The Civil WarAP Chapters 20 & 21

“Manifest Destiny” Lincoln had campaigned

against the spread of slavery…

Buchanan had done nothing to ease the situation…

Lincolns 1st Inaugural Address…

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 Lincoln… P.G.T. Beauregard… A bloodless start…

Lincoln calls for75,000 Volunteers To put down the

“insurrection”… Abuses executive power

Authorizes spending without congress

Suspends the writ of habeas corpus

VA, NC, AR, TN secede – Confederate capitol moves to Richmond

The Border States

Wartime Advantages

North Military

Population:22 million… 800,000 immigrants… 180,000 African Americans

would enter… Economic

85% of factories… 70% of railroads… 65% of farmlands…

Political Strong central government

South Military

Population:5 ½ million… Defensive war… Experienced generals…

Economic Overseas demand for cotton…

Political Struggle for independence…

Union Strategy Anaconda Plan…

Initially ineffective – 3,500 miles of coastline…

Blockade runners…

Unable to win an early decisive battle…

War of Attrition…

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)- July 1861

Only 30 miles from D.C….

“Stonewall” Jackson…

Large psychological impact…

Army of the Potomac Gen. George

McClellan Overcautious always

thought he was outnumbered…

Frustrated Lincoln…

The War at Sea The Trent Affair… The CSS Alabama… Confederates attempt

to get Laird Rams…

Monitor vs. Merrimac – March 1862

Peninsula Campaign (April-June 1862)

McClellan tries to flank Richmond…

Robert E. Lee emerges to thwart

the attack…

Gen. John Pope replaces McClellan

Second Bull Run (Manassas) July-August 1862

Lee strikes quickly at Pope and forces him into a trap…

Federals withdraw to Washington…

Lincoln replaces Pope with McClellan

Antietam (September 1862) Lee invades Maryland… McClellan intercepts Lee’s

plans… Bloodiest day of the war… Considered one of the most

decisive battles in world history…

Lee retreats, McClellan doesn’t pursue.. (he’s replaced by Ambrose Burnside)

Really a “draw” but Lincoln considers it a badly needed victory…

EmancipationProclamation Effective Jan. 1, 1863 Changed the moral

cause of the war… Only freed slaves in

areas of rebellion… Reaction

North South Europe

Shiloh (April 1862) Grant had captured

Fort Henry & Fort Donelson in Feb…

Albert Johnston surprises Grant at Shiloh…

Over 23,000 killed wounded or missing…

Chancellorsville (May 1863) Lee had defeated Burnside at

Fredericksburg in 1862 – he was replaced by Joseph Hooker…

At Chancellorsville Lee… Stonewall Jackson… “I have lost my right arm…” Hooker is replaced by George

Meade…

Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863) Lee invades PA… Bloodiest battle of

Civil War… 1st Day:

Confederates take Gettysburg – Union takes high ground (Little Round Top & Cementary Ridge)

Day 2: Lee tries to flank Union right and left…they hold

Day 3: Lee orders George Pickett to charge the center…

“High Tide of the Confederacy”…

Lee retreats … Meade doesn’t

pursue… Gettysburg Address

(November 1863)…

Vicksburg Falls (July 4, 1863) 7month siege… Last Confederate

stronghold on the Mississippi…

Cuts Confederacy in half…

Sherman’s March To the Sea (Sept.-Dec. 1864)

Burns Atlanta and SC to the ground…

60 miles wide – 300 miles long path of destruction…

“Total War”…

Politics & the Election of 1864 Copperheads…

“Butternut Region” Clement L.

Vallandigham

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War… Salmon P. Chase…

Vallandigham

Peace Democrats nominate McClellan…

Union Party (Republicans and War Democrats) nominate Lincoln VP Andrew Johnson

(TN) “Don’t swap horses in

the middle of the river” Lincoln felt…

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

“With malice towards none, with charity for all…”

Grant’s Virginia Campaign (May 1864 – April 1865) Grant promoted over Meade

after Gettysburg… His strategy – constant

attack…would result in 50,000 Union casualties…

“Grant the Butcher” Heavy Union losses but keeps pressure on Lee…

Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Petersburg Richmond

Appomattox Court House, VA – April 9, 1865

Generous terms of surrender… Horses… Grant: “The war is

over…”

“Honest Abe” asks the band to play Dixie…

April 14, 1865 (Good Friday) Lincoln goes to Ford’s

Theatre to watch Our American Cousin…

Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth “Sic semper Tyrannus” Part of a larger

conspiracy…

Most destructive 620,000 die over a million total casualties unknown number of civilian dead

Cost $15 billion (about $1.5 trillion today)

4 Million Slaves freed Accelerated industrialization

and modernization of the U.S. Railroads & Steel Industry Textiles Food Processing