The Cold The Cold WarWarA Contest of IdeasA Contest of Ideas

Who Would LeadWho Would Lead the 20the 20thth Century Century

World?World?

Political IdeologiesPolitical IdeologiesCommunismCommunism

No Private Property – State owns allNo Private Property – State owns all

No Free Enterprise or personal businessesNo Free Enterprise or personal businesses

No political parties or dissent allowedNo political parties or dissent allowed

Capitalism & Democratic Gov’t.Capitalism & Democratic Gov’t.

People control property & private gain is encouragedPeople control property & private gain is encouraged

Economy is controlled by supply & demand - marketEconomy is controlled by supply & demand - market

Free elections allow choice of competing ideasFree elections allow choice of competing ideas

Big 3 at PotsdamBig 3 at Potsdam

PotsdamPotsdam • Truman, Churchill, Stalin discuss post-war worldTruman, Churchill, Stalin discuss post-war world

• Changes in leadership in US & EnglandChanges in leadership in US & England

• Changes West’s view of Soviets – Truman’s distrustChanges West’s view of Soviets – Truman’s distrust

• 11stst meeting between Truman & Stalin – Agree on: meeting between Truman & Stalin – Agree on:

- “Zones of Occupation”- “Zones of Occupation”

- Self-Determination & Free Elections- Self-Determination & Free Elections

- United Nations- United Nations

AlliedAlliedZones of Zones of OccupatioOccupatio

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Early CompetitorsEarly Competitors

• April 1945 - Russians enter Berlin first & April 1945 - Russians enter Berlin first & begin military control of economy and begin military control of economy and political system. political system. Kept Allies out until July.Kept Allies out until July.

• Allies begin setting up economic and Allies begin setting up economic and political independence in their sectors.political independence in their sectors.

• Soviets begin to establish military control.Soviets begin to establish military control.

Tension BuildsTension Builds• Stalin wants territory and reparations from GermanyStalin wants territory and reparations from Germany

• US wants free enterprise and democracy to spread. US wants free enterprise and democracy to spread. Why? Why?

• Stalin influences governments all over Eastern Stalin influences governments all over Eastern EuropeEurope They become “They become “Satellite Nations” - Satellite Nations” - Why?Why?

• US opposes the domination – insists on free electionsUS opposes the domination – insists on free elections Why?Why?

• Both want control over access to Europe’s resourcesBoth want control over access to Europe’s resources

ContainmentContainment

• February 1946 – George Kennan proposes this US February 1946 – George Kennan proposes this US policy, to stop the spread of Communism.policy, to stop the spread of Communism.

• March 1946 – Winston Churchill “coins the phrase” March 1946 – Winston Churchill “coins the phrase” Iron CurtinIron Curtin

• Stalin declares Churchill’s comment a “Call to Stalin declares Churchill’s comment a “Call to War”War”

The Cold WarThe Cold War

West’sWest’sView View ofofStalin’Stalin’ss PlansPlans

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine The United States should support free peoples

throughout the world who are resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “outside pressures”.

Unjustified Interference?

Protecting our Interests?

Began by sending Greece & Turkey $400 Million.

Economic aid prevented Soviet domination.

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan• June 1947 – Secretary of State George Marshall June 1947 – Secretary of State George Marshall

proposes aid to Europe – for the Soviets too - proposes aid to Europe – for the Soviets too - to help fight hunger and poverty.to help fight hunger and poverty.

Trade Barriers had to be removed!Trade Barriers had to be removed!

• Congress delays - debates spending $12.5 Congress delays - debates spending $12.5 Billion, but approves when Soviet tanks invade Billion, but approves when Soviet tanks invade Czechoslovakia.Czechoslovakia.

• Huge success for Europe’s economy – The Huge success for Europe’s economy – The Result -Result -Communism loses appeal in Western Communism loses appeal in Western Europe. Europe.

Why?Why?

Back to GermanyBack to Germany• Berlin 1948 – Europe &Germany recovering under Marshall

Plan Allies combine their 3 zoneBerlin too was divided into 4 zones.

• Soviets fear total unification = loss of influence in Western Europe

• Soviets cut off highways, water and rail into allied areas of West Berlin to try to force allies not to unify Germany.

AlliedAlliedZones of Zones of OccupatioOccupatio

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Berlin Also Berlin Also DividedDivided

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift• 277,000 flights carrying food & supplies

• 327 days and nights of flights

• 2.3 Million tons of supplies – even Christmas presents

Who looks good…Who looks bad?

The NATO ResponseThe NATO Response• Soviet Soviet blockadeblockade worries Allies about future worries Allies about future

aggression. aggression.

• 10 Nations form defensive military alliance.10 Nations form defensive military alliance.

