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THE COLD WAR BEGINSChapter 29, Section 1
The Problems of Peace
• Potsdam Conference (May 1945)– Germany split into 4 zones of occupation– Berlin (in Soviet zone) split into 4 zones of
occupation– Eliminate all traces of Nazism by trying Nazis for
war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials– Reparations from Germany for war damage, most
of which went to the Soviets
The Problems of Peace
• Disagreed about what to do about E. Europe– Soviets wanted friendly, communist gov’ts to
create a buffer zone against another attack– US and UK wanted free elections
• Stalin promised to allow free elections• Soviet armies occupied E. Europe meaning
Stalin could do what he wanted there despite his promise
The Conflict Worsens
• Cold War: era of tension and hostility between the Western democracies and the Eastern communists
• Stalin reneged on his promise of free elections• Stalin refused to withdraw Soviet troops from
independent foreign countries• Both sides believed war was coming soon– Churchill described this sharp division of Europe as
the “Iron Curtain”
The Conflict Worsens• The Allies respond with the Truman Doctrine– Pledge to provide economic and military aid to
oppose the spread of communism• 1st example of its use was the Marshall Plan– Provided $13 billion to help rebuild Europe– Created political stability for countries in danger of
falling to communism– Mainly helped England and France, but helped
many countries in Europe– Offered to include communist countries in E.
Europe knowing Stalin would make them refuse
Cold War Confrontations• Truman Plan followed the Policy of
Containment– Resisting Soviet aggression in order to contain the
spread of communism but not attacking it• Berlin:– Allied part of Berlin was an island of democracy in
a sea of communism (it threatened Stalin)– Stalin cut off all supply routes to starve the city
into surrender. Berlin Blockade– Allies answered with the Berlin Airlift, flying in
supplies on planes landing every 30 seconds
Cold War Confrontations
• To create a unified resistance against communism, Western Europe, the US, and Canada formed NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
• The Soviets formed a communist equivalent called the Warsaw Pact
PLUS US &CANADA
Cold War Confrontations
• Korea:– Japan lost Korea to the Allies after WWII– Soviets and Americans split the
peninsula at 38⁰ N– Soviets create a communist gov’t
in north, US creates ananti-communist gov’t in south
– North attacks South to unify thethe country under communism
Cold War Confrontations
• Korea (continued):– US gets UN to send an army to defend the South
(most soldiers are American)– South almost completely conquered except for city
of Pusan until the US invades at Inchon– US pushed all the way to the Chinese border
before the Chinese join pushing back the US– After 3 years of stalemate near the old border both
sides sign an armistice (agreement to stop fighting; neither side has ever signed a peace treaty)
Sept. 1950Nov. 1950-1953
Progress of the Korean War
Oct. 1950