The Co-Operative Engineer. Vol. 15 No. 1 (October 1935)

.. ; - .

(Patents Pending)

A·· COMPLETE AUTOMATIC ELEVA TO_ROPERATING FROM THE LIGHTING CIRCUIT

AT A PRICEWITHIN REACH OF THE HOME OWNER

It is so simple in operation that any child or agedperson can operate it; so safeguarded that no onecan be injured.

The HomeLIFT may be installed in an existinghome as well as in one being erected; it merely re-quires an opening slightly larger than the size of thecab between the first and second floors. No firstfloor enclosure or pit, no cutting of the second floorceiling is necessary. When the cab is on the secondfloor all that is visible on the first floor are two smallrails along the wall, which may be finished toharmonize with the room.

NO-W MOTHER ENJOYS THE SHEPARD ELEVATOR CO.THE WHO L E HOM E CINCINNATI, OHIO

OUR SLOGAN I

Nothing Commonat the Commons

•~

Come-See if"That's What You Think"

FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE

We Offer You Complete Bank-ing Facilities to Fill YourEvery Banking Need-at Our

CLIFTON HEIGHTS OFFICEClifton and McMillan, Hughes Corner

•THE WESTERN BANK

& TRUST CO.'"

Other Offices

Twelfth and Vine Sts. Fifth and WalnutPaddock and California, Bond Hill

Member Federal Reserve SystemEstablished I876

t:::::··· :::.::;:;;:::::::::::;;;~~:::;;:;::::::::;;;:;:::;::;::;;;;::::::~;;::;:;:;;;::::.:;;;$::::';:;;: ';·.O;;;;;·;·;-:-;·;·:;:;·;·;·:·;·;':;:;';·;':·:·~:;;;;~:·X;::~~~;·;.c;::~s:.:w:,:,~;~ •••••• I

"Tbls Lindewelded pipe can be buried andjorgotten"".._., .........-._....... ,·.- ..--.·.-~·~··.'.'.a •••• 1

-MILE PIPinGSYSTEM fOR CASOLI n I:PLAnT• The construction of an East Texas gasoline plant requiredapproximately 80 miles of welded pipe. The piping system includedgathering lines from over 1000 wells. It involved straight line runs,headers, bull-plugs, bends, angles and other specials. Pipe sizeranged from 3-in. to 26-in. diameter-5/32-in. to 7/16-in. wall.

The Lindeweld method of oxy-acetylene welding was selectedfor this project after competitive tests with other types of pipejoints. The company found Lindewelding produced dependablyuniform results, cost less, and could be done in less time.

The entire system was tested under pressure. Many of the weld-ing operators had not used Lindewelding previously. Yet the com-pany's engineers reported they did not find a single defective weld.

Lindewelding was brought to this project as a part of Linde"Process Service, which is regularly available to Linde Customers-without charge. Linde Offices will gladly give you complete detailson Lindewelding. They are located in Atlanta-Baltimore, Bir-mingham, Boston, Buffalo, Butte-Chicago, Cleveland-Dallas,Denver, Detroit-e-El Paso-Houston-Indianapolis-Kansas City-Los Angeles-Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-New Orleans,New York-Philadelphia, Phoenix', Pittsburgh, Portland, Ore.-St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane andTulsa. The Linde Air Products Company, Unit of Union Carbideand Carbon Corporation.

* Lindewelding is a new method of oxy-acetylene welding devel-oped by the Linde engineering and research organizations. Thismethod requires less oxygen, less acetylene and less welding rod.Welds can be completed in less time. Yet Lindewelding involvesonly a special flame adjustment and a "back-hand" technique, to-gether with Oxweld No. 24 Liridewelci Process Welding Rod.When circumstances permit, the Multi-Flame Lindeweld Head canbe used. This will further increase the speed of Lindewelding.It costs only $7.75. On pipe line construction Lindewelding isconsistently saving 15 to 40 per cent in welding time, rods and gases .

•• ------------- __ 11111"The Multi-Flame Lindeweld Head in action

,£ay~ frz ~-lIeety~ tt'eIk, ruuI ~

!L1NDE DXY GEN • PREST·D·lITE ACETYlEN E • DXWELD APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES FRO m II n D E UNIDN CARBIDE

'; 1

';1 1:"1'

I,OCTOBER, 1935 1

Lindewelding also can be done onvertical and overhead lines

ICE-BOUND PUMPER

Courtesy Ahrens-Fox Fire Engine Co.

THE CO-OPERATIVE»~... ~"''i~~'''''''' I 'v~"",.,,,,,,. _. 1'';'' -. ~ _~

ENG IN E E R °V~r~~R~~5PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY STUDENTS AND ALUMNIOF THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND 'COMMERCEUNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI * * * CINCINNATI, OHIO

BOARD OF CONTROLCONTENTS

CHARLES E. KAUFMAN PageEditor-in-Chief

FRANK MESSMAN Fighting Fires !n Cincinnati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4M . Ed't Dan Ceedinganagtng tor

LEA KLEIN Abreast of the Past. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Business Manager Dr. Herman Schneider

CA THERINE SEYER T . A' S . Th D" iblAsst. Bus. Manager ransoceamc rr ervIce- e ingi e............................... 8Dave P. Meeker

HAROLD K. CHENEY ._.Pres. Engineering Tribunal Dust Storms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10

CLARK BALLARD W. L. JotterPres. of Co-Op Club , .

Hell s FIre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13PROF. C. W. PARK Duane E. Baker

Editorial Adviser

PROF. N. C. GElS An Integrated System of Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14Business Adviser

PROF. D. COOK The Automotive Diesel ~. . . . . . . . . . .. 16Art Adviser Joe Schaefer

Entered as second-class matter Secrecy in Police Radio Broadcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18June 29, 1922, at the postoffice at Albert CohenCincinnati, Ohio, under the Act ofMarch 3, 1879. Acceptance for Editorial Comment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19mailing at special rate of postageprovided for in section 1103, Act ofOctober 3, 1917, authorized Octo-ber 6, 1922. STAFF

Dave Meeker Associate Editor Leo E. Weiler, Jr Advertising Mgr.Robert Norris Associate Editor Edith Ann Elliott .. Assoc. Adv. Mgr.Richard Schiewetz Associate Editor Charles Spring Asst. Adv. Mgr.Ruth Kroger Alumni Editor Paul Huenefeld Asst. Art EditorRobert Deshon Art Editor Joan Hurley Asst. Art EditorDorothy Fisgus Exchange Editor Mildred Schumaker Exchange Mgr.Robert Reis Exchange Editor LaVera Steins Exchange M gr.Dan Geeding Assistant Editor Norma Wellman Circulation M gr.Robert Graef Assistant Editor Mary E. Neuhardt .. Asst. Circ. Mgr.Joseph Schaefer Assistant Editor Alta Newton Asst. Circ. Mgr.Charles E. Kaufman .. Executive Secy. Winifred Richards Asst. Circ. Mgr.

ASSISTANTSWalter Carrall Carl Hauck A. F. Pennak Carol SmithnerFerne Cameron Winifred Huntington David Rosenberg Page 'TruesdellJulia Clear Bertha Kettering Jorma Salovaara Elsie WalterWade Cooper Mildred Krauss Helen Schafstall James L.WeilerArt Fasold Muriel Kuyper Elaine Schifrin Betty WinstonJean Hastie Robert Merrill Dorothy Schlueter Susanne Wolfe

Donald Montgomery Betty Jane Sellers

FIGHTING FIRES IN CINCINNATI

• By DAN GEEDING/ Bus.Ad.1 /38 •

The author wish~s .to ac~nowledge the kind coo'perat~on of Drill In the next few years volunteer companies sprang"Master H. C. W~lhams en the preparation. of thi» article. 11 he r-i til 1850 h . ht hup a over t e CIty un 1 , W en eig een sue

companies were operating with over 1800 men ready

To possess a trained fire-fighting service is one of the to battle any flame. Great rivalry sprang up betweenmost important functions of a municipality. Cin- the various organizations. Each company wanted to

cinnati today occupies an enviable position for carry- put the fire out and receive the fee then paid. Manying out this function through the work of its efficient riots broke out and in one instance, a mill was allowedfire department. Cincinnati has always been a pioneer to burn all night while the companies fought.in fire-fighting. It has met the ever increasing need A reform movement was in the offing. Miles Green--

Courtesy Ahrens-Fox Fire Engine Co.