• An attack against one will be an attack against all An attack against one will be an attack against all and would be resisted with armed force if necessary.and would be resisted with armed force if necessary.

• CauseCause – Soviet Aggression – Soviet Aggression

• EffectEffect – 1 – 1 stst US peacetime military alliance EVER US peacetime military alliance EVER

END OF US ISOLATIONISMEND OF US ISOLATIONISM

Warsaw Pact

• Later in 1955, the Soviets form a military alliance in response to the NATO Alliance.

• 7 Communist nations dominated by the Soviet

• Exists more for better control over those 7 nations than for protection against the Western Alliance

China – China – Communism ReboundsCommunism Rebounds

• Communism was active inCommunism was active in China too, since China too, since 1937.1937.

• Communist Communist Mao ZedongMao Zedong fought the Military fought the Military Nationalist leader Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-ShekChaing Kai-Shek in a civil in a civil war, delayed only by Japan’s invasion.war, delayed only by Japan’s invasion.

• Chiang acted fascist in brutalizing opposition, Chiang acted fascist in brutalizing opposition, but Mao treated peasants better & won support.but Mao treated peasants better & won support.

• US supports Chiang because he was no US supports Chiang because he was no communistcommunist

Chiang Kai-Chiang Kai-shekshek (Jiang Jieshi)(Jiang Jieshi)

Chairman Chairman Mao ZedongMao Zedong

Civil War ResumesCivil War Resumes• From the end of WW II Communists & From the end of WW II Communists &

Nationalists fight again, while US tries to Nationalists fight again, while US tries to make peace.make peace.

• May 1949 Communists drive Nationalists May 1949 Communists drive Nationalists to the island of Taiwan (Formosa) where it to the island of Taiwan (Formosa) where it sets up a government in exile.sets up a government in exile.

• Containment Containment FAILS,FAILS, and US supports and US supports Chiang.Chiang.

To this day we recognize 2 Chinas .To this day we recognize 2 Chinas .

US Battles US Battles CommunismCommunism

• 1947 – NSC – National Security Council1947 – NSC – National Security Council

Advice for the President on security mattersAdvice for the President on security matters

• Decides in NSC-68 that Decides in NSC-68 that containmentcontainment and and massive increases in defense spending would massive increases in defense spending would successfully fight globally expanding successfully fight globally expanding Communism.Communism.

• Reasons now existed to spend $ on Reasons now existed to spend $ on containmentcontainment..

Communism SpreadsCommunism Spreads• When Japan surrenders to Allies in Korea, it does When Japan surrenders to Allies in Korea, it does

so in two places.so in two places.- To Russians above the 38To Russians above the 38thth Parallel Parallel- To the US below, so it became a boundary.To the US below, so it became a boundary.

• Two governments form – Communist in Two governments form – Communist in North & North & Democratic in the Democratic in the south.south.

•June 1950 – North attacks South – Korean June 1950 – North attacks South – Korean WarWar

•US supports South Korea & gets UN US supports South Korea & gets UN

resolutionresolution

US in Korean WarUS in Korean War• Domino TheoryDomino Theory – If one falls…all fall. – If one falls…all fall.

• MacArthur takes command of UN troops.MacArthur takes command of UN troops.

• As of September 1950 NKs push through whole As of September 1950 NKs push through whole country – as far as Pusan on the Pacific coast.country – as far as Pusan on the Pacific coast.

• MacArthur lands at Inchon, SKs push from MacArthur lands at Inchon, SKs push from Pusan and pus NKs to China border by October!Pusan and pus NKs to China border by October!

Invasion and Counterattack

China Turns the TideChina Turns the Tide• UN forces advance to China border (Yalu River)UN forces advance to China border (Yalu River)

• China’s warnings ignored & they invade KoreaChina’s warnings ignored & they invade Korea

• UN forces pushed back to 38UN forces pushed back to 38thth Parallel & fight Parallel & fight there for 2 years to keep Seoul, the capitol.there for 2 years to keep Seoul, the capitol.

• MacArthur wants to fight China - Truman nixes itMacArthur wants to fight China - Truman nixes it insists China is wrong enemy at wrong time.insists China is wrong enemy at wrong time.

• Truman fires MacArthur when he goes to papersTruman fires MacArthur when he goes to papers

Stalemate in KoreaStalemate in Korea• July 1953 – Russian proposed cease fire July 1953 – Russian proposed cease fire

acceptedaccepted

• Communism contained, but Communism contained, but Korea still divided and its Korea still divided and its influence still present.influence still present.

• Conflict of ideologies heated upConflict of ideologies heated up

• Uses other countries’ forces to Uses other countries’ forces to fight for our vision of the world.fight for our vision of the world.

• Communist spies suspected in the USCommunist spies suspected in the US