give weapons to
enslaved people so they could rebel
Surrendered to Col. Robert E. Lee
Brown: guilty of treason & to be hung
Southern (D) Moderate Southern (Constitutional
Union)
Northern (D) Northern (R)
John C. Breckinridge John Bell Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln
Committed to an aggressive policy of expanding slavery in the territories.
Slaveholder Supported popular sovereignty
Against slavery in the territories
NC, AR, DE, MD, TX, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA & SC
TN, KY & VA NJ (split) & MO Every free stateexcept NJ (split)
On the ballot in the South On the ballot in the North
Lincoln won with out 1 southern electoral vote; 39% of popular vote; 180 majority electoral college votes
Southerners outraged Planters & proslavery called for the South to
secede Secessionists argued: states joined voluntarily &
could choose to leave Lower South Secedes & forms the Confederate
Sates of America & elected Jefferson Davis President
Sen. John Crittenden (Kent): plan would recognize slavery south of 36 30; Lincoln: NO
Horace Greeley: let the seceding states go peacefully
Northern businessmen: force the states to return
Succession wrong Committed to preventing the expansion of slavery Duty to enforce the laws of the US
We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The
mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield & patriot grave to every living heart… will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they
will be, by the better angels of our nature.Abraham Lincoln
1st Inaugural Address& plea to the South
Federal troops occupied Lincoln needed to resupply
Symbol of the Union he swore to preserve Fighting = responsible for starting a war Abandoning = acknowledging the authority of the
Confederate government Confederate Pres ordered Gen PGT Beauregard
to demand Sumter’s surrender Anderson: NO
April 12, 1861: Beauregard opened fire; Anderson surrendered
Lincoln had no choice but to respond Asked for volunteers South = act of war 4 border states = uncommitted
North/Union South/Confederacy
•2x railroad tracks & factories (21,700: 9000 miles; 110,000: 20,600)•Balanced economy: farming & industry•Financially: better off•Already functioning government•Existing army & navy• 2/3 of nation’s population (21.5 million: 9 million)
•7 of 8 military colleges were in the South•Most officers sided with the Confederacy•Only needed to defend borders & not initiate attacks•Soldiers were eager to fight: “a struggle for their way of life”
North South
•Lincoln orders a blockade of seceded states•Troops & gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi•Cut the Confederacy in 2; the Anaconda Plan•Seize the capitol: Richmond, Virginia
•Prepare & wait•War of attrition •Stop exporting cotton to Europe
New bullet shaped ammo
Rifling Shells
Canister
South: food shortages = food
riots
labor shortages
desertions
women filled job
high taxes to pay for the war
massive inflation
smuggling
North: • industrial boom• women filled jobs• cheaply made
products = more profits for businesses
• decline in standard of living = labor unrest due to low wages
• income tax instituted inflation
Slaves: greater freedom Able to resist slavery Became southern soldiers Sabotaged plantations Worked less than before Male slaves seized for military labor
States worked against draft officials Asked Europe for help
No recognition Britain: ports used for privateers France: would not support Confederacy w/o Britain
persuade people to sacrifice personal interests for the common good
Build loyalty to the new government Fewer resources Lee called for a draft
3 yr service
White men 18 – 35; later 45 then 50
Farmers had to contribute 1/10 of produce Taxed income to pay for war
Had to convince citizens that saving the Union was worth the loss
Britain: threatened invasion after 2 Confedrepresentatives taken off a British ship
Lincoln - $19 billion from Britain for compensation
Pacific Railroad Act Homestead Act Tariffs $$ to War
Federal income tax: 3 – 5%
Internal Revenue Act: tax on liquor, tobacco, medicine & newspaper ads
Northern draft
$300 buy your way out
Copperheads: Democrats against the war Lincoln:
Army shut down opposition newspapers
Disloyal legislative members arrested
Kent: martial law
Suspended writ of habeas corpus
Lincoln opposed slavery; lacked power to abolish
Ending slavery = strategy to end war 1/1/63: Emancipation Proclamation
Slaves in areas of rebellion are free
Announcement = Democrats made gains in election of 1862
Union Gen. Benjamin Butler: seize enemy’s property – contraband
July 1862: Lincoln allows African Americans to join the military
‘65: 180,000 ; +1/2 were former slaves
July 1863: Massachusetts 54th Infantry under command of Robert Gould Shaw led attack on Ft. Wagner
Andersonville: most notorious
35,000 men on 26 acres
100 died a day
1:4 soldiers died from disease
Dysentery, typhoid, malaria, pneumonia
1:5 died from wounds Clara Barton “angel of the battlefield”: found
the American Red Cross
Battle Casualties Commanders Victory Significance
Ft. Sumter C: BeauregardU: Anderson
Confed Opening shots of Civil War
1st Battle of Bull Run U: 2900C: -200
U:McDowellC: Beauregard, Thomas & Stonewall Jackson
Union 1st major battle
Shiloh U: +13,000C: ~11,000
U: Grant & BuellC: Johnson
Union Bloodiest single battle
Antietam U: +12,000C: ~14,000
U: McClellanC: Lee
Union Bloodiest DAY of the Civil War
Fredericksburg U: 13,000C: 5000
U: BurnsideC: Lee
Confed Burnside’s actions led to the massacre of his men
Gettysburg U: +23,000C: +28,000
U: Meade, ChamderlainC: Lee, Longstreet, Picket
Union Bloodiest battle
Vicksburg U: GrantC: Pemberton
Union Confedsurrendered; Union controls Mississippi R.
Atlanta U: ShermanC: Hood
Union Sherman burnedAtlanta to the ground
9/19/1863 2 minute speech 15,000 people gathered to hear
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged
in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to
the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion --that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Problems
Radical Republicans: angered Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill
Supported John C. Fremont
Democrats
George McClellan
Capture of Atlanta = support for Lincoln = 212 of 233 electoral votes
Ratified December 18, 1865“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction” Lincoln: slavery once divided a nation, let’s
begin to heal wounds
Sherman moves North Confed: -35,000 starving men in Richmond Grant blocked Lee’s moves April 9: Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Court House
Group led by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865: shot Lincoln in the head at
Ford’s Theater 14 days for the funeral train to travel from DC
to Springfield, IL