The "Old Joe Ross"

for protection against fire hazards since its early days wood, with a few public-minded citizens, inducedas a small community. The city has moved forward Council to have a steam engine built to be manned bywith technical progress, taking advantage of new professional firemen. The engine, "Old Joe Ross"methods devised to subdue and check fires. was designed and built in Cincinnati in 1852 and prior

In the early days the cry of "Fire" brought forth to being put in use was exhibited in New York City.the entire population to form "bucket brigades." As It was claimed that the "Old Joe Ross" could throw athe town of Cincinnati flourished, it became necessary stream of water 230 feet at the rate of 375 gallons perto have some definite plans that could be followed in minute. The beginning of a new era in fire-fighting-time of an emergency. In 1801, the City Council came with the advent of the steam engine and the:moved that every homeowner be required to have a salaried fire department.leather bucket to be used for fire purposes only, andthat every able-bodied man respond to the alarm.Fines were imposed for disobeying these ordinances.In 1802, six ladders and hooks were purchased by thecity to aid in fire fighting and these constituted theentire department until 1808, when the Fire BucketCompany was allowed to organize. This was the firstof the independent fire companies, and its equipmentwas merely a large willow water basket on wheels. Afew years later the first -fire engine, dubbed "The Courtesy Ahrens Fox Co •.

Constitution," was purchased. The engine consisted "End and Side Stroke"of a hand pump arranged on a wagon with a large boxinto which water could be dumped. The first engine The first year the department sent a bill to the Citylike this is said to have been built in Troy, New York, for $78,400. Today a much larger budget is necessary,a short time before the one in Cincinnati. approximately $1,200,000. This figure may seem large

(Continued on page 6)

4 THE CO-OPERATIVE ENGINEER

Courtesy Ahrens-Fox Co.

"Citizen's Gift"

A n Interesting Demonstration



A Modern Pumper

Mack Aerial Truck

Courtesy Mack-International

OCTOBER, 1935 5

FIGHTING FIRES IN CINCINNATI were actually fires and the others were either false or(Continued from page 4) emergency calls. After each run the captain or acting

captain must make out a complete report of the fire,but when it is considered that an area of 72 square or false alarm, as the case may be. If a fire has beenmiles is protected, the real value of the department extinguished the report gives information about themay be appreciated. The department consists of 54 origin, the type of fire, whether it could have beenfire companies, with 54 pieces of motor truck equip- avoided or not, the amount of hose used, and anyment housed in 37 stations and manned by a personnel other pertinent facts. At the end of each year a veryof 629 men. comprehensive study is made on the basis of these

Last year the total loss to real estate was $555,162, reports and a statistical summary compiled.and this year the loss will probably be below thisfigure. The total loss is actually .07 per cent of the FIRE DRILL SCHOOLtotal- real estate value of $755,641,000. This is the In order that maximum fire-fighting efficiency

may be obtained, in times of an emergency each manmust know exactly what he should do and how itshould be done. Therefore, training and practice areessential and a system has been put into operationwhereby all members of the department are periodi-cally examined for their ability to handle equipmentin various emergencies. During these tests the men

~ c t ~A""""k' B Mf: c are watched by their superior officersand an extensiveour esy ron rase g. o.

I d V N l report is made out. The report is submitted to themprove apor ozz e C· . S . C .. b d h C .The Rotor (center piece) Breaks the Water into Fine Porticlee IVII ervice omrmssion to e use as t e omrms-

. sion sees fit in connection with the competitive pro-lowest total loss since 1915. In some years well over motional examinations.$1,000,000 was lost. The population for 1934 was All men entering the department must pass a civilestimated to have been 468,360, so that the per capita service examination and then satisfactorily graduateloss would be approximately $1.20. from the Training School. The drill course lasts four

The city is divided into two sections, north and weeks and in that time the men are given experiencesouth of Court Street, which are arranged in three in the handling of all equipment. This experiencedistricts each. The sections are headed by assistant warrants their being placed in service sixty days onfire chiefs, and the districts by fire marshals. Each probation. At the end of the period, if they are passedcompany is directed by a captain, with lieutenants as upon by their superior officers and recommended bysubordinate officers. All alarms, whether by fire box the Chief of the Fire Department, they are dulyor telephone, are registered in the Fire Tower at Court certified as firemen by the City Manager.Street and sent to all stations. The companies in whosedistrict the alarm has been given respond as their MODERN EQUIPMENTnumbers ring on the automatic signal alarm. Last The motor truck caravan of fire-fighting apparatusyear 4,270 alarms were received and answered; 2,646 numbers 54 pieces always available with 10 additional


The Vapor Nozzlein Operation

Courtesy Akron Brass Mfg. Co.


DEAN'S PAGE

ABREAST OF _THE PAST• By DR. HERMAN SC'HNEIDER •

KEEPING up with the The state should be governed as we fry smallforefront of the times fish, without much business.

in politics, literature, eco- Regulate things before confusion beqins.nomics, government, phil- The difficulty in governing -people is in over-osophy, science, and inter- much policy.national affairs is, we are When the government is rigid amd exacting, theadmonished, a good thing people are cramped and miserable.to do. Perhaps it is, if you When the actions of the people are controlled bycan do it. But I doubt prohibitory laws, the country becomes more andwhether you can. more impoverished.

The forefront is usually A liberal government is that which neither dis-imagined as the head of a regards nor hurts anyone.procession moving accord- When a man who wishes to reform the world

. ing to blue prints. The takes it in hand, I perceive that there will be noDr. Schneider brains are up there and so end to it.

is the spotlight; and the inside stuff is in the blue Expediency is the mere shadow of what is rightprints. It sounds enticing. and true, and is portentous of confusion.

As a matter of fact, the head of the procession is, Of war, he says:and always has been, a stewy mess without a sense of To foy in conquest is to Joy in the loss ofdirection. It is a strenuous and complex milling about. human life.When you come free of it to get your breath and bear- He who foys in bloodshed is not fit to govern theings you are befuddled and wondering. A long session country.of Congress looks like that to the nation and must Briars and thorns flourish where battalionsfeel like that to the Congressmen. have quartered.

Much better, it seems to me, is the taking of time Bad years follow on the heels of armies inout to be alone and to read some old wisdom, the motion.older the better; such wisdom, let us say, as that of When a nation is filled with strife then doLaotze, the great Chinese sage. patriots flourish.

Laotze was born about the year 604 B.C. He was May not a man take muddy water and make itcurator in a royal library and his reading of old clear by keeping still?documents gave him a great respect for what he Obviously Laotze was a conservative. But Con-called "the ancients." In his latter years he developed fucius, an equally able philosopher, was not. It hasa desire to slip away from the world for deeper medi- always been true, as it is today, that any philosophytation. The far-off purple mountains called to him, excites an opposite one. Confucius argued for govern-so when he was about ninety years old, he started out mental regulation down to the last detail; and whilealone. The guard of the pass leading upward knew the people revered Laotze, ultimately they followedwho he was and gently insisted that Laotze set down Confucius. The story goes that the two met, whenthe sum of his wisdom, for Laotze had never written Confucius was thirty-three years old and Laotzehis philosophy. The old sage did so and disappeared about eighty-seven, and had it out in words.into the mists to be heard of no more except as his Confucius developed an itch to try out his theoriesone book speaks. - and traveled through the provinces of China seeking

His sentences are short and pithy. Evidently he a chance. On one occasion, when he reached thethought a lot and then wrote a simple line. province of C'hi, he almost landed the job. But one of

Here are a few of his comments on government: the Old Guard pointed out to the Prince that "These(Continued on page 20)

~ AOCTOBER/ 1935 1

TRANSOCEANIC AIR SERVICE-THE DIRIGIBLE

By DAVE P. MEEKER/ Aero. E./ /38

THE dirigible will have a long, hard fight to become be handled carefully when storm areas, where the airrecognized by the American people as a reliable air movements are much more pronounced, are en-

transport. In the first place funds are lacking for the countered. A dirigible should never be flown throughproper kind of experimentation. In addition, the late the vortex of any severe storm, although it can passhistory of lighter-than-air craft has meant destruc- through a line squall at the right altitude and undertion for a delicate, but promising industry, and the proper control without being harmed.building up of a hostile public opinion. Lightning has very little effect on a well bonded

It is necessary that enthusiasts and the public con- dirigible because the electrical charge is instantlysider these lighter-than-air craft casualties not as an distributed throughout the giant framework. In orderindication of complete failure, but as part of the price to avoid difficulty from ice formations on the hull andthat must be paid to obtain the right kind of equip- propellers, a dirigible should follow a course thatment, and in training the personnel, as in any new avoids all frigid storm areas.enterprise. r ~ In extreme cases the heat from the sun causes the

The Gra]at Rest

Photo by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co,

A worthwhile demonstration of the capabilities of lifting gas to expand beyond the capacity of the gasa rugged, well-designed, lighter-than-air craft has cells, thus losing some of this valuable gas to the outerbeen made by Dr. Hugo Eckener with the Graf atmosphere through the automatic relief valves.Zeppelin. Dr. Eckener, while in command of this giant However, an altitude high enough for a noticeableairship, traveled over 600,000 miles on scheduled loss of lifting gas due to internal pressure expansion istrips to practically all parts of the world. The ship seldom reached, since the passengers' comfort requireshas been flown across the Atlantic Ocean more than low-altitude flight in the transoceanic service.seventy times and is still flying on a regular com-mercial schedule between Germany and Brazil. COSTS

It is a known fact that air currents move in different The original cost of the Graf Zeppelin was approxi-directions with different speeds at different altitudes. mately $1,000,000 and the cost per mile to fly theThe commercial airline dirigible, operating between ship is about $3.50. The included graph indicates thataltitudes of about 1,000 and 10,000 feet, is affected the dirigible is a fast, economical air transport forvery little by air currents in calm weather, but must long, non-stop, over-water courses. The airplane is


better for shorter, high-speed trips. The groundhandling is a difficult and expensive problem for air-ships because of the many men or complex machinerythat must be used. The Goodyear dock at Akron, Ohiocost about $2,500,000 to build, but it may be usedindefinitely both as a factory and as a dirigible hangar.

CONSTRUCTIONThe hull of a modern dirigible is built of a duralumin

framework consisting of main and intermediatelongitudinal girders which run lengthwise in the ship,and main and intermediate transverse sections orrings which are located at stations along the keel andperpendicular to the center line of the ship. Practicallyall the girders in the dirigible framework are triangularin shape and built up from thin sheets of duraluminwhich have been formed and riveted together. Themain polygonal transverse rings are held rigid byking post bracing between opposite segments in thecircumference. The longitudinals are held in place bydiagonal wire bracing attached to the points of inter-section with the transverse ring segments. The outerenvelope is a strong, light cotton fabric stretched andlaced to the outer frame panels. This covering istreated with cellulose nitrate, aluminized, and pol-ished to give a light, durable, heat and light reflectingsurface.

The gas cells in the Graf Zeppelin are made up oflight cotton cloth which is lined with goldbeaterskins (the prepared outside membrane of the largeintestine of the ox) to prevent the lifting gas fromescaping or being diluted by the outside air whichwould ordinarily seep into the gas cell. The liftingforce of the gas in the cells is transmitted to the mainframe of the airship by a cord network which alsohelps to hold the cell shape. Automatic relief valves,located in the top of each cell, release the excess liftinggas without straining the cell fabric, while maneuver-ing valves, located in the tops of some of the gas cells,and operated from the control car, trim the ship.

The gross lifting capacity of the 3,700,000 cubicfeet gas cells of the Zeppelin is about 258,000 pounds.

GONDOLASThe streamlined control and power cars of the Graf

Zeppelin are made up of a duralumin frameworkcovered with fabric and attached to the hull frame-work by struts and wires. Each of the five power carscontains a 12-cylinder 450 horsepower engine, completewith engine controls and instruments. These Maybachmotors are reversible and use a carburetor systemwhich enables them to operate on either a liquid orgaseous fuel. Each motor has a bore of 5.51 inches anda stroke of 7.09 inches, and will develop 450 h.p. at1500 r.p.m. The fuel and oil consumption for eachmotor is on an average 202.8 pounds and 5.5 poundsper hour respectively. One motor, complete withstarter, weighs 2,535 pounds and is 6.40 feet long,

..OCTOBER/ 1935

o IlIUO':UUU ~ -ruu,", oIfwAIU g"""", I"-'VV 0,""", <7""'- IVVVV 'IV__ ••..•...-- •...,--RANGE IN MILES

Graph by J. C. Hunsaker, Society Automotive Engineers

Cost of Transportation by Dirigible and Airplane

3.18 feet high, and 3.05 feet wide.Compressed air is used to start the motors, which

use blau gas as the main fuel and benzine as the aux-iliary fuel. Blau gas carried in the twelve main, cloth,fuel cells is easily burned in the specially designedMaybach engines and because of its light weight perunit volume (density 1.05 when air is taken as 1.00)offers no great weight displacement problems as it isconsumed.

CONTROLSThe fins and movable control surfaces, located at

the rear of the hull.structure, are built up of a dura-lumin framework and covered with. fabric which isdoped with cellulose nitrate and reinforced withtape. The large movable elevator and rudder surfacesare operated from the main control room, throughcables, pulleys, chains, and sprockets. The steeringroom or pilot's cab is in the front of the main controlcar. The rudderman's stand is in the forward part ofthe pilot's cab, and is equipped with a wheel forsteering, a magnetic compass, rudder position indi-cator, and a pair of clutches to be used when operatingeach rudder independent of the other.

The elevatorman's stand is located on the port sideof the pilot's cab and has two elevator indicators andclutches, two inclinometers, a statoscope (sensitivebarometer), a variometer, an altimeter, thermometersfor air, fuel, and lifting gas, and a gas pressure alarm.Above the elevatorman is the control box for the bal-last and gas.

The captain's stand, on the starboard side of thepilot's cab, has the communication leads to eachpower car, an airspeed indicator, and variometer(rate of climb indicator).

In the navigation room which is located in the con-(Continued on page 24)

9

DUST STORMS

By W. L. JOTTER! Aero. E~!138

.TERRIFI~ D~ST STORMS .RAGING IN MIDWEST times. When vegetation had been stripped from it, itINTENSE DUST STORMS IN KANSAS soon was claimed by sand drifted from the surround-

WASHINGTON, D. C. FIGHTS GRIT FROM WESTERN STORMS ing desert. Northern Sudan from Darfur to the Nileis experiencing a serious encroachment of the desert

The above are typical headlines from newspapers from the north." Dr. K. S. Sandford, Field Directorduring the period from March to early July of this of the Oriental Institute's Pre-Historic Survey inyear. Papers in widely separated sections of the northeastern Africa recently said of wind erosion inUnited _"States carried stories about dust and grit that section, "The result is appalling and forms per-showered down-on their cities from the skies. Muddy haps the greatest problem of British administrationrain was a daily occurrence. The general public was in Africa." These difficulties in older sections shouldmuch concerned about-the why and the wherefore of make every thinking American conscious of approvedthese strange occurrences and, as is usually the case, methods of erosion prevention lest we in turn mustit asked, "Why isn't the government doing some- fight an ever-losing battle against wind erosion. Un-thing?" less a proper erosion control program is applied by

The government has had a special organization for farmers and ranchers, Mr. Bennett asserted, much ofgeneral erosion control for several years. The "Soil the land in the region between the Mississippi and theConservation Service," as it is called, was established Rockies will become a wind-swept desert within ato discover the causes of soil erosion, to work out relatively few years. Extensive soil blowing in thepractical methods of removing the causes, and to Great Plains has only become a serious problemexplain these practical methods to owners of the lands during the ten or fifteen years since the naturalthat need to be protected from erosion. cover of vegetation was first broken.

Demonstration and experimental tracts have been The term "Prevention" is used advisedly because,established in various sections of the country upon as with most deleterious actions of Nature, there iswhich the engineers and scientists can evolve methods no easy cure. In other words, dust erosion is notof erosion control and prove the effectiveness of such corrected naturally in a lifetime. With prohibitivemethods. labor and expense the soil lost could be replaced. Our

Wind erosion is no new thing although it is strange only practical course is to retard erosion on sitesto this country. To quote the Director of the Soil already affected and to remove, when under our con-ErosioIi Service, H. H. Bennett, "The coastal belt of trol, causes for erosion in districts as yet undamaged.the Sahara was the best wine country in Roman To quote in part from a report submitted by Mr.

Drifting Soilon a Roadwayin Kansas

Photo by Soil Erosion Service

THE CO-OPERATIVE ENGINEER10

Dust StormStanton Co., Kansas

April 14, 1935

Photo by Soil Erosion Service

F. L. Duley of the U. S. Soil Erosion Service, "Dust fine, clay-like soils were built up over northwesternstorms are of almost daily occurrence in western China, composed of dust borne by wind from the GobiKansas. This will probably continue until rain comes. desert. Similarly, before the dawn of history, loessialNothing but rain and growth of spring vegetation soils of large extent were formed along the lowerwill entirely solve this trouble." Mississippi River, in the valley of the Missouri, in the

Palouse Belt of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon, andACTION OF THE WIND in other parts of the United States. Nothing is known

Years of activity in denuding the land of its proof the precise conditions that caused the depositiontective vegetation have left it open to the selective of these great areas of wind-blown soils. Their originaction of the wind. This action sorts the soil into the is rooted in the remote past.larger sand grains which are left behind as hummocks, But we do know the cause of the beginning of dustdrifts, and small dunes; and the fine, fertile soilwhich storms in the United States. We know definitely thatis carried away as dust. these storms are taking place because of land misuse

Thousands of acres of land in the area acutely and failure to provide adequate protection of culti-affected by wind erosion (chart, p.12) have been com- vated areas in the country west of the Mississippi.pletely stripped of their top soil. In the Texas Pan- From fifteen to twenty years of cultivation werehandle, many fields have lost several inches to as required to make the soil of this region susceptible tomuch as two or three feet of soil and subsoil during rapid blowing into the high passageways of wind.the storms. Dunes twenty feet high, extending in In the section around Dalhart, Texas, the Erosionsome cases for a quarter of a mile across the fields, Survey has measured results of wind action duringhave formed in some places. Measurements indicated the past eighteen months. In many fields, sixteenthat forty to eighty tons of soil per acre were blown inches of soil and subsoil were blown away in thatfrom the land near Mankato, Kansas, in two storms. time. Once started, wind erosion proceeds even faster

About two-fifths of Nebraska land has been in- than water erosion, which already has destroyed onejured by wind erosion and more than twenty-five per hundred million acres of formerly cultivated landcent of Kansas has been severely damaged. Of sixty in this country.million acres of land susceptible to severe wind No business or nation can long stand such losses,erosion in this country, more than five million acres so during the latter part of the last wind seasonhave been completely destroyed for cropping purposes. the people of this country began to take an interest inMr. Bennett says, "We have done virtually nothing preventive measures. Of late, reports are more en-to control wind erosion, and now we are threatened couraging. Older soil erosion projects report little orwith a situation comparable to the "Dark Sea" off no damage resulting from the winds and those farmersthe north coast of Africa, where, at frequent intervals, who applied control methods only this year advisedsirocco dust storms have blotted out the sun and of a lessening in damage. Mr. Bennett believes therescattered desert-derived soil material over large parts will be even less damage next year.of Europe." After ten years of testing by the Department of

In the dim ages of the past, great areas of loessial or Agriculture, methods devised by the Soil Conservation

OCTOBER/1935 11

Service, which are practical and inexpensive ways to land will have as long a period of protection ascontrol wind erosion, are available to everyone. These possible. Farmers may go a long way in conserving themethods are all based on the important factors of moisture of their soils by terracing and contournever pulverizing the soil or leaving it bare. plowing on heavy soils. Contour tillage helps con-

serve moisture on medium soils also.PRACTICAL CONTROL For ridging the soil surface, the lister, plow, wide-

Whether winter or spring wheat is grown, leave as spaced discs, and pocket digger are used. If there ismuch of the stubble and other crop residue on the not enough soil to hold stubble, or the soil has depthland as possible, right up to plowing time. The crop enough to cultivate but not to list, the Soil Conserva-residue will protect the land until the next spring tion Service experts prefer using an implement thatwhen the blowing da.nger is greatest. Leave the clods the surface and leaves it rough. Plows and thestubble. Don't burn it off. Whether it be unharvested duckfoot, which is similar to a harrow, do this workwinter wheat or spring wheat, if harvested with a best.combine, leave on the ground the broken-up wheat Listing should always be done at right angles to thestraw that has scattered out through the back of the direction from which the prevailing winds come. Thismachine. helps to break wind effects.

THE BEST DEFENSEOf course, cover or vegetation on the soil is the best

defense against winds. If no cover can be had directly,wind breaks can be planted at strategic points to helpbreak up the sweep of the wind. The shelter belt whichthe Federal Government is trying to establish will be,in effect, a gigantic windbreak. Trees are to beplanted over an area one hundred miles wide and ex-tending from Canada to the Gulf through the areamost affected by high winds and wind erosion. Thisproject of course will eventually be effective, buttrees grow so slowly that it will be a number of yearsbefore the effects are felt. We must now concern our-selves with preventatives of a less permanent charac-ter while waiting for the wind break to function.

This question has many times been asked. Can oneman control wind erosion on his farm regardless ofwhat his neighbors do? Mr. Finnel, who is in chargeof several demonstration projects near Dalhart,Texas, says, "Many good farmers following soundpractices have managed to control wind erosion ontheir own lands, but have seen their farms delugedwith dirt blown from nearby farms that haven't beenmanaged to control erosion. Wind erosion is distinctlya problem of the community; it's a problem thatextends beyond the boundary of any community, too.It's of interstate importance."

Much has been accomplished so far, but everyonein authority believes that if we are to keep our fertileGreat Plains from being destroyed by winds, we mustkeep on with methods which hold the damage to aminimum. This may mean curtailment of acreageunder cultivation but the country as a whole willeventually gain. A temporary loss in productivenessnow may mean that we will not suffer an entire lossin years to come.

The technical data embodied in the article was furnishedthrough the courtesy of the Soil Conservation Service. If any ofthe facts presented need amplification, information can be ob-tained directly from that organization.

THE CO-OPERATIVE ENGINEER

- -- -- . -. --_ .. I

Chart Showing Acreage Ajfe'-cted by Wind Erosion inSouthwestern States

It is suggested to farmers in the Great Plains toleave the Russian thistles and other weeds in thefield to help keep the soil from blowing. If the land isalready bare, or if it soon will be bare, the thistles willfurnish some protection to the otherwise bare fields.

Do not pasture the stubble. The stubble may bemuch more valuable in controlling erosion than aspasture. If sorghum is being grown and one wants tocut it with a binder for forage, one or two precautionsare necessary. Leave a uniform stubble, one foot high,or leave regular strips four to six rows wide. Take theheads off the stalks in these rows and harvest theintervening twenty to thirty rows for forage.

If one plans to put in winter wheat this fall, do it asearly as is safe so the land is not left bare, and so the

12

HE LL/S ~F'IR E' .

By DUANE E. BAKER, ~M.E., '39

ABOUT two years ago, while stationed in a C.C.C. siderably. The mountains and valleys in the distance" camp in California, just south of San Francisco, were spotted and lined with small fires, which re-a-group of us was detailed to fight a forest fire. The minded one of a large city at night. Everything wasfire was raging in the Santa Barbara National Forest, going along fine. Our back-fire was doing exactly whatabout one hundred and fifty miles from our camp. We we wanted it to do. There was a dense woods behindleft at about four o'clock in the afternoon. Shortly us and it looked as if we were going to save it withoutbefore midnight we pulled into a prisoners' camp, still much trouble. Then suddenly there was a roar! Thenine miles from the scene of the fire, but as close as main blaze, which had slowly been eating its waythe trucks could be driven. The State was employing toward our back-fire, suddenly leaped into life. Athe prisoners to construct a new road along the coast, stiff breeze had come up from the sea through aand had located the camp on a high cliffdirectly above narrow gorge and had struck the main blaze. It wasthe pounding surf of the Pacific Ocean. only a matter of seconds before the main blaze hit

C.C.C. BoysFighting a

Chaparral Fire

Photo by u. S. Forest Service

We slept on the ground, in the truck, or wherever our back-fire, and like a roaring engine of destruction,we could find a place. Early the next morning we got leaped over our heads and into the woods behind us.up and had breakfast of black coffee, a sandwich, and So suddenly did this happen, that our hair was singedan orange. In about twenty minutes, we shouldered and our clothing fired, almost before we had a chancethe various fire fighting tools and proceeded to climb to move. Somehowwe managed to get to a burnt areathe nine miles up the mountain trails to the fire, which a short distance away. All we could do was sit downwas five thousand feet above sea level. On our arrival, and watch the fire do its worst.we pitched camp high above the clouds and about a By this time, the distant mountains, which hadquarter of a mile from the main blaze. We were given looked like a peaceful city at night, were a ragingvery little rest. A group of us was immediately ordered inferno. The entire countryside was a mass of flames.to relieve a crew which had been out for quite some Our escape had been completely cut off. It was thentime. that we began to miss some of the fellows. They had

We built a trail along the front of a slow burning last been seen when we were half stumbling and halfarea until dark, and, having stationed a few men along crawling in our frantic efforts to get out from beneaththe trail, returned to camp for supper. In a little less those flames. Had they been overtaken by the flamesthan an hour we returned to the scene and started to and fallen before they could reach safety? Had they"back-fire," which is to build a fire to meet the main fallen on a stubble, which had been cut by our axesblaze. The main fire, by this time, had died down con- only a short time before, and remained there, injured,


OCTOBER, 1935 13

AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

• THE EVOLUTION OF THE CO-OP COURSE •

"THIRTY Years of Educational Pioneering" is the the spirit as they manifest themselves in. reli-title of an attractively printed booklet published gIo.n, art, mUSIC,literature, the ethical philoso-

b th U· it f C· . t· d itt b D phies, and (to my way of thinking) In SCIence;y e mversi y 0 incmna 1 an wn en y r. andHerman Schneider, Dean of the College of Engineer- (e) The Education Division, in which weing and Commerce and Director of the School of search for all Truth, conserve it, teach it, andApplied Arts. In a Foreword introducing Dean train men and women to use it.Schneider's report, President Raymond Walters says, How education for the use of knowledge is ac-in part: complished most effectively by the cooperative plan

The year 1936 will bring the thirtieth an- is explained by Dean Schneider in a discussion fromniversary of the establishment of the coopera- which the following is quoted.tive system in the College of Engineering and The theory of the cooperative system is veryCommerce of the University of Cincinnati. It IS simple. Engineers, like doctors and lawyers, arefitting that the University and I.tS friends trained for practice. Judgment based upon ex-should properly observe. an . occasion which perience must supplement theory. The four-marks .so notable a contribution to American year plan of training engineers evolved in liberaleducation, 11 d 1 .Obvi 1 th bI" ti f d t ·1 d arts co eges an was mere y a convenient ex-VIOUSy . e pu rca Ion. 0 a e ar e re- tension in form of the liberal arts system.port upon this high e~terprlse should be the Having graduated, the engineer, like the doctor,first feature of any anniversary progra~. And, could not practice. He had a fair amount ofobviously also, this report should be written by principles but lacked sadly in knowledge of thet~e man who ISthe fons et oruio of the coopera- other elements of his profession,-men, ma-tive system, the man who has not only. created terials, methods, and mechanism. Hence anbut has for thirty years administered It, aided apprentice system came into being, covering aby an able and .loyal Faculty. period of two or three years. Principles and

Dean Schneider, at my request, has con- . d . dem i d f bt d t t f th th hil h f hi d practice were riven tan em instea 0 a reast.sen e 0 se or e p 1 asap y 0 ISe uca- Prosnective encineeri . . . hti 1 d tri 11 th hi t f it rospectIveenglneerIngpractltlonerswereWlt -rona oc rme as we as e IS ory 0 1 Sprac- d f . lif duri heir i .ti 1 lifi tionh . C· . ti rawn rom active 1 e urmg t err impression-

ica exemp 1 ca Ion e.re In mcmna 1. . able years, in order to prepare for active life.The history an.d the philosophy of .the ?oOperatlve They had no tests of their abilities in their

plan are summarized by Dean Schneider In a tersely chosen fields until the major part of theirwritten statement which sets forth his conception of a preparation was completed. In civil engineer-fully integrated system of education. Underlying the ing, for example, mo~e than .hal~ the menCincinnati plan for training young men and women trained for that profession quit It within a few. basi th f th it f kId d th years. (In the cooperative system less than tenIS a aSIc. eory o. e urn y 0 n?we ge an . e per cent do.)necessary interrelation between studies and practical Theory can best be learned in school; anaffairs. Says Dean Schneider: understanding of man and his mechanisms can

Mankind's activities subdivide themselves be learned only where they operate. Training innaturally into five major parts: precept only, leaves us all children in the work-

(a) The Economic Division, in which we a-day world; we learn to walk: among men bymeet our material needs of food, clothing and stumbling and getting bumped rather than byshelter, together with a host of accessories such lectures on the force of gravity.as one finds in the succession of stores and shops After the cooperative plan had proved its successthat make our business st~eets. To these should as a method of training engineers, its application tobe added the transportation and power facili- . . ..ties which conserve time, supply light, and training men and women. for business was a logicalmultiply available energy; next stop. The report continues:

(b) The Human Adjustments Division, in Commerce was added to our curriculum inwhich we set up mechanisms to get along to- 1919, and the name of the school became thegether in our political arrangements of nation, College of Engineering and Commerce. Thestate, county, and town. These mechanisms in- course was called commercial engineering. Thiselude legislatures, courts, boards of manage- title was new in educational work and camement, city councils, and all of the secondary de- about in this manner:partments established for public service; On our visits to industries in connection with

(c) The Mental and Physical Health Divi- the practical training of our students, we foundsion, which covers broadly the practice of that a number of our engineering graduatesmedicine; were being drawn into the "business" or com-

(d) The Aspirations Division, in which are mercial departments of the organizations.released man's gropings toward the things of Upon inquiry as to why graduates from colleges


of commerce had not been selected instead, we quest for truth finds expression in the research ac-learned that in manufacturing it was necessary tivities which have accompanied the development ofto have men in the business departments who the cooperative plan as a method of training. Basicunderstood production, the two being very research dealing with abstract science, not only in-closely Interwoven. It was further stated that , . h t dit was much easier for men trained in science creases reverence for t~th .but POI~tS t e way owarand engineering to obtain the business knowl- future development WhIC~ ISpractical and ~afe. Thus,edge than for graduates from colleges of. co~- as Dean Schneider explains, the cooperative theorymerce or from departments of economics In of education is founded upon the scientific method andliberal a;rts colleges t? obtain a good ~asp of the laws which are discovered and proved in theproduction and the SCIenceunderlying It. After . . f d t Imany consultations and much ma~ure deliber- scientis~'s . laboratory. Concerning this un a~en aation we decided upon a course which would be and unifying branch of the system of education, heabout evenlybalanced in science and its appli- says:cations and In basic economic theories.

In a'ddition to their theoretical work in It is obvious that engineering is increasinglyscience and economics, the graduates in com- dependent upon abstract research in mathe-mercial engineering acquire in the five-year matics, physics, chemistry, and biology. Thus,cooperative course, practical training m pro- the abstract researches of Faraday were the 1?e-duction and comm~rce.. They are fitted par- ginning of the dynamo and motor. The StudI~Sticularly for the engmeenng industries, . of James Clerk Maxwell, followed by Hertz s

But there are business concerns in WhIC~a laboratory investigations, made possible Mar-deeper and broader knowledge of economI~s coni's development of radio, The products ofand its collateral branches ~s necessary and In every chemical factory depend upon thousandswhich the applied natural SCIenceshave only an of scientists in abstract research who, .by theindirect bearing,-banks, brokerage houses, de- slow accretion of their results, have given uspartment stores, and many industries where the science of chemistry. Newton and Galileoprocesses a:r:emore in .the nat~re of assembling speak in every grea~ bridge and m everythan of basic production, So, m order to meet mechanism of production, . .the special needs of this large .group and ~o Since the prime ~~v.er in the Economic J;)I-round out our program, a business adminis- vision of man's activities IS abstract scientifictration course was formulated and was begun research a Basic Science Research Laboratoryin September, 1934. was fro~ the first deemed an essential part of

In these two courses the same philos?phy. of our whole concept, a laboratory which .wouldthe cooperative system holds; .the. University combine and correlate. all of thebasic sc~ences,teaches the theory, the practice IS obtained -mathematics, phySICS, chemistry, biology,where commerce is actually practiced, and the and their hybrid offspring, such as biophysics,two are coordinated. biochemistry, and physical chemistry. Too

. . . ff d often these sciences find themselves In a se-A natural extension of the training ~lr~ady 0 ere quence of monkish cells with no passages be-in engineering and commerce was a similar plan of tween and no flooding light from all out-of-practical instruction in the applied arts. To quote doors. In our opinion, they aTe one insofar asfrom another section of the report: their atomic interactions are Involved.

. . Evolution is decreed by Nature's Laws. NoIt is the engineer's function to weld materials manifestation of Nature can stand still. Con-

an~ the forces of nature into usable things. stant change cannot be evaded. The onlyThings have form. 'I'hey can be beautiful or established order is that of constant change.they can be. ugly. It IS Just as cheap to make To go forward, continually meeting the .La~them beautiful :;tsto make. them uglY,-often of change with safety and security, ISmankind scheaper. And It ISgood business, . major task. Activity is decreed. Peace with. The idea of ~ppl~mg art to the thmgs we use activity in all of our doings.Ts ou: most v~xmgin our dally doings, ISnot ne,,:,.On the contrary, problem for peace with activity ISessential toit is very, very old. The Chinese and the East plenty a'nd to keeping step with Nature's on-Indians had it long before the time of Confucius ward movement.and Buddha. So, too, did the Greeks have It, To know the Law (which means research), toand the Romans and the Renaissance mu?-ds be trained in its skilled use (which is educa-and the Japanese. They J~st naturally applied tion) , and to apply it rigorously and WIthoutart to everything, The ancient Greek vases one evasion (which is professional practice), con-sees in museums were thmgs of household stitute the fundamentals necessary for advancenecessity. One of the fin~examples of Greek ~rt along the path of change without constant con-m this country Is.a baby s nursingbottle, which fusion. Confusion results always from Ignoranceis in the collection at Yale University, }'he of the Law or lack of training in its uses orGreeks had no equivalent for our phrase Art intellectual dishonesty in its practice.for art's sake." They would .ha~~ stared in A "planned economy" or a planned anything,amazement at anyone using It. Clothes for which doesn't begin with basic research and endclothes' sake" would have been Just as m- with rigorous and skilled application of thetelligible to them, They used. art; and we are Laws to the processes of life, is a plannedreturning to this mgenuous Idea. voyage without compasses or charts and with-

That phase of education which emphasizes the out competent integrity at the helm.

OCTOBER/ 1935 1s

THE· AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL

• By JOE SCHAEFER/ M.E./ /36 .•

A T the present time, in ever-increasing numbers, have higher combustion temperatures must be de-n automotive engineers are turning their attention veloped. The heat resulting from the higher com-toward the development of small high-speed Diesel pression is sufficient to cause pre-ignition of theengines. Theoretically, this type of engine can be present-day gasolines, which are, therefore, unfittedbuilt. However, it has not yet been proved to the for higher ratios. While spark plugs have been usedsatisfaction of the automotive engineer that the in racing engines having compression ratios as high asmodified Diesel engine can supplant the gasoline 10 to 1, they are easily fouled when.the engine is idlingengine, since each engine has certain important ad- and are not suitable for practical use in high-compres-vantages over the other. sion automobile engines. Since most authorities agree

It has always been the aim of the engineer to in- that the power of the gasoline engine can not be great-crease the power of the gasoline engine without in- ly increased, they have concentrated their efforts uponcreasing its size. Experimenters have known for some the development of the Diesel engine.time that for a given size internal combustion engine, In the operation of the Diesel engine, air alone isgreater power can be obtained by increasing the com- taken into the cylinders and is compressed during thepression ratio. But in order to increase the compres- compression stroke. When compression is practicallysion ratios now being used, two difficult problems must completed the fuel is introduced, after being finelybe solved. Suitable spark plugs, and gasolines which divided or atomized by suitable injection nozzles.

16 THE CO-OPERA liVE ENGINEER

Injection and ignition are simultaneous because the of a satisfactory fuel injection system. With anair in the cylinder has been heated by compression to" engine operating at 1500 r.p.m., the fuel must bea temperature of approximately 10000 F., which is repeatedly atomized, properly mixed with oxygen, andalways sufficient to cause ignition of the fuel. The com- ignited in a fraction of a second. This process demandspression ratios usually vary between 12 to 1 and 16 a most delicately designed apparatus, which willto 1, although higher ratios are sometimes used. A function correctly under constantly varying conditionslarge variety of fuels can be used. Powdered coal is and which is sturdy enough to withstand the highutilized successfully in some installations. The usual pressure necessary for proper injection.fuel is a fine grade of fuel oil.

I~

·ADVANT AGES OF THE DIESEL I

The true Diesel engine operates on the constantpressure cycle. This cycle, in practice, has provedmore efficient than the constant volume cycle of thegasoline engine, owing to better combustion and thegreater difference between initial and final pressureof expansion. The higher thermal efficiency and alsothe fact that suitable fuels are cheaper, give the Dieselengine the advantage over the gasoline engine in re-ducing fuel cost. Other advantages of the Dieselengine are important. It has better torque character-istics. Its torque at slow speeds is approximately 30per cent greater than that of the same size gasolineengine. Trucks and buses using Diesel engines shouldtherefore, be able to haul greater loads. Also, there isno fire hazard, since fuel oil is not explosive. However,the present day gasoline engine is very reliable, weighsless per horsepower, and costs less to manufacture.

In the small, slow-speed, Diesel engine having acompression ratio of 16 to 1, representative values ofmaximum compression pressures and mean effectivepressure are 550 and 90 lb. per sq. in. gage, respec-tively. In a gasoline engine of the same size having acompression ratio of 6 to 1, the maximum compressionpressure is 550 and the mean effective pressure is 150lb. per sq. in. gage. But it is generally agreed that inorder to increase the speed of the Diesel engine, in-jection must start considerably ahead of top deadcenter. Under this condition, combustion starts earlyand continues while the combustion space becomesreduced in volume as the piston approaches the topdead center position. Therefore the maximum com-pression pressure increases to approximately 1200 lb.per sq. in., while the mean effective pressure increasesto 120 lb. per square inch. In this engine, the fuel isnot burned at constant pressure but is burned partlyat constant volume and partly at constant pressure.The engine, therefore, operates on a mixed or dualcycle, and is called a modified Diesel engine. Thegreater efficiency of the mixed cycle has been provedin theory and practice. However, one important prob-lem in the development of the high-speed engine isthat of building engines as light as the gasoline engine,even though the maximum pressures are twice as high.

A DIFFICULTYThe most difficult problem encountered in the con-

struction of the high-speed engine is the development

OCTOBER, 1935

Drawing by Cummins Engine Co.

Injection System. Plunger at Top Position. Check Valve Closed.Correct Amount of Fuel in Plunger Chamber .. Hot Air from

Compression Being Forced Through Fuel Charge. _

The solid or mechanical method of injection is usedin high-speed Diesels and in the newer low-speedengines. In this method, the fuel injection system iscompletely filled with the liquid fuel. The fuel is in-jected into the cylinder by liquid pressure, which .isbuilt up by a fuel pump. In order to illustrate theoperation of a typical high-speed engine injectionsystem, the unit used by the Cummins 'Engine Com-pany will be described briefly. .' ..

INJECTiON SYSTEM-' ...The important parts of this system are a gear pump,

a distributor disc, a single-plunger pump which sup-plies fuel to all the cylinders, a cam having the samenumber of lobes as the engine has cylinders, 'and in-jection chambers, plungers, and check valves. Thefuel is pumped from the tank to the distributor discby the gear pump. Ports in the distributor disc are soarranged that fuel is admitted to the pump chamberas the single-plunger pump is retracted. The disc thenrevolves and brings into position the proper portthrough which fuel is forced, as the single-plungerpump is advanced by means of a cam and leverarrangement into the injector of the proper cylinder.The cam lever is so mounted that it can be swung onan arc, thereby varying the stroke of the plunger,which controls the quantity of fuel delivered to theinjectors.

The figure shows the injector during the compressionstroke, illustrating the plunger, plunger seat, and pre-


17

SECRECY IN POLfCE RADIO BROADCASTING

• By ALBERT COHENI E. E.I '36 •

THE phenomenal growth of the use of radio by After mixing in the two "inverter" tubes, the signalsmunicipal and state police- for the detection and are conducted through a "low-pass filter," a discrim-

apprehension of criminals is sufficient proof of its inating device which offers hindrance to all fre-value in crime control. One of the defects of the quencies about 2000 cycles but allows frequenciespresent system of communication between police below 2000 cycles to flow freely to the amplifier.headquarters and cruising autos, lies in the fact that Therefore, the signals heard from the loudspeaker arethe broadcast messages are public property and the those below 2000 cycles only, the fixed frequency notecriminal having the same equipment as the police car as well as those above 2000 cycles having been wipedis forewarned of the approach of the police and easily out by the filter.makes his getaway. From the above analysis it may be seen that a 200

The First Speech Inverter

To eliminate this disadvantage, the writer is en- cycle note spoken into the microphone will be hearddeavoring to incorporate into the present police as an 1800 cycle note; a 300 cycle note will be 1700signal system, a means for providing secrecy similar cycles. That is, as the voice frequencies increase, theto that used in transoceanic telephony. This device, reproduced frequencies decrease and vice versa; there-the "speech inverter," makes the transmitted message fore the name "speech inverter."unintelligible to the radio listener with an ordinary Since it is important that none of the originalreceiver, and requires special receiving equipment in- spoken message be present in the output of the speecheluding a second "inverter" to reproduce the original inverter, the "push-pull" arrangement shown in themessage. diagram is used. The voice signals which travel

through both sides of the transformer winding (asTHE FIRST DESIGN indicated by arrows on the diagram) reach the grids

The first speech inverter the writer constructed for of the two tubes simultaneously and cancel in thedemonstration on Co-Op Day, 1934, is shown diagram- plate circuit leaving only the inverted message.matically in the figure. The voice frequencies (whichrange from about 30 to 2000 cycles per second for the THE SECOND INVERTERaverage male voice) when impressed upon the micro- The second speech inverter was demonstrated onphone are mixed with a fixed frequency of 2000 cycles Co-Op Day in 1935. Its principle of operation was thesupplied by the audio oscillator. This mixing results same as its predecessor but it was constructed in small,in both an addition and subtraction of the voice and compact, single unit form and required no batteries.fixed frequencies. That is, a note of 200 cycles, when It included a radio frequency oscillator which trans-mixed with the fixed 2000 cycle note, produces notes of mitted the inverted message to a radio receiver.1800 cycles and 2200 cycles. -A 300 cycle note when A fixed frequency of 5000 cycles was used in the de-mixed produces notes of 1700 and 2300 cycles. sign of this second model. This provided a wider range

, (Continued on page 22)


EDITORIAL COMMENT

POLLUTION in sufficient doses. In order to avoid abstractions, weA HUNDRED.years ago most natural waters were here print a personally tested list of books, selectedpure. Sparkling streams and rivers flowed in the for your amusement or amazement, as the case may be.

United States. One could safely take a drink from Dodsworth by Sinclair Lewismost streams. But since then "progress" has led to South Wind by Norman Douglasretrogression. Inky open sewers thread the country- From Immigrant to Inventor by Michael Pupinside. Not alone domestic, but also industrial wastes Your Money's Worth by Chase and Schlinckpollute our waters. For this wretched condition The Brothers Karamazov by Fiodor Dostoievskiengineers who build and maintain plants must assume OJ Human Bondage by Somerset Maughamtheir share of blame. It may be countered that an The Man Who Was Thursday by G. K. Chestertonengineer is an employee, takes orders, and has no finalsay on policies in industry. While this may be partly ENGINEERING ACTIVITIEStrue, it remains that an engineer who designed with- pARTICIPATION in campus activities forms anout due regard for the safety of workers in a plant integral part of student life. For the informationwould nowadays earn a bad reputation. If it is ad- of new students in the College of Engineering andmitted that the safety and welfare of the whole Commerce, a list of activities has been compiled.population is at least as important as the safety of the The Co-Op Club merits special mention since itsmen in a single plant, then the engineer must shoulder membership embraces all men enrolled in the Collegehis responsibility for cleaning up streams. The chemic~l of Engineering and Commerce. The purpose of theengineer is probably most intimately concerned. club is not only to promote fellowship among engineer-. The question of sewage and industrial waste dis- ing students, but also to provide interesting entertain-posal and the purification of the water supply in mente Prominent speakers, refreshments, and otherCincinnati brings this issue out squarely. An article good things appear at the monthly meetings. Gather-is being prepared for a future issue in which the prob- ings are held in the University "Y" on Tuesday eve-lem in Cincinnati will be discussed. nings at eight o'clock. The Engineering Ball and the

Co-Op Stag, outstanding social functions on the cam-SAFETY pus every year, are sponsored by the Co-Op Club.

WE had occasion recently to take a rather long Dates of the regular meetings are:bus trip. Before that we drove the family auto- October 22, 1935 January 21, 1936

mobile, a privilege possible during the vacation. In ~ovember 19, 1935 February 11, 1936the course of our travels we had the usual number of ecember 10, 1~3~ . March 1~, 1936close shaves. The car ahead slid toward the left of the . ?ther student a:tlVltles, together with their pre-road as we sought to pass. We just missed an auto- siding officers, are listed as follows:

bil h bOO Student Governmentmo I e on t e row of a hIll as we avoided a wayfarer O. 0 '

to the right of the roadway. Or better (or worse) yet Engmeenn? ~nbunal-Harold Cheney, presidentd

o 0 Student Publicationwe graze a machine that darted out of a SIde lane 0 0

directly into our Juggernaut's path. Co-Operatlv:e ~ngmeer-Charles Kaufman, editorTh d f h

O. Student Orqamizctiotu:e rama 0 t ese encounters failed to Impress uso .

After all, in driving without accident the last few go~~P g~u~=Clark Ballard, presId~ntyears we had become rather reckless and numb toward 0 p u Estelle Gehrum, presidentdanger. But we did read something that made us Chern-Commerce Clu~-D?rothy .Fi.sgus, presidentaware of eternity. In the hope that you will be Student .Branches. of Enqineerinq ~ocwhes ·shocked, we recommend the reading of the article in American SO~Iety of Mechamcal Engmeers-J oeth A 1

. Schaefer presidente ugust, 935 number of the Reader's Diqest, 0' 0 • 0written by J C F d titl d "AND American Institute of Electrical Engineers-s-Robert. . urnas an en Ie, - KOII·

SUDDEN DEATH." 1 e~, presIde?t .American Institute of Chemical Engineers-Walter

A BOOK TO REA Foote! preside~t . .. D American SOCIety of CIVll Engineers-ClarenceREADING: IS o~e me~ns of trave~sing that peculiar Scranton, president

fourth dimension, time, Few things are better for Institute of Aeronautical Sciences-Newton Dickkeeping mental equilibrium than a good book, taken president '


OCTOBER/ 1935 19

ABREAST OF THE PAST by water pressure. It is equipped with a turret nozzle(Continued from page 7) on top, two deck nozzles on .the "baseof the truck and

h I . ti bl d t b . it t d four additional nozzles at the sides and rear near thesc a ars are Imprac Ica e an can no e ImI a e . . . .Th d d . d t h th b t bottom. These nozzles are fed by eight Intake con-ey are prou an vain an mus ave e es to

° 0 Th t C fuci 0 I nec Ions.positions. e mas er on UCIUSIS tru y a most Th LOf S · S d · I' d ith .o 0 e 1 e aving qua IS supp Ie WI equipmentpeculiar person. Certainly he knows all about the 0 •

Rites" hi h t th . "b t the 0 t th to handle any type of an emergency that might arise.I es -W IC mean eorIes- U IS IS no e . 0 0 '

to f b th 0 b t hi I f h t i fitti An 80-gallon tank containing bicarbonate of soda andIme or a enng a au IS ru es or w a IS mg. I huri id 0 0 d to extinzui h fl 0

If M . t I hi t h th t f su p unc aCI IS carrie to extinguis ames In casesyour ajes yemp oys im a c ange e cus oms 0 0 0 •

C'hi OIl t b . id '0 th I' b t where the LIfe Saving Squad has arrived on the scene1 you WI no e consi enng e peop e s eso t ' t " before the rest of the department. An ambulance worksIn retress. d f '10 in conjunction 'with this squad in case of injury orsoun s ami iar. .

L t d C fuci di d t 10

• need for hospital care.ao ze an on UCIUS isagreen, 00, on po icies .hi hId t lbowi biti L t t hi . In the past, varIOUStypes of nozzles have been usedW IC ea 0 e OWIng am 1 Ion. ao ze pu s IS. .

t . f t t to Increase the force and distance of the stream ofargumen In a ew pa sen ences: 0 0

B t di tiot t k fi water used In fighting fires. In cases where fire occursy s an ~ng on ~p oe one canno eep rm. 0 0 0 0

A t 'd 'll t In inaccessible rooms or between walls It has beens r~ e oj one s ie ows one canno progress. .B disolaui 'lrf d thO necessary to cut large holes In order to allow the meny ~sp ay~ng one s se u one oes no s me. 0 •

B l b tion one i t t d to enter WIth the hose. Many times the smoke andy se :j-appro a ion one ie no es eeme . 0 •

I lrf 0 th . o' . °t flames are released WIth such force when the cut ISn se u -pra~se ere ~s no mer~ . 0 0 • 0

H h It h 0 lrf d t t d h 0 h made that great damage IS done and many mjunese w 0 exa s imse u. oes no s an iqn, . . 0

Th 0 fl t dO' h t d Incurred 0 In order to check the flame, great quantitiese ~n a e man ie soon ex aus e . 0

A d h dd thi to 10 h of water must be used and the materials not damagedn e a s IS caus ICc Inc er: 0

o 0 0 by the flame are ruined by the water. A few sprayWhen ioisdom has met unth. honors the world is t I h b d b t ithi th I t f

f II ,f t d ype nozz es ave een use u WI In e as ewU oJ pre en ers. 0

R dl f hi h hOI h 10k hi h 0 months a new nozzle has been produced that WIllegar ess 0 w IC P I osop Y you 1 e or w IC IS 0 0o 0 . 0 . 0 break the stream of water Into a very fine spray. It ISbetter, my whole point IS that you can clarify Issues b I" d thi OIl 1 to 0 fi fi hti Th

• 0 o. e Ieve IS WI revo u IonIze re- g Ingo efor yourself more readily by withdrawing from the f t th b thi device j f h

• " 0 0 • . spray 0 wa er rown y IS eVIce IS 0 suc astrife and getting a crystallization of fundamentals t th t it 0 t t ith th flo . ' 0 o' na ure a as I comes In con ac WI e arnethrough a quiet seSSIOnnow and then with the ancients. to" di t 1 f d d thF t d' bl Id 0 • 1 th s earn ISimme ia e y orme an e oxygen necessaryor a ay s pro ems are age-o In essence; on yeo "

ttO d th d t 01 A' d hOI "Wh t t for the fire IScut off. Experiments have been conductedse Ing an e e al s vary. n w I e a mas 0 0" 0 0

dures is ch I Ch " 0 ttL t In this CIty by the FIre Department with very favor-en ures ISc ange ess ange, again a quo e ao ze, 0

th h . I 10th' tt Th f d t I able results. Not only does the use of this nozzle savee c ange IS arge y In e pa ern. e un amen a s 0

t t the wall, SInce only a hole large enough to pass thes ay pu · hose is needed, but little water is used and that is

almost entirely evaporated. Also the nozzle is so de-signed that by turning a valve a solid stream of watermay be produced with a spray surrounding it to pro-tect the men from heat and flames. This means greater

FIGHTING FIRES IN CINCINNATI safety for the men and closer proximity to the centerof the blaze.

(Continued from page 6)

pieces held in reserve. The larger pumpers are capable PREVENTIONof handling 1000 gallons of water per minute. In a The Fire Department has attempted to stop firestest using the 180 pounds per square inch at the before they start, so to speak, in cooperating withpumper, a stream of water was forced through a the Fire Prevention Bureau. Many fires have beennozzle on top of the Carew Tower with a pressure of avoided by the, periodical investigation of all buildings,60 pounds per square inch. In the high value real and the removal of all fire hazards. So thorough aestate district in the heart of town an area of one and job has been done that last year Cincinnati was tieda half square milesis supplied by 180 pounds pressure in the fire rating for first place in Ohio with Lake-from the Mount Auburn tanks. wood, near Cleveland, Also Cincinnati was rated with

The aerial trucks with their 85-foot extension nine other cities throughout the country having anladders are efficient in operation 0 The ladders are average above 90 per cent, based on a national fireraised to full height in about thirty seconds by means loss rating system 0 With this outstanding achieve-of compressed air or direct power from the motor. ment, Cincinnatians may well feel civic pride in their

The Fire Department has one water tower. The Fire Department, so ably directed by Chief Houstontower soars 65 feet above the street level and is raised and his assistants.


... an CI thats allI I/, I.

, .7,.' 11 ~ \ "

there is to theI •

I c

. . ~. . .? .. \\\\ i

Bell System setupTHOUGH large, the Bell System is simple in structure. You can think of it as a tree.

Branches: 24 associated operating companies, each of them attuned to the area it serves.

Trunk: The American Telephone and Telegraph C~mpany, which coordinates all systemactivities.

Boots: Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric, whose functions are scientificresearch and manufacture; Long Lines Department of A. T. and T..,which through itscountry-wide network of wires links together the 24 operating companies, handlesoverseas service; Advisory Staff of A. T. and T., whichadvises the operating companies on all phases of telephoneoperation and searches constantly for better methods. .

Working as one, these many Bell System units enable youto talk to almost anyone, anywhere, any time.

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEMOCTOBER/ 1935 21

HELL'S FIRE(Continued from page 13)

too badly to move? A hundred horrible picturesflashed through our minds as we sat there, helpless.The fire had also separated us from our camp. Only asmall detail had been left there and they were almostcompletely exhausted from a hard day's work. Littlehope was left for the camp structures, but we felt surethat the fellows had been able to get away.

After we had waited for about an hour, the fire dieddown sufficiently to enable the ranger with us to finda spot from which he could see our camp. What a re-1/ -I~ " , ".,. "~p". -" t \,.. 0 0 0 0

Log Log Trig Slide Rule - lief and surprise It was when he Informed us that the4°f~p;o~~di~~c~t:;.E ~< camp had been saved, and that the small group which

F d d th t t di It f was stationed there was fighting the fire in the highor many eca es e ou s an mq meri s 0 0 •• 0_ . grass In front of the camp. We lost no time In tacklingK & E Shde Rules have been recoqnized the blaze from our side. We "cold-trailed," which is toand appreciated by engineers throughout throw dirt on the fire, till we were about ready tothe world. drop, but by one o'clock in the morning we had our

side under control. In the meantime, the wind hadKEUFFEL & ESSER CO. shifted, and the fire was roaring down over the areaNEW YORK HOBOKEN, N. J. f hi h °t h d Tho. II d "re-b "

CHICAGO ST. LOUIS SAN FRANCISCO MONTREAL rom w IC 1 a come. IS IS ca e a re- urn,A 1, f f f DIM and is one of the hottest things there is. We had ourmer ca S oremost manu acturer 0 raw nq a-terials, Surveyinq Instruments and Mea8urinq Tapes part under control, though, and our camp had been

saved, so as long as the fire didn't come our way wewere satisfied, for the time being at least. But whatK & E SLIDE RULES had happened to those who were missing? We were

MADE IN u. s. A. still unable to get to the place where they had last" '. been seen. The question of their fate kept pounding

through our minds with ever increasing anxiety. Atabout two o'clock in the morning we were relieved byanother crew. It was then that we learned that it wasthe missing men who had awakened the camp, whereeveryone had been sound asleep. The strayed ones hadbeen separated from us by that wall of flames, and hadgone in the opposite direction, arriving at the camp intime to spread the alarm and save the camp from de-struction. The flames had eaten their way to within afew yards of the camp site, when, with the timelychange of the wind, the fire was finally brought undercontrol.

SEC·RECY IN POLICE BROADCASTING(Continued from page 18)

of audible frequencies 'than did the 2000 .cycle note ofits predecessor and improved the quality of the in-verted message.. The design of a low-pass filter for5000 cycles was therefore required. This was con-structed to meet -limited space demands and measuredsix inches by SIXinches by two inches as compared tothe mahogany box one foot square and three feet longwhich housed the filter used the previous year.

The receiving equipment, although far more com-plicated and critical in adjustment than the trans-

22 THE CO-OPERATIVE ENGINEER-

mitting equipment described above, has to be con-fined in a much smaller space. It would be desirable tohave the receiver the same size as the present policecar radio. It would be most desirable to be able to useexisting equipment with but a few minor changes.This latter condition, however, could hardly be ful-filled by using the speech inversion method outlinedabove, inasmuch as the filter alone would require atleast half the space of a modern auto radio.

The receiver the writer designed and constructedincorporates the "speech inverter" in a complete six-tube, high gain, superheterodyne, auto radio receiver,including a built-in power supply which is smaller insize than most of the present-day police car radios.The circuit utilized in this receiver is very similar tothe circuit used in many police installations, as, forinstance, that of the Cincinnati Police.

Speech inversion, in this receiver, is carried on atintermediate frequencies (175 kc) instead of at audiofrequencies as in the transmitter. The circuit is so de-signed that an ordinary police receiver could bechanged to the new system by the installation of buta single coil. There are several critical adjustmentswhich must be made in order to reproduce the originalmessage from the inverted speech received. Unlessthese adjustments are made exact, the received signalswill be more unintelligible than the inverted speech.It is this factor of adjustments which will prevent thelayman from intercepting police messages.

ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES(Continued from page 19)

Honorary FraternitiesTau Beta Pi-National Engineering-Walter Foote,presidentBeta Gamma Sigma - National Commercial-Clarence Watson, presidentPi Tau Sigma-National Mechanical Engineering-Joe Schaefer, presidentEta Kappa Nu-National Electrical Engineering-Lawrence Renas, presidentSigma Gamma Epsilon-National Geological-Maurice Frey, presidentScabbard and Blade-National Military-Earle K.Spooner, captainPi Chi Epsilon-Local Women's Engineering-

" Laurene Davis, president .Professional Fraternities

Alpha Chi Sigma-National Chemical-HaroldGear, presidentAlpha Kappa Psi-National Commercial-PaulWorseck, presidentDelta Sigma Pi-National Commercial-ElmerEarly, presidentDelta Kappa Sigma-Local Civil-Carl Allendorf,president

OCTOBER, 1935

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23

'THE DIRIGIBLE THE AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL(Continued from page 9) -(Continued from page 17)

trol car just behind the pilot's cab, are the chart table, heating chamber. The fuel charge is delivered by thea barograph, air speed indicator, drift indicator, single-plunger pump through a tubular connectionthermometers for air, gas, and fuel temperature, and and a check valve into the annular space at the top ofastronomical navigation instruments with accessories. the injector. This space is always full of fuel and

Two way radio equipment is used for outside com- serves as a preheating chamber for the charge of coldmunication, while a radio compass is used as a naviga- fuel. The cold fuel forces the preheated charge throughtion aid. Air driven generators provide electrical the port leading to the injection plunger chamber aspower, but gas driven generators are included for the injection plunger is being retracted during theemergency use. intake stroke. During the compression stroke, the

correct amount of fuel has been deposited in thePASSENGERS plunger chamber and is heated by the hot compressed

The twenty passenger accommodations of the Graf air in the combustion chamber. The injection plungerZeppelin consist of a well decorated dining salon, ten then forces the fuel into the combustion chamber.two-berth staterooms, and washrooms with all modern Injection continues until the plunger is seated againstaccessories. All dirigible compartments are well the inner cup, where it remains during expansion andlighted, ventilated, and are free from engine noise and exhaust.vibration. This system and a few others have proved very

With the capabilities of the dirigible having been successful on high-speed Diesel engines. However,demonstrated by the Graf Zeppelin, it seems inevi- most engines built thus far have been too heavy fortable that newer ships manned by specially trained general automotive use. Other automotive accessoriescrews using the latest navigation and meteorological which must be more fully developed in order to insureequipment will be used on the transoceanic schedules the successful operation of the Diesel engine includein the future. But first a groundwork of continued air cleaners, fuel oil cleaners, and starters. It is quitesuccessful performance must be laid in order to win certain that the automotive Diesel engine will not begeneral public support. universally used for some time.

CIRCULATION NOTICE .,

All students in the College of Engineering and Commerce are entitled toreceive the Co-Operative Engineer. The Circulation Department will be ma-terially aided in the prompt distribution of each issue if the students will helpus in the following ways: ~

Any request for changes of address should indicate plainly both the old andnew address. In event of failure to receive a copy of the Co-Operative Engineer',notify the Circulation Department, including in your notification the correct

, address for checking purposes.Copies of the magazine forwarded fro~ the Dormitory must have postage

added at the prevailing third-class rate. The permit stamp on the back coverof the magazine is valid only when it is sent through the Main Postoffice.

Subscriptions to the Co-Operative Engineer are accepted at the annual rateof $1.25.

LEA KLEIN, Business Manager

24' THE CO-OPERATIVE ENGINEER

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The Co-Operative Engineer. Vol. 15 No. 1 (October 1935)

